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1.
孟庆丰  于晓飞  郑伟 《地质学报》2016,90(5):917-932
吉林省季德屯钼矿床是近年来新发现的大型斑岩钼矿床,其位于小兴安岭-张广才岭成矿带上。本文以季德屯石英二长岩作为研究对象,对其开展了地球化学特征、SIMS锆石U-Pb同位素定年和Hf同位素特征研究。获得其锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U同位素加权平均年龄为160.48±0.82 Ma,通过结合已有的研究成果,限定成岩成矿作用发生于170.9~160.5Ma之间,即中生代燕山早期。石英二长岩属于准铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,SiO_2含量在67.72%~70.84%之间,Al_2O_3含量为14.26%~15.68%,K_2O+Na_2O含量介于7.23%~7.95%,K_2O/Na_2O=0.72~0.97,铝饱和指数A/CNK=0.97~0.98。轻、重稀土元素分馏作用明显(La_N/Yb_N=6.39~32.34),具有弱的铕异常(δEu为0.68~0.9),HFSE和LILE分异明显,富集Rb、Th、U、K等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti等元素。该岩体的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值均为正值,变化于4.02~9.11,平均值为7.1,两阶段模式年龄t_(DM2)=625~950 Ma,成岩物质有可能主要来自于新元古代期间亏损地幔增生的年轻下地壳物质。结合区内已有的岩石地球化学、高精度成岩成矿年龄资料和区域构造演化史,表明季德屯斑岩钼矿床是中侏罗世大陆内部构造岩浆活化的产物,其形成与太平洋板块的俯冲作用密切相关。  相似文献   

2.
拉伊克勒克矿床是在第四系覆盖区新发现的隐伏斑岩铜(钼)矿床。采用LA-ICP-MS技术,对赋矿岩体英云闪长岩中的锆石和矿石中的辉钼矿分别进行锆石U-Pb同位素、Re-Os同位素和锆石Hf同位素测定及相应的研究。测得锆石U-Pb年龄为421.8±2.5Ma,辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄为409.1±2.6Ma,表明拉伊克勒克斑岩铜(钼)矿床形成于晚志留世—早泥盆世,与琼河坝地区主要斑岩矿床大规模成矿时间一致。英云闪长岩属过铝质-钙碱性系列花岗岩类,岩体具有较高的铝钙含量,K_2O/Na_2O值普遍偏低,介于0.16~0.29之间;稀土元素配分曲线呈现右倾特征,稀土元素总量较低,轻稀土元素相对富集,负Eu异常不明显。在微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,高场强元素Th、Nb、Ta、P、Ti等相对亏损,大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、U、K、Sr等相对富集。同时岩体具有高的正ε_(Hf)(t)值(10.98~15.01)和年轻的模式年龄(451~708Ma),暗示英云闪长岩体是大陆边缘弧环境下大洋板片熔融的产物,对进一步明确琼河坝地区斑岩型矿床的成矿环境和找矿方向具有重要意义。  相似文献   

3.
苦水泉金矿床位于柴北缘构造带中段,是近年来新发现的金矿床。该矿床具有造山型金矿的特征,矿体沿断裂构造分布在英云闪长岩中,空间上与细粒闪长岩脉密切相关。本文对苦水泉金矿中的英云闪长岩和细粒闪长岩进行了地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素研究。全岩地球化学分析显示,英云闪长岩具有富钠贫钾(Na_2O/K_2O=6.24～13.09)、高Sr低Y(Sr/Y=205～335)的埃达克岩的特征,与锡铁山榴辉岩中的埃达克质浅色脉体十分相似;细粒闪长岩富铝、钙、铁,贫镁,富集轻稀土(LREEs)和大离子亲石元素(LILEs),贫高场强元素(HFSEs),Ni、Co含量低,为典型的大陆下地壳来源的岩石。锆石U-Pb定年显示,英云闪长岩和细粒闪长岩分别形成于429.9±2.5Ma和428.0 ± 1.9Ma,Hf同位素分析显示英云闪长岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为+9.8～+11.9,二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))为613～747Ma,细粒闪长岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-31.4～-9.9,二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))为1722～2803Ma。综合分析表明柴北缘在早志留世正处于大陆地壳俯冲、折返阶段,苦水泉英云闪长岩为俯冲洋壳变质的榴辉岩在陆壳折返阶段发生部分熔融的产物,细粒闪长岩起源于古老的玄武质下地壳的部分熔融。分布在细粒闪长岩上下盘的矿体品位通常远高于平均品位,说明细粒闪长岩为金矿化提供了热动力和热液,也可能提供了部分成矿物质,使得矿体的品位局部变富,由此近似的将细粒闪长岩的年龄作为苦水泉金矿的成矿时代(～428Ma)。苦水泉金矿成矿时代和构造背景的确定,指示柴北缘在早志留世陆壳折返阶段存在一期金矿化。  相似文献   

4.
大兴安岭北部诺敏河地区碱长花岗岩锆石呈自形—半自形短柱状—板状,具有结构清晰的振荡生长环带和较高的Th/U比值(1.10～2.18),指示其为典型岩浆成因锆石。LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究显示岩石形成于早石炭世杜内期(352.9±3.3 Ma)。岩石地球化学研究显示,岩石属于准铝质—弱过铝质高钾钙碱性岩石,富硅(SiO_2=73.25%～77.01%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=7.72%～9.48%)、富铁(Fe_2O_3=2.06%～2.97%,Fe_2O_3+FeO=2.32%～3.33%),贫镁(MgO=0.08%～0.26%)。根据强烈亏损Sr、Eu、Ba、Ti、P等元素,REE分布曲线为右倾式海鸥型和明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.26～0.31)的岩石地球化学特征,判断碱长花岗岩属于A型花岗岩。锆石~(176)Yb/~(177)Hf值为0.03778～0.133612,~(176)Lu/~(177)Hf值为0.001095～0.004155,~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf值为0.282824～0.282863。对应的锆石U-Pb年龄计算出锆石ε_(Hf)(t)=8.9～10.6,一阶段Hf模式年龄为t_(DM1)=560～658 Ma,两阶段Hf模式年龄t_(DM2 )=815～974 Ma,指示其源于新元古代源岩的部分熔融。与额尔古纳地块早石炭世A型花岗岩的对比表明,在兴蒙造山带东北部古亚洲洋盆的闭合发生在早石炭世;结合内蒙古中部地区古亚洲洋盆闭合时代为晚石炭世,表明古亚洲洋盆的闭合是东早西晚的"剪刀状"发展过程。  相似文献   

5.
王宏  张锦让  周清  孙志明  王一伟  陈刚 《地质通报》2019,38(11):1858-1866
宁蒗光马山二长斑岩位于扬子陆块西缘、金沙江断裂带小金河断裂与宾川-程海断裂夹持部位。通过对宁蒗光马山二长斑岩进行锆石U-Pb定年,获得年龄为33.37±0.26Ma(MSWD=1.7,1σ),表明其形成时代为渐新世早期,与盐源-丽江富碱斑岩带主体侵位时代一致。岩石SiO_2含量为61.55%～69.13%,全碱(Na_2O+K_2O)含量为8.85%～10.92%,N/K值为0.88～1.07,A/NK值为1.54～1.84,A/CNK值为1.23～1.72,属过铝质碱性石英二长斑岩。同时富集轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土元素,高La/Yb值,低Y、Yb和镁值(Mg~#0.5),表明其具有大陆型或钾质C型埃达克岩的特征。该岩石可能形成于区内加厚地壳变泥质岩部分熔融,其起源演化受金沙江-红河走滑断裂系控制,是新生代印度-欧亚板块碰撞后伸展构造背景的产物。  相似文献   

6.
张朋  陈冬  寇林林  赵岩  杨宏智 《中国地质》2016,(6):2092-2103
东北沟钼矿是辽宁宽甸地区近些年发现的大型隐爆角砾岩型钼矿床。文章首次对东北沟钼矿床赋矿围岩二长花岗岩进行LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,主量元素、微量元素和Hf同位素地球化学研究,锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,二长花岗岩形成年龄为(129.4±0.3)Ma(MSWD=0.83),为燕山期构造岩浆活动产物。地球化学成分上,岩石具有富硅(SiO_2=62.21%~83.21%)、高钾(K_2O/Na_2O=3.35~20.27)和富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=5.82%~12.23%)的特点,属于钾玄岩系列。岩石富集轻稀土元素(LREE/HREE=10.26~24.21),亏损重稀土元素,具有弱负铕异常(δEu=0.63~1.07),富集大离子亲石元素(如K、Rb、Pb)和不相容元素(如Th、U)的特征,相对亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、P、Ti)。锆石Hf同位素分析结果表明,东北沟钼矿二长花岗岩的ε_(Hf)(t)值为介于-12.4~-8.5,二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))介于442~1610 Ma,反映岩浆源区可能来源于中元古界古老地壳的再熔融。结合区域构造演化,成岩成矿构造背景为早白垩世古太平洋板块向欧亚之下俯冲,岩石圈减薄的构造环境。  相似文献   

7.
丫江桥岩体是湘东地区重要的成矿花岗岩,为精确厘定丫江桥岩体侵位时代、查明岩石成因,本文对丫江桥岩体中粗粒和中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学和原位锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析。获得LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为213.0±1.2Ma(n=12,MSWD=0.67)和212.1±1.2Ma(n=14,MSWD=0.09);岩石SiO_2含量为70.39%～72.88%和73.19%～74.85%;K_2O+Na_2O值为6.94%～7.95%和7.58%～7.96%;K_2O/Na_2O比值为1.25～1.70和1.45～1.58,A/CNK比值为1.05～1.07和1.07～1.09。稀土元素配分模式右倾,轻、重稀土分馏明显,(La/Yb)N值为13.76～24.52和7.12～11.01;负Eu异常,δEu值为0.34～0.61和0.26～0.33。富集Rb、K、Pb等大离子亲石元素,亏损Ba、Sr、Eu和高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti等。锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-7.01～-0.90和-6.38～+6.85,二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_(DM2))为13.1～16.9Ga和12.7～16.6Ga。上述结果表明黑云母二长花岗岩为印支晚期岩浆活动产物,属弱过铝质花岗岩,岩浆主要来源于中元古界地壳物质重熔,可能有少量地幔物质参与。结合前人研究成果认为,黑云母二长花岗岩形成于后碰撞伸展的构造背景下,地壳减薄和压力降低以及地幔物质上涌的共同作用,导致地壳部分熔融形成花岗质岩浆,岩浆侵位冷却结晶,形成花岗岩体。  相似文献   

8.
四川盐源西范坪斑岩铜矿处于扬子地块西缘,靠近盐源-丽江坳陷带与甘孜-理塘缝合带的结合部位,该矿区侵入岩体主要为石英二长斑岩组成。西范坪铜矿石英二长斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(100.8±0.7)Ma(MSWD=0.2),表明了斑岩侵位时代为早白垩世。石英二长斑岩富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、K),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti、P),LREE富集、HREE亏损,为高钾准铝质花岗岩。w(Si O2)为64.06%~65.24%,具有高w(Al_2O3)(15.58%~16.55%)、w(Sr)(719×10~(-6)~1221×10~(-6))及Sr/Y比值(49.2~82.5),低w(MgO)(1.30%~1.63%)、w(Yb)(1.08×10~(-6)~1.55×10~(-6))及w(Y)(13.7×10~(-6)~14.8×10~(-6)),Eu异常(0.83~0.90)不明显,轻重稀土分异明显((La/Yb)N=29.94~52.14),具有埃达克岩特征。西范坪埃达克岩富钾贫钠(K_2O/Na_2O=0.78~2.44),低Cr、Ni,高Th、Th/U以及相对低的Sr/Y等特征,表明其为加厚下地壳部分熔融形成。西范坪早白垩世(100.8Ma)地壳增厚作用可能受控于甘孜-理塘洋闭合后的造山运动,该斑岩体为印支期褶皱造山后(200 Ma),喜马拉雅期碰撞造山之前(65 Ma),陆内由挤压向伸展转换期岩浆作用的产物。  相似文献   

9.
对吉林白山新路花岗闪长斑岩进行岩相学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学的研究,以确定其形成时代和构造背景。锆石U-Pb定年的加权平均年龄为163. 3±0. 77 Ma (MSWD=0. 86)。岩石地球化学分析结果表明新路花岗闪长斑岩具有高Na_2O、K_2O含量,K_2O/Na_2O的比值为0. 78～1. 20,低MgO含量,A/CNK值为1. 01～1. 09,富集Ba、Cs、K、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ti、P等高场强元素,轻重稀土元素分馏明显。δEu值为0. 93～1. 06,属于弱过铝质钙碱性系列I型花岗岩。新路花岗闪长斑岩的Sr/Y比值为47. 9～57. 0,LaN/YbN的比值为15. 67～17. 44,为埃达克质花岗岩。新路花岗闪长斑岩的成因为板块汇聚过程中下地壳增厚所导致部分熔融,结合区域构造演化背景,推测新路花岗闪长斑岩是在古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲时的构造环境中形成。  相似文献   

10.
近年来,随着普朗和红山-红牛等大型-超大型铜矿的投产,滇西北格咱地区已成为我国重要的铜资源勘查开发基地,在该区寻找类似“普朗-红山式”斑岩-矽卡岩型大型-超大型铜多金属矿床是本区找矿勘查的热点。本次在开展松诺地区铜资源远景调查的基础上,对松诺含矿石英闪长玢岩开展了锆石U-Pb年代学研究,结果显示石英闪长玢岩体锆石U-Pb年龄分别为229.7±1.1Ma和222.3±0.7Ma,早于矿区石英二长斑岩体,为晚三叠世岩浆活动的产物。石英闪长玢岩和石英二长斑岩岩石地球化学特征显示,为准铝-弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性系列I型花岗岩,稀土元素配分曲线均表现为轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,具弱的负Eu异常,富集Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素,亏损Ta、Nb、Ti等高场强元素。综合岩相学、岩石化学、锆石Hf同位素和全岩Sr-Pb同位素等特征,认为松诺含矿斑岩体形成于印支期甘孜-理塘洋壳向西俯冲的岩浆弧环境,岩浆源区为俯冲流体交代的岩石圈富集地幔,岩浆上升过程经历了壳源沉积物质混染。矿区具备弧环境斑岩型铜多金属矿床的成矿条件,且蚀变矿化强烈,找矿前景良好,值得进一步深入研究和开展勘查工作。  相似文献   

11.
Police, politics, and the right to the city   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Mustafa Dikeç 《GeoJournal》2002,58(2-3):91-98
Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.  相似文献   

12.
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13.
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14.
Average concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and other metals, as well as S and As, were calculated for the Aue granitic cupola, the contact aureole of which hosts the large vein-type uranium deposit of Schlema-Alberoda and the Schneeberg uranium-base metal deposit (Erzgebirge, Germany). The cupola was exposed by mine workings and boreholes, which provided an opportunity to evaluate variations in the abundances of metals in the granites over a vertical interval of more than 2.5 km and estimate their losses in the upper oxidized part of the investigated volume of the cupola (coefficient of iron oxidation, KO Fe, increases in the granites from bottom to top from 7 to 70%) compared with the lower unaltered and unoxidized part (with a KO Fe plateau at about 5%). The average concentrations of metals in the upper part of the cupola are lower than those in the lower part by a factor of 2.5 for Pb, 1.56 for Zn, 1.45 for Cu, 1.3 for Co, etc. A similar decrease in the abundances of ore elements along the vertical section associating with the relative epigenetic alteration and oxidation of the granite was previously described by us for U and Th and for the components of high-temperature ores, W, Sn, and Mo. The removal of ore elements from the granite was accompanied by a decrease in the bulk contents of sulfur and arsenic by a factor of 1.35 and 1.65, respectively. The leaching of trace metals from the granites of the upper part of the Aue cupola was followed by their partial redeposition above the cupola in the ore veins of the Schlema and Schneeberg deposits. Original Russian Text ? Vikt. L. Barsukov, N.T. Sokolova, O.M. Ivanitskii, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 9, pp. 967–982.  相似文献   

15.
Text, talk, things, and the subpolitics of performing place   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
This article tells the story of how a group of Dutch and Belgian citizens organized themselves to promote an area that they valued, to put it on the map, to raise awareness about its qualities, and to protect it from urban and industrial development. Our theoretical perspective focuses on the performative and political aspects of this place-making process and the discursive and material practices involved. We connect this to Beck’s concept of subpolitics.Our findings show how the group performed this place not only through text and talk - giving the area a name, using their knowledge and expertise to raise awareness about its values, lobbying and cooperating with decision-makers -, but also through things - installing art objects and information signs that articulate certain characteristics and values of the area. Our findings demonstrate the struggles involved in these performances. The group involved multiple perspectives on what the important values and characteristics of the area are and on what strategies would work best in trying to influence decision-making and protect the area. However, the use of expertise as the main strategy to gain influence excluded the more critical and activist strategies and privileging archaeological and historical values and characteristics came at the expense of attention on agricultural and natural values.Our findings make clear that performing place cannot be taken to be homogeneous and that it inevitably involves multiple perspectives and demands. The struggles, power relations and dynamics of inclusion and exclusion that this multiplicity implicates reveal a form of sub-politics that involves both politicization and depoliticization. Also, it is a form of subpolitics that is more diverse and ambiguous than Beck’s conceptualization presupposes by its emphasis on the role of outsiders as a homogeneous group.  相似文献   

16.
Humboldt, Arago, and the temperature of groundwater   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
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17.
Mercury contamination in aquatic environments is of worldwide concern because of its high biomagnification factor in food chains and long-range transport. The rivers, estuary and the bay along the northwestern Bohai Sea coast, northeastern China have been heavily contaminated by Hg due to long-term Zn smelting and chlor-alkali production. This work investigated the distributions of total Hg (THg) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) in the water, sediment and hydrophytes from this area. Concentrations of THg in sediment (0.5–64 mg kg−1) and water (39–2700 ng L−1) were elevated by 1–3 orders of magnitude compared to background concentrations, which induced high concentrations of MMHg in these media. The highest concentration of MMHg in sediment reached 35 μg kg−1, which was comparable to that in the Hg mining area, Wanshan, China, and the highest MMHg concentration of 3.0 ng L−1 in the water sample exceeded the MMHg Chinese drinking water guideline of 1.0 ng L−1. Concentrations of THg in a sediment profile from Jinzhou Bay were found to be consistent with annual Hg emission flux from a local Zn smelter (r = 0.74, p < 0.01), indicating that Hg contamination was mainly caused by Zn smelting locally. For some freshwater hydrophytes, concentrations of THg and MMHg ranged from 5.2 to 100 μg kg−1 and 0.15 to 12 μg kg−1, respectively. Compared to sediment, concentrations of THg in hydrophytes were 2–3 orders of magnitude lower but MMHg was comparable or higher, indicating that the bioaccumulation in plants was distinct for the two Hg species studied. The data suggest that a significant load of Hg has been released into the northwestern coastal region of the Bohai Sea.  相似文献   

18.
The behavior of trace elements under conditions of partial melting of granitoid rocks has been studied. The element’s partition coefficients between minerals and the melt Dimin/melt depends, in the first place, on the composition of the primary melt. In biotite the HREE Di are a little below 1, while those of LREE, especially Di for Ce, are 1–3 orders of magnitude less. This leads to an efficient differentiation of REEs in anatexic melts especially when biotite is the main mineral phase of restite. On the contrary, there are feldspars, the Di of which cannot provide such a magnitude of differentiation. Unlike garnets and pyroxenes, whose stability in restite permits enrichment of anatexic melts produced in migmatization zones with Nb, Ti, and Cr, the presence of biotite in restite causes depletion of melts with those elements as well as with Rb. Feldspars, under conditions of their fractional crystallization or during differentiation of an anatexic melt, deplete the latter with Sr, Ba, and Rb, but enrich it with Nb, Ti, Cr, Y, Zr, and V.  相似文献   

19.
The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ 11= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ 22=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ 33= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α D (mineral)=∑ α D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (Vo) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of Vo in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect.  相似文献   

20.
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.  相似文献   

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