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1.
Cordierite samples from pegmatites and metamorphic rocks have been analysed for major [electron microprobe analysis (EMPA)] and trace elements [inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses (SIMS)] as well as for H2O and CO2 (coulometric titration), and the results evaluated in conjunction with published data in order to determine which exchange mechanisms are significant. Apart from the homovalent substitutions FeMg−1 and MnMg−1 on the octahedral site, some minor KNa−1 on the Ch0 channel site, and Fe3+Al−1 on the T11 tetrahedral site, the three most important substitution mechanisms are those for the incorporation of Li on the octahedral sites (NaLi□−1Mg−1), and of Be and other divalent cations on the tetrahedral T11 site (NaBe□−1Al−1 and Na(Mg,Fe2+)□−1Al−1). The dominant role of the last vector is clearly demonstrated. We propose a new generalized formula for cordierite: Ch(Na,K)0–1 VI(Mg,Fe2+,Mn,Li)2 IVSi5 IVAl3 IV(Al, Be, Mg, Fe2+, Fe3+)O18 *xCh(H2O, CO2…). Our results show that the population of (Mg, Fe2+) on the T11-site is limited to about 0.08 a.p.f.u. Other exchange mechanisms that were encountered in experiments operate only under P–T conditions or in bulk compositions that are rarely realized in nature. Routine analyses by electron microprobe in which Li and Be are not determined can be plotted as (Mg+Fe+Mn) versus (Si+Al) to assess whether significant amounts of Li and Be could be present. These amounts can be calculated as Li (a.p.f.u.)=Al+Na–4 and Be (a.p.f.u.)=10–2Al–M2+–Na.  相似文献   

2.
Metasomatism accompanying kimberlite emplacement is a worldwide phenomenon, although infrequently described or recognised. At the Cambrian-aged Murowa and Sese kimberlite clusters located within the Archean Zimbabwe Craton just north of the boundary with the Limpopo Mobile Zone in southern central Zimbabwe, the metasomatism is intense and well exposed and the processes can be readily studied. Dykes, sills and the root zones of pipes are exposed at the current erosion level. Kimberlite lithologies present are hypabyssal macrocrystic kimberlite (“HMK”), HMK breccia, and tuffisitic kimberlite breccia (“TKB”) including minor lithic tuffisitic kimberlite breccia (“LTKB”). Country rocks are 2.6 Ga Chibi and Zimbabwe granite batholiths emplaced into 2.6–2.9 Ga or earlier Archean tonalitic gneiss and greenstones. During initial metasomatism, the granites become spotted with green chlorite, needles of alkaline amphiboles (winchite, riebeckite, arfvedsonite) and pyroxenes (aegirine–augite) with minor carbonate and felts of talc. Oligoclase feldspar becomes converted to albite, extensively altered, dusted and reddened with hematite, whereas K-feldspar remains unaffected. The granites become converted to syenite through removal of quartz. More intense metasomatism at Murowa and Sese results in veins of green metasomatite which cut and disrupt the granite. Progressive disruption entrains granite blocks, breaking down the granite still further, spalling off needle-like granite slivers, and so giving rise to LTKB. This process of disruption and entrainment appears to be the manner of initial development of the pipe structure. The chemistry of the metasomatite is intermediate between granite and kimberlite. Compared to granite country rock it has markedly higher Mg, Cr, Ni, CO2 and H2O+, higher Ca, Mn, Nb, Sr, P, Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio, U, Co, and Cu, approximately equal TiO2, K2O, Na2O, La, Ta, Rb, Zr, Zn and resultant lower SiO2, Al2O3, Ga and Y. The metasomatite Na2O/K2O ratio is slightly higher than that of the granite. The metasomatic process is broadly analogous to fenitisation of granitic wall rock accompanying carbonatite complex emplacement. The metasomatism at Murowa and Sese was caused by fluids from the rising but confined proto-kimberlite melt penetrating into cracks and matrix of granite country rock and reacting with it. These fluids were CO2-rich, hydrous, oxidising, enhanced in ultramafic elements and carried low levels of Na.  相似文献   

3.
任廷仙  李小伟  王可  葛涵云  关瑞 《现代地质》2021,35(6):1651-1676
不同成因类型的花岗岩组合,反映出不同的物源组成或迥异的岩浆演化过程。为了进一步探讨西秦岭造山带中生代花岗质侵入岩的成因、矿物结晶条件和地球动力学背景,选择西秦岭东部碌础坝岩体内的石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩为研究对象,对其开展详细的野外地质调查以及系统的岩相学、矿物学和岩石地球化学研究。研究结果表明:碌础坝石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩的SiO2含量范围为59.65%~67.36%,A/CNK为0.82~1.04,K2O/Na2O=1.11~1.74,Mg#值为47~53,显示出准铝质-弱过铝质特征,属于高钾钙碱性岩石,其中花岗闪长岩为I型花岗岩;岩体具有富集Rb、Th、U、K和Pb等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti等元素的特征,具有中等Eu负异常(δEu=0.50~0.77),轻重稀土分馏明显((La/Yb)N=9.43~30.37)。碌础坝花岗质岩石中斜长石的An值介于18~53之间,以中长石为主,部分斜长石显示振荡环带;角闪石为镁角闪石,部分角闪石具有环带结构,且核部Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)值较高(0.88~0.91)并具有富钙特征(CaO含量为17.80%~22.67%),但Al2O3含量较低,指示角闪石核部与边部的形成环境具有明显差异;黑云母Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)值为0.44~0.57,为镁质黑云母。碌础坝花岗质岩石中全岩和各类矿物的温度计算结果显示,全岩锆饱和温度为736~795 ℃,角闪石结晶温度为704~824 ℃,黑云母结晶温度为700~746 ℃。三种方法计算的结晶温度相近,表明岩体形成于中温环境。碌础坝岩体角闪石全铝压力计结果为1.0~3.5 kbar(1 bar=100 kPa),平均形成深度为6.8 km;黑云母结晶压力为0.9~1.4 kbar,平均形成深度为4.1 km。角闪石湿度及氧逸度计显示其相对氧逸度为ΔNNO=0.1~1.3,含水量为3.9%~6.3%。结合前人资料,认为西秦岭碌础坝岩体由角闪岩为主的变基性岩部分熔融形成,幔源组分的参与导致其具有高Mg#值、高Cr和Ni等元素含量的特征。碌础坝岩体形成于洋-陆俯冲向陆-陆碰撞转换的阶段。  相似文献   

4.
T. H. Green  P. L. Hellman 《Lithos》1982,15(4):253-266
The Fe---Mg exchange reaction between coexisting garnet and phengite has been studied by reacting a natural phengite (mg = 67) in the presence of quartz and water at pressures of 20–35 kb and temperatures of 800–1000°C. Compositions of coexisting garnet and mica indicate a linear relation between both the InKD((Fe/Mg) garnet/(Fe/Mg) phengite) and temperature, and InKD and pressure in the above P.T range. This Fe---Mg exchange reaction between garnet and phengite is shown to be dependent on the Ca-content of the garnet, and on the mg number of the bulk composition. These two composition effects have been studied by usin phengitic mica mixes with mg numbers of 23 and 46, and by using a synthetic basaltic composition. The overall results allow broad empirical calibration of separate geothermometers for pelitic and basaltic systems, respectively. However, because of non-ideality in the exchange reaction, this geothermometer should not be used in any practical application outside the composition ranges studied. Also, careful consideration of the presence of Fe3+ in phengite must be made. If the Fe3+ content of the natural phengite is unknown, then the temperatures obtained will be maximum temperatures only.  相似文献   

5.
The Bandombaai Complex (southern Kaoko Belt, Namibia) consists of three main intrusive rock types including metaluminous hornblende- and sphene-bearing quartz diorites, allanite-bearing granodiorites and granites, and peraluminous garnet- and muscovite-bearing leucogranites. Intrusion of the quartz diorites is constrained by a U–Pb zircon age of 540±3 Ma.

Quartz diorites, granodiorites and granites display heterogeneous initial Nd- and O isotope compositions (Nd (540 Ma)=−6.3 to −19.8; δ18O=9.0–11.6‰) but rather low and uniform initial Sr isotope compositions (87Sr/86Srinitial=0.70794–0.70982). Two leucogranites and one aplite have higher initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70828–0.71559), but similar initial Nd (−11.9 to −15.8) and oxygen isotope values (10.5–12.9‰). The geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the Bandombaai Complex are distinct from other granitoids of the Kaoko Belt and the Central Zone of the Damara orogen. Our study suggests that the quartz diorites of the Bandombaai Complex are generated by melting of heterogeneous mafic lower crust. Based on a comparison with results from amphibolite-dehydration melting experiments, a lower crustal garnet- and amphibole-bearing metabasalt, probably enriched in K2O, is a likely source rock for the quartz diorites. The granodiorites/granites show low Rb/Sr (<0.6) ratios and are probably generated by partial melting of meta-igneous (intermediate) lower crustal sources by amphibole-dehydration melting. Most of the leucogranites display higher Rb/Sr ratios (>1) and are most likely generated by biotite-dehydration melting of heterogeneous felsic lower crust. All segments of the lower crust underwent partial melting during the Pan-African orogeny at a time (540 Ma) when the middle crust of the central Damara orogen also underwent high T, medium P regional metamorphism and melting. Geochemical and isotope data from the Bandombaai Complex suggest that the Pan-African orogeny in this part of the orogen was not a major crust-forming episode. Instead, even the most primitive rock types of the region, the quartz diorites, represent recycled lower crustal material.  相似文献   


6.
Takashi Nakajima 《Lithos》1982,15(4):267-280
Sanbagawa metabasites metamorphosed at conditions near the upper limit of the pumpellytic-actinolite facies were examined in terms of phase equilibria in the five component system Al2O3---Fe2O3---CaO---MgO---FeO. The Fe3+ content of epidote measured as XEpFe (=Fe/(Fe + Al) of epidote) in the assemblage epidote-chlorite-actinolite-pumpellyite decreases gradually towards the higher-grade, pumpellyite-free areas. The progressive change in XFeEp can be detected within one metabasite bed 200 meters thick near the upper limit of the pumpellyite-actinolite facies. The Mg---Fe2+ substitution, as expressed by variation of Fe/(Fe + Mg) in chlorite (0.40–0.55) has little effect on the Fe3+ + Al) ratios of epidote and pumpellyite in the above-mentioned assemblage. The lowet XFeEp in the pumpellite-bearing assemblage is 0.15 and hence the upper limit of the pumpellyite-actinolite facies is defined by the appearance of an epidote-chlorite-actinolite assemblage with XEpFc = C.15  相似文献   

7.
Haijin Xu  Changqian Ma  Kai Ye   《Chemical Geology》2007,240(3-4):238-259
Two stages of early Cretaceous post-orogenic granitoids are recognized in the Dabie orogen, eastern China, which recorded processes of extensional collapse of the orogen. The early stage granitoids ( 132 Ma) are foliated hornblende quartz monzonites and porphyritic monzogranites. They are of high-K calc-alkaline series and metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, with high K2O and low MgO contents (Mg# values: 32.0–46.0), they contain high Sr, low Y and heavy rare earth elements (HREE), and have high Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios, without clear negative Eu, Sr and Ti anomalies. The early stage deformed granitoids have adakitic geochemical compositions and are equilibrated with residues rich in garnet and poor in anorthite-rich plagioclase, and thus indicate the existence of an over-thickened (> 50 km) crustal root beneath the orogen at  132 Ma. The later stage granitoids ( 128 Ma) are undeformed fine-grained monzogranites, fine-grained K-feldspar granites and coarse-grained K-feldspar granite-porphyry. They belong to a peraluminous and high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonite series, and display a flat HREE pattern and have strong negative Eu, Sr and Ti anomalies, with low Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios. The late stage granitoids are equilibrated with residues rich in anorthite-rich plagioclase, hornblende, ilmenite/titanite and poor in garnet, indicating that the crust of the Dabie orogen became thinner (< 35 km) at  128 Ma. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages and changing compositional trends for these two stages of granitoids indicate that the over-thickened crust formed by the Triassic continental subduction/collision under the Dabie orogen remained until the early Cretaceous, and collapsed quickly in a few million years during the early Cretaceous.  相似文献   

8.
Both adakitic and shoshonitic igneous rocks in the Luzong area, Anhui Province, eastern China are associated with Cretaceous Cu–Au mineralization. The Shaxi quartz diorite porphyrites exhibit adakite-like geochemical features, such as light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment, heavy REE (HREE) depletion, high Al2O3, MgO, Sr, Sr / Y and La / Yb values, and low Y and Yb contents. They have low εNd(t) values (− 3.46 to − 6.28) and high (87Sr / 86Sr)i ratios (0.7051–0.7057). Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP) zircon analyses indicate a crystallization age of 136 ± 3 Ma for the adakitic rocks. Most volcanic rocks and the majority of monzonites and syenites in the Luzong area are K-rich (or shoshonitic) and were also produced during the Cretaceous (140–125 Ma). They are enriched in LREE and large-ion lithophile elements, and depleted in Ti, and Nb and Ba and exhibit relatively lower εNd(t) values ranging from − 4.65 to − 7.03 and relatively higher (87Sr / 86Sr)i ratios varying between 0.7057 and 0.7062. The shoshonitic and adakitic rocks in the Luzong area have similar Pb isotopic compositions (206Pb / 204Pb = 17.90–18.83, 207Pb / 204Pb = 15.45–15.62 and 208Pb / 204Pb = 38.07–38.80). Geological data from the Luzong area suggest that the Cretaceous igneous rocks are distributed along NE fault zones (e.g., Tanlu and Yangtze River fault zones) in eastern China and were likely formed in an extensional setting within the Yangtze Block. The Shaxi adakitic rocks were probably derived by the partial melting of delaminated lower crust at pressures equivalent to crustal thickness of > 50 km (i.e., 1.5 GPa), possibly leaving rutile-bearing eclogitic residue. The shoshonitic magmas, in contrast, originated mainly from an enriched mantle metasomatized by subducted oceanic sediments. They underwent early high-pressure (> 1.5 GPa) fractional crystallization at the boundary between thickened (> 50 km) lower crust and lithospheric mantle and late low-pressure (< 1.5 GPa) fractional crystallization in the shallow (< 50 km) crust. The adakitic and shoshonitic rocks appear to be linked to an intra-continental extensional setting where partial melting of enriched mantle and delaminated lower crust was probably controlled by lithospheric thinning and upwelling of hot asthenosphere along NE fault zones (e.g., Tanlu and Yangtze River fault zones) in eastern China. Both the shoshonitic and adakitic magmas were fertile with respect to Cu–Au mineralization.  相似文献   

9.
鹿鸣钼矿是小兴安岭地区于近年发现的大型斑岩型钼矿床。为探讨研究区成岩成矿关系及其地质意义,在对矿化特征分析的基础上,采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb技术对鹿鸣地区含矿二长花岗岩测年,获得成岩年龄为 (187.1±1.2) Ma (n=15, MSWD=0.70) 。通过辉钼矿样品Re-Os同位素分析,获得等值线年龄为(177.4±3.5) Ma (n=11, MSWD=0.71) ,加权平均年龄为(178.08±0.79) Ma (n=11,MSWD=0.46)。两种方法获得的年龄大致相近,表明它们形成于同一成岩成矿系统。鹿鸣钼矿成岩成矿年龄,与乌奴格吐山铜钼矿、兰家沟钼矿和杨家杖子钼矿等矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄相近,表明包括小兴安岭地区在内的我国东北地区广泛存在早侏罗世岩浆-成矿作用。微量元素和同位素指纹显示,鹿鸣钼矿形成于地壳挤压向拉伸转换的构造环境,成矿物质为壳幔混合来源。  相似文献   

10.
A decrease in temperature (ΔT up to 45.5 °C) and chloride concentration (ΔCl up to 4.65 mol/l) characterises the brine–seawater boundary in the Atlantis-II, Discovery, and Kebrit Deeps of the Red Sea, where redox conditions change from anoxic to oxic over a boundary layer several meters thick. High-resolution (100 cm) profiles of the methane concentration, stable carbon isotope ratio of methane, and redox-sensitive tracers (O2, Mn4+/Mn2+, Fe3+/Fe2+, and SO42−) were measured across the brine–seawater boundary layer to investigate methane fluxes and secondary methane oxidation processes.

Substantial amounts of thermogenic hydrocarbons are found in the deep brines (mostly methane, with a maximum concentration up to 4.8×105 nmol/l), and steep methane concentration gradients mainly controlled by diffusive flow characterize the brine–seawater boundary (maximum of 2×105 nmol/l/m in Kebrit Deep). However, locally the actual methane concentration profiles deviate from theoretical diffusion-controlled concentration profiles and extremely positive δ13C–CH4 values can be found (up to +49‰ PDB in the Discovery Deep). Both, the actual CH4 concentration profiles and the carbon-13 enrichment in the residual CH4 of the Atlantis-II and Discovery Deeps indicate consumption (oxidation) of 12C-rich CH4 under suboxic conditions (probably utilizing readily available—up to 2000 μmol/l—Mn(IV)-oxihydroxides as electron acceptor). Thus, a combined diffusion–oxidation model was used to calculate methane fluxes of 0.3–393 kg/year across the brine–seawater boundary layer. Assuming steady-state conditions, this slow loss of methane from the brines into the Red Sea bottom water reflects a low thermogenic hydrocarbon input into the deep brines.  相似文献   


11.
束今赋 《地学前缘》2020,27(3):133-153
上天、入地、下海,进行极端条件下的矿物学研究,研究微矿物,发现新矿物。主要利用金刚石压机,结合使用国内外同步辐射X-光源、中子源,以及其他多种物理的、化学的、光学的测试手段(如岩石矿物化学分析,光薄片测定,电子探针,离子探针,扫描电镜,透射电镜,红外、紫外、拉曼光谱,激光加热等),对来自天外的陨石、陨石坑样品、地球深处地幔源矿物以及海底甲烷水合物进行了一些研究。模拟不同温度和压力下各种不同成分的矿物材料的晶体结构、物理和化学性质。文章着重研究从地球内核到地壳海底的各种不同组分在不同温度、压力极端环境下形成的各种各样的典型矿物:从金属固体内核和金属液体外核中的ε-Fe到核幔边界(CMB)地球D″层的后钙钛矿(Post-Perovskite)结构(ppv)镁铁硅酸盐(Mg,Fe)SiO3,从下地幔中的铁磁性钙钛矿(Perovskite)结构(pv)镁铁硅酸盐布里奇曼石(Bridgmanite)(Mg,Fe)SiO3、镁铁氧化物(Fe,Mg)O和后尖晶石(Post-Spinel)结构的含Fe3+毛河光矿(Maohokite)(HP-Mg$Fe^{3+}_{2}O_{4}$)到过渡带、上地幔和地壳中的镁铁硅酸盐、硅氧化物、铬铁氧化物和金刚石及其内含物以及甲烷水合物(CH4·H2O)等。进行高温高压极端条件下的矿物学研究,为探索地球结构性质、形成动力和发展历史提供了新的窗口。  相似文献   

12.
Erling Krogh Ravna 《Lithos》2000,53(3-4):265-277
Multiple regression analysis of a compilation of the Fe2+–Mg distribution between garnet and hornblende from experimental runs on basaltic to intermediate compositions (n=22) and coexisting garnet–clinopyroxene–hornblende from natural (intermediate to basaltic) rocks (n=43) has been performed to define ln KD(Fe2+/Mg)Grt–Hbl as a function of temperature and garnet composition. The regression of data covering a large span in pressure (5–16 kbar), temperature (515–1025°C) and composition yields the ln KD(Fe2+/Mg)Grt–Hbl–P–T compositional relationship (r2=0.93):
where

Application of this expression to natural garnet–hornblende pairs in intermediate to basaltic and semipelitic rock types from various settings gives temperatures that are consistent with other methods.  相似文献   


13.
Jian-Jun Yang   《Lithos》2003,70(3-4):359-379
A garnet–pyroxene rock containing abundant Ti-clinohumite (ca. 40 vol.%) occurs along with eclogites as small blocks in quartzo-feldsparthic gneiss in the southern end of the Chinese Su-Lu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane. It consists of three aggregates: (1) Ti-clinohumite-dominated aggregate with interstitial garnet and pyroxene, (2) garnet+pyroxene aggregate with Ti-clinohumite inclusions, and (3) Ti-clinohumite-free aggregate dominated by garnet. Apatite, phlogopite, zircon, hematite, pentlandite, and an unknown Ni-Fe-volatile-Si (NFVS) mineral, which is replaced by Ni-greenalite, occur as accessories. Serpentine is the major secondary mineral. Garnet (Prp63.9–64.6Alm25.8–26.9Grs1.4–7.9Uva0.5–7.6Sps1.0) in all three aggregates is pyrope-rich with very low grossular component, with that in the aggregate (2) most enriched in Cr (Cr2O3=2.55 wt.%). Orthopyroxene is depleted in Al (Al2O3=0.16 wt.% in the cores) and Ca (CaO=0.06–0.09 wt.% in the cores), with XMg (Mg/(Mg+Fe)) values at ca. 0.900. Clinopyroxene is chromian diopside with Fe3+≥Fe2+. Matrix clinopyroxene has a lower XMg (0.862) than that (0.887) included in Ti-clinohumite. The rock contains modest amount of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) (10 to 12×C1 chondrite), with significant enrichment in Cr, Co, Ni, V, Sr, and light rare earth elements (LREE) (22 to 33×C1 chondrite). The clinopyroxene is very enriched in Cr (Cr2O3 is up to 2.09 wt.% in the cores) and Sr (ca. 350 ppm) and LREE (CeN/YbN=157.7). Ti-clinohumite is enriched in Ni (1981 ppm), Co (123 ppm), and Nb (85 ppm).

While it is possible to enrich ultramafites in incompatible elements in a subducted slab, the high Al, Fe, Ti, and low Si, Ca, and Na contents in the Ti-clinohumite rock are difficult to account for by crustal metasomatism of an ultramafite. On the other hand, the similarity in major and trace element compositions and their systematic variations between the Ti-clinohumite-garnet-pyroxene rock of this study and those of Mg-metasomatised Fe–Ti gabbros reported in the literature suggest that crustal metasomatism occurred in a gabbroic protolith, which resulted in addition of Cr, Co, Ni, and Mg and removal of Si, Ca, Na, Al, and Fe. This implies that the rock was in contact with an ultramafite at low pressure. During subsequent subduction, the metagabbro was thrust into the country gneiss, where gneiss-derived hydrous fluids caused enrichment of Sr and LREE in recrystallised clinopyroxene. P–T estimates for the high-pressure assemblage are ca. 4.2 GPa and ca. 760 °C, compatible with those for the eclogites and gneisses in this terrane. It is possible that the Ti-clinohumite-garnet-pyroxene rock and associated eclogites represent remnants of former oceanic crust that was subducted to a great depth.  相似文献   


14.
O. Eklund  D. Konopelko  H. Rutanen  S. Fr  jd    A. D. Shebanov 《Lithos》1998,45(1-4):87-108
At least 14 small (1–11 km across) 1.8 Ga Svecofennian post-collisional bimodal intrusions occur in southern Finland and Russian Karelia in a 600-km-long belt from the Åland Islands to the NW Lake Ladoga region. The rocks range from ultramafic, calc-alkaline, apatite-rich potassium lamprophyres to peraluminous HiBaSr granites, and form a shoshonitic series with K2O+Na2O>5%, K2O/Na2O>0.5, Al2O3>9% over a wide spectrum of SiO2 (32–78%). Although strongly enriched in all rocks, the LILE Ba and Sr and the LREE generally define a decreasing trend with increasing SiO2. Depletion is noted for HFSE Ti, Nb and Ta. Available isotopic data show overlapping values for lamprophyres and granites within separate intrusions and a cogenetic origin is thus not precluded. Initial magmas (Mg#>65) in this shoshonitic association are considered to be generated in an enriched lithospheric mantle during post-collisional uplift some 30 Ma after the regional Svecofennian metamorphic peak. However, prior to the melting episode, the lithospheric mantle was affected by carbonatite metasomatism; more extensively in the east than in the west. The melts generated in the more carbonate-rich mantle are extremely enriched in P2O54%, F12,000 ppm, LILE: Ba9000 ppm, Sr7000 ppm, LREE: La600 ppm and Ce1000 ppm. The parental magma underwent 55–60% fractionation of biotite+clinopyroxene+apatite+magnetite+sphene whereupon intermediate varieties were produced. After further fractionation, 60–80%, of K-feldspar+amphibole+plagioclase±(minor magnetite, sphene and apatite), leucosyenites and quartz-monzonites were formed. In the west, where the source was less affected by carbonatite metasomatism, calc-alkaline lamprophyres (vogesites, minettes and spessartites) and equivalent plutonic rocks (monzonites) were formed. Removal of about 50% of biotite, amphibole, plagioclase, magnetite, apatite and sphene produced peraluminous HiBaSr granites. The impact of crustal assimilation is considered to be low. At about 1.8 Ga, the post-collisional shoshonitic magmatism brought juvenile material, particularly enriched in alkalis, LILE, LREE and F, into the crust. Although areally restricted, the regional distribution of the post-collisional intrusions may indicate that larger volumes of 1.8 Ga juvenile material resides in unexposed parts of the crust.  相似文献   

15.
Dag Eigil Ormaasen 《Lithos》1977,10(4):291-310
The Hopen massif, intrusive age 1900 m.y., exposed area 15 km2, in the Lofoten-Vesterålen granulite facies province has the mineral assemblages: (1) mesoperthite+plagioclase (An7–20)+quartz+clinopyroxene (Di20–25)+orthopyroxene En15–25+opaques±minor amphibole±minor biotite; (2) mesoperthite+plagioclase (An <2)+quartz+clinopyroxene (Di <10)+olivine Fe lt;5)+opaques. By using mineral and whole rock analyses, the crystallization conditions were estimated to be 1000°C, 12 kb load pressure and an oxygen fugacity approximately corresponding to the WM buffer. Rocks with the assemblage of type (2) contain secondary orthoferrosilite (Fe0.90–0.95Mn0.04–0.07Mg0.01Ca0.01)2Si2O6, generated by reactions involving fayalite, magnetite and quartz at 800°C, 10kb load pressure and at oxygen fugacities approaching QFM buffer conditions. Subsequent to a crustal thickening, the mangeritic rocks in Lofoten-Vesterålen were emplaced in a tensional environment comparable with modern continental rifts. A ‘gabbro pillow’ magma chamber at the crustal base is proposed as parental magma for the mangeritic rocks, of which the Hopen massif represents a late differentiation.  相似文献   

16.
郭文琳  苏文博 《现代地质》2014,28(2):243-255
最近在河北涞水紫石口剖面的中元古界铁岭组-下马岭组界线(~1400 Ma)附近,发现了一套保存完好的碳酸盐岩古风化壳。野外观测和岩石矿物学研究显示,该古风化壳的岩性以含褐铁矿的铁质泥岩和伊利石粘土岩为主。相对上地壳平均化学组分来说,古风化壳的主量元素氧化物中Al2O3、TiO2、Fe2O3和K2O富集,SiO2轻微亏损,CaO、MgO和Na2O强烈亏损;微量元素中Sc、Cu、Ga、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、In、Th、Li、V、Zn、Rb、Cs、W、Pb、U、Mo和Bi等化学性质稳定或易吸附于粘土中的元素含量接近上地壳平均化学组分值或呈不同程度富集,易溶元素Cr、Sr和Cd相对亏损;稀土元素全部富集,轻稀土元素与重稀土元素分异程度大,Ce正异常,Eu负异常。U/Th、Fe3+/Fe2+、Ce的正异常、化学蚀变指数与风化淋滤指数等多种指标都指示该古风化壳是在强氧化的中等到强烈的风化淋滤程度条件下形成。上述研究表明,在中元古代盖层纪(Calymmian Period,1600~1400 Ma)与延展纪(Ectasian Period,1400~1200 Ma)之交,剖面所在的华北克拉通北部应属于温暖湿润的热带-亚热带气候。  相似文献   

17.
加里东期平河复式花岗岩体位于滇西保山地块西部边缘，其岩石类型主要为二长花岗岩、似斑状二长花岗岩。平河复式花岗岩体主量元素显示岩石全碱（w（K2O+Na2O））值分别为6.89%和7.44%，K2O/Na2O值分别为1.59和2.65，铝饱和指数（A/CNK）值分别为1.58和1.76，里特曼指数（σ）分别为1.65和1.73；微量稀土元素显示岩石总体上富集Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素，亏损Ta、Nb等高场强元素，轻稀土元素富集，LREE/HREE值分别为1.40和6.43，具低-中等负铕异常（δEu=0.16和0.75）。2件花岗岩样品的锆石U-Pb年龄变化于478~476 Ma，表明这些花岗岩类侵位于早奥陶世；2件样品38颗锆石测点的εHf（t）值显示较大的变化范围，对应的Hf同位素地壳模式年龄集中在2.2~1.7 Ga。这些地球化学特征显示平河复式花岗岩体属钙碱性过铝质S型花岗岩，为泛非运动构造碰撞后应力松弛阶段产物，其形成可能与滇西地区原特提斯地史阶段地块挤压碰撞、裂离过程密切相关。在大团山地区，该期岩体中首次发现含稀土矿物——锰铁铈氧化物，其对全风化岩体稀土氧化物总量贡献最大；岩体风化壳稀土氧化物总量（REO）总体不高，为279.05×10-6~791.77×10-6，总体富集Y、La、Ce元素，局部轻稀土元素Nd富集，重稀土镝氧化物配分较高，为2.30%~4.62%。大团山稀土矿点的发现，表明滇西加里东期花岗岩亦有寻找花岗岩风化壳型稀土矿的潜力。  相似文献   

18.
Coexisting melt (MI), fluid-melt (FMI) and fluid (FI) inclusions in quartz from the Oktaybrskaya pegmatite, central Transbaikalia, have been studied and the thermodynamic modeling of PVTX-properties of aqueous orthoboric-acid fluids has been carried out to define the conditions of pocket formation. At room temperature, FMI in early pocket quartz and in quartz from the coarse-grained quartz–oligoclase host pegmatite contain crystalline aggregates and an orthoboric-acid fluid. The portion of FMI in inclusion assemblages decreases and the volume of fluid in inclusions increases from the early to the late growth zones in the pocket quartz. No FMI have been found in the late growth zones. Significant variations of solid/fluid ratios in the neighboring FMI result from heterogeneous entrapment of coexisting melts and fluids by a host mineral. Raman spectroscopy, SEM EDS and EMPA indicate that the crystalline aggregates in FMI are dominated by mica minerals of the boron-rich muscovite–nanpingite CsAl2[AlSi3O10](OH,F)2 series as well as lepidolite. Topaz, quartz, potassium feldspar and several unidentified minerals occur in much lower amounts. Fluid isolations in FMI and FI have similar total salinity (4–8 wt.% NaCl eq.) and H3BO3 contents (12–16 wt.%). The melt inclusions in host-pegmatite quartz homogenize at 570–600 °C. The silicate crystalline aggregates in large inclusions in pocket quartz completely melt at 615 °C. However, even after those inclusions were significantly overheated at 650±10 °C and 2.5 kbar during 24 h they remained non-homogeneous and displayed two types: (i) glass+unmelted crystals and (ii) fluid+glass. The FMI glasses contain 1.94–2.73 wt.% F, 2.51 wt.% B2O3, 3.64–5.20 wt.% Cs2O, 0.54 wt.% Li2O, 0.57 wt.% Ta2O5, 0.10 wt.% Nb2O5, 0.12 wt.% BeO. The H2O content of the glass could exceed 12 wt.%. Such compositions suggest that the residual melts of the latest magmatic stage were strongly enriched in H2O, B, F, Cs and contained elevated concentrations of Li, Be, Ta, and Nb. FMI microthermometry showed that those melts could have crystallized at 615–550 °C.

Crystallization of quartz–feldspar pegmatite matrix leads to the formation of H2O-, B- and F-enriched residual melts and associated fluids (prototypes of pockets). Fluids of different compositions and residual melts of different liquidus–solidus P–T-conditions would form pockets with various internal fluid pressures. During crystallization, those melts release more aqueous fluids resulting in a further increase of the fluid pressure in pockets. A significant overpressure and a possible pressure gradient between the neighboring pockets would induce fracturing of pockets and “fluid explosions”. The fracturing commonly results in the crushing of pocket walls, formation of new fractures connecting adjacent pockets, heterogenization and mixing of pocket fluids. Such newly formed fluids would interact with a primary pegmatite matrix along the fractures and cause autometasomatic alteration, recrystallization, leaching and formation of “primary–secondary” pockets.  相似文献   


19.
杨松林 《古地理学报》2020,22(2):321-332
钱家店砂岩型铀矿床是松辽盆地发现的特大型铀矿床,目前已发现的铀矿主要赋存在上白垩统姚家组下段,矿体呈板状、透镜状,主要受层间氧化带控制。通过对钱家店砂岩型铀矿层间氧化带各带(氧化带、过渡带及还原带)的主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素进行测试分析,结果表明各带地球化学特征存在较大的差异,其中依据Fe2O3、FeO、Al2O3、SiO2、Na2O及K2O可对层间氧化带进行较准确的分带,MgO、CaO具有一定的分带指示意义。从氧化带到过渡带,趋于富集的微量元素主要为放射性元素(U)、大离子亲石元素(Li、Ba)、亲硫元素(Ni)、高场强元素(Nb、Ta)和性质活跃的变价元素(Mo)等,且 LREE、MREE和HREE均有不同程度富集,反映了水—岩作用时间较长、强度较大。有机碳、S全、ωFe3+/ωFe2+还原性指标在不同分带的显著差异表明,随着含氧含铀水在姚家组地层中迁移,还原性组分变化强烈,具有明显的分带指示意义。  相似文献   

20.
The Qianjiadian sandstone-type uranium deposits is a large uranium deposits discovered in the Songliao Basin. The uranium deposits discovered mainly occur in the Lower Member of the Upper Cretaceous Yaojia Formation. The ore body is tabular and lenticular,mainly controlled by the interlayer oxidation zone. By testing and analyzing the main elements,trace elements and rare earth elements in the oxidation zone of the Qianjiadian sandstone-type uranium deposits(oxidation zone,transition zone and reduction zone),the results show that the geochemical characteristics of each zone vary greatly,where the interlayer oxidation zone can be zoned relatively accurately by Fe2O3,FeO,Al2O3,SiO2,Na2O and K2O and MgO and CaO have certain indication significance for zoning. From the oxidation zone to the transition zone,the trace elements that tend to be enriched are mainly radioactive elements(U),large ion lithophile elements(Li,Ba),chalcophile elements(Ni),high field strength elements(Nb,Ta),active variable valence elements(Mo),etc.,and LREE,MREE and HREE have different degrees of enrichment,reflecting the long water-rock interaction with large intensity. The significant difference of reducing indexes of organic carbon,St,and ωFe3+/ωFe2+ in different zones indicates that with the migration of oxygen-uranium containing water in the Yaojia Formation,the reducing components change sharply and have obvious significance of zoning indication.  相似文献   

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