共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Jonny Rutqvist Liange Zheng Fei Chen Hui-Hai Liu Jens Birkholzer 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(1):167-186
This paper presents simulation results related to coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical (THM) processes in engineered barrier systems (EBS) and clay host rock, in one case considering a possible link to geochemistry. This study is part of the US DOE Office of Nuclear Energy’s used fuel disposition campaign, to investigate current modeling capabilities and to identify issues and knowledge gaps associated with coupled THMC processes and EBS–rock interactions associated with repositories hosted in clay rock. In this study, we simulated a generic repository case assuming an EBS design with waste emplacement in horizontal tunnels that are back-filled with bentonite-based swelling clay as a protective buffer and heat load, derived for one type of US reactor spent fuel. We adopted the Barcelona basic model (BBM) for modeling of the geomechanical behavior of the bentonite, using properties corresponding to the FEBEX bentonite, and we used clay host rock properties derived from the Opalinus clay at Mont Terri, Switzerland. We present results related to EBS host–rock interactions and geomechanical performance in general, as well as studies related to peak temperature, buffer resaturation and thermally induced pressurization of host rock pore water, and swelling pressure change owing to variation of chemical composition in the EBS. Our initial THM modeling results show strong THM-driven interactions between the bentonite buffer and the low-permeability host rock. The resaturation of the buffer is delayed as a result of the low rock permeability, and the fluid pressure in the host rock is strongly coupled with the temperature changes, which under certain circumstances could result in a significant increase in pore pressure. Moreover, using the BBM, the bentonite buffer was found to have a rather complex geomechanical behavior that eventually leads to a slightly nonuniform density distribution. Nevertheless, the simulation shows that the swelling of the buffer is functioning to provide an adequate increase in confining stress on the tunnel wall, leading to a stabilization of any failure that may occur during the tunnel excavation. Finally, we describe the application of a possible approach for linking THM processes with chemistry, focusing on the evolution of primary and secondary swelling, in which the secondary swelling is caused by changes in ionic concentration, which in turn is evaluated using a transport simulation model. 相似文献
2.
地质系统热-水-力耦合作用的随机建模初步研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
热-水-力(THM)耦合作用是岩石力学与环境地质中的重要基础理论问题,核废料地质处置库周围的缓冲材料和围岩中的热-水-力耦合现象将影响其力学稳定性、热传导性和渗透性,进而影响放射性核素在裂隙岩体中的迁移规律。核废料或放射性废料的地下深埋处置是国际上正在研究的永久性隔离的有效方法之一。因此,对核废料地质处置法安全性评估的一个重要内容就是对裂隙岩体中力学稳定性与构造应力、地下水渗流及热载荷等的耦合作用之数值模拟和评估。这已成为当前刻不容缓的重要的环境影响评价课题。笔者研究了温度场-渗流场-应力场中热传导系数和渗透率以及岩体力学参数的空间变异性,用实验方法研究三场耦合效应及裂隙岩体的场性能等效处理,试图建立热-水-力耦合作用的随机性数学模型及可视化数值模拟方法,为核废料地质处置安全性评估提供直观的新方法。 相似文献
3.
The performance of the bentonite buffer in nuclear waste repository concept relies to a great extent on the buffer surrounding the canister having sufficient dry density. Loss of buffer material caused by erosion remains as the most significant process reducing the density of the buffer. In the worst case, the process is assumed to last as long as the free volume between the pellets in the pellets filled regions is filled with groundwater. Erosion rate and mass erosion are calculated based on the erosion model, and the measures are presented to prevent the geological disaster due to bentonite erosion. The groundwaters may solubilise the smectite particles in the bentonite and carry them away as colloidal particles. A dynamic model is developed for sodium gel expansion in fractures where the gel soaks up groundwater as it expands. The model is based on a force balance between and on smectite particles, which move in the water. Attractive van der Waals forces, repulsive electric diffuse layer (DDL) forces, gravity and buoyancy forces and forces caused by the gradient of chemical potential of the particles act to move the particle in the water. The effect of the fracture width and the frictions between particles and water and surrouding rock is analysed based on erosion model. The DDL forces strongly depend on the type of clay minerals and the type of ion and concentration in the water surrounding the particles. In the designed safe use of nuclear waste disposal (tens of thousands of years to hundreds of thousands of years), the safety of nuclear waste disposal is affected by the hydrodynamic and chemical effects, and bentonite erosion. Due to the bentonite erosion, the buffer/backfill layers become loose, and their permeability increases, which causes the nuclear element diffusion and convection, and even the nuclear disaster. In this paper, the mechanisms, models, experiments and control measures of bentonite erosion were systematically summarized. The current deficiencies of bentonite erosion were pointed out, and new methods were put forward to carry out the research for bentonite erosion. The measures were presented to prevent the geological disaster due to bentonite erosion through changes. The project is not only academic innovation, but also has a large practical significance. The research results of this project can be widely applied to the design, construction and maintenance of the bentonite buffer in nuclear waste repository. 相似文献
4.
5.
中国高放废物地质处置缓冲材料大型试验台架和热-水-力-化学耦合性能研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
缓冲材料作为高放废物深地质处置库中一道重要的人工屏障,与高放废物容器和处置库围岩直接接触,在高放废物衰变热、辐射作用和地下水等影响下产生复杂的热-水-力-化学耦合作用,为了验证缓冲材料是否能长期有效地发挥其屏障材料的作用,核工业北京地质研究院利用高庙子钠基膨润土组装并运行了模拟中国高放废物地质处置室 尺寸的大型缓冲材料膨润土试验台架（China-Mock-Up）。建立了缓冲材料试验台架的安装和试验方法,依据实测数据和理论分析,揭示了热-水-力-化学耦合作用条件下膨润土中的相对湿度是在加热器的热效应和外部供水的湿效应共同作用下发生变化的,压实膨润土中应力的变化主要是由于膨润土遇水膨胀和加热器的热效应引起的,试验验证了模拟高放废物地质处置室内加热器（废物罐）运行初期的位移过程,为缓冲材料和高放废物地质处置库的设计提供了重要的工程参数和理论依据。 相似文献
6.
Compacted bentonite is used as sealing and buffer material in engineered barrier systems (EBS) of high-level radioactive waste repositories. The chemical characteristics of this clay and its porewater affect the migration of radionuclides eventually released from the waste. They also determine the integrity and long-term performance of the clay barriers. Key features are the structural negative charge and the large proportion of structural (interlayer) water of the main mineral montmorillonite, which leads to exclusion of anions and a surplus of cations in a large part of the porosity space. The objective of this contribution was to assess the impact of different porosity model concepts on porewater chemistry in compacted bentonite in the context of the planned Finnish spent nuclear fuel repository at Olkiluoto. First, a structural model based on well-established crystallographic and electrostatic considerations was set up to estimate the fractions of the different porosity types. In view of the uncertainty related to the chemical properties of the interlayer water, two very different model concepts (anion-free interlayer, Donnan space), together with a well-established thermodynamic model for bentonite, were applied to derive the porewater composition of the bentonite buffer at Olkiluoto. The simulations indicate very similar results in the “free” water composition for the two models and thus support the validity of the reference porewater concept commonly used in performance assessment of waste repositories. Differences between the models are evident in the composition of the water affected by the surface charge (i.e. diffuse double layer and interlayer). These reflect the conceptual uncertainty in current multi-porosity diffusion models. 相似文献
7.
Liu Xiaoyan Congress Surya Sarat Chandra Cai Guojun Liu Songyu 《Acta Geotechnica》2021,16(5):1487-1507
Buffer/backfill material is an important engineering barrier in a deep geological repository of high-level radioactive waste (HLW). Its thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) performance is very important for the safe and stable operation of the HLW repository system. Natural graphite powder mixed with sodium bentonite forms a buffer/backfill material that can dissipate heat quickly and provide strong isolation. In this paper, the THM characteristics of bentonite–sand–graphite–polypropylene fiber (BSGF) mixtures, used as a buffer/backfill material, were studied through a series of laboratory tests. The influence of graphite and polypropylene fiber contents on thermal conductivity, swelling pressure, hydraulic conductivity, and strength properties of BSGF mixtures with different sand contents was analyzed. Experimental results indicated that the graphite content, the maximum graphite mesh number, and the initial dry density of bentonite–graphite mixtures influenced the thermal conductivity of bentonite–graphite mixtures. The addition of polypropylene fiber was found to enhance the shear strength and inhibit cracking without significantly affecting the expansivity, permeability, and thermal conductivity of the BSGF mixtures. This study provides a new buffer/backfill material that can improve the stability, functionality, and thermal efficiency of the HLW repository.
相似文献8.
高压实膨润土的非饱和渗透膨胀模型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
高放废弃物深地质处置库中,作为缓冲/回填材料的高压实膨润土的设计功能是,遇水吸湿导致土体膨胀变形,以密封高压实膨润土块体砌置时形成的块体与块体之间和块体与围岩之间的施工缝隙以及围岩中因处置库开挖卸载引起的裂缝,形成阻障围岩中地下水渗入内库引起核素迁移,与库内高放废物的辐射扩散的人工屏障。高压实膨润土在自由膨胀条件下的膨胀应变和非饱和渗透系数由渗透试验测得;孔隙比和吸力的关系由压汞试验测得。吸力和含水率的函数关系可由土-水特征曲线测试试验得到。因此,自由膨胀条件下膨润土的非饱和渗透膨胀模型由膨胀应变、非饱和渗透系数和孔隙比与吸力的函数关系建立。结果表明：渗透系数和体积应变都随吸力减小而增加,因为吸力减小会导致孔隙比增加。这一发现有助于设计高放废物的最终处置方案。 相似文献
9.
Owing to its favourable physical, chemical and rheological properties, densely compacted bentonite or bentonite-sand mix is considered as a suitable buffer material in deep geological repositories to store high level nuclear waste. Iodine-129 is one of the significant nuclides in the high level waste owing to its long half life and poor sorption onto most geologic media. Bentonite by virtue of negatively charged surface has negligible affinity to retain iodide ions. As organo-bentonites are known to retain iodide ions, the present study characterizes hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDPyCl.H2O) treated bentonite from Barmer India (referred as HDPy+B) for physico-chemical properties, engineering properties and the iodide adsorption behavior of the organo clay. Batch experiments revealed that HDPy+ ions are largely retained (94 % retention) via cation exchange; the ion-exchange process neutralizes the negative surface charge and bridges clay particles leading to reduction in Atterberg limits, clay content and sediment volume. The organo clay retains iodide by Coulombic attraction (at primary sites) and anion exchange (at secondary sites). The free-energy change (ΔG o = ?25.5 kJ/mol) value indicated that iodide retention by organo clay is favored physical adsorption process. Iodide adsorption capacity of organo clay decreased significantly (85–100 %) on dilution with 50–80 % bentonite. On the other hand, dilution of bentonite with 50 % organo clay caused 58 % reduction in swell potential and 21 % reduction in swell pressure. 相似文献
10.
在核废料处置库安全使用的设计年限（数万年至数十万年）内,膨润土遇水侵蚀,导致缓冲/回填层致密性降低、渗透性增加,危及核废料处置库安全。膨润土侵蚀是以膨润土凝胶形式迁移,膨润土凝胶的屈服强度就是侵蚀的临界剪切应力。膨润土凝胶颗粒之间的联结靠颗粒间的长程作用,即van der Waals力,颗粒间的联结作用取决于凝胶的结构。本文基于膨润土凝胶结构的分形模型,假设凝胶的屈服强度等于冲刷面上单位面积的van der Waals力的总和,导出了膨润土凝胶的屈服强度（σy）的表达式,表示为凝胶的固体体积率（φs）的幂函数,即σy=σy0φsm,幂函数的指数是凝胶结构分维的函数。膨润土凝胶的屈服强度理论得到了试验数据的验证。 相似文献
11.
缓冲层热—湿—力耦合作用研究简介 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
介绍了高放射性废物深地质处置库热－湿－力耦合作用，着重给出了国际高压实缓冲层热－湿－力耦合作用的研究进展，指出与高放射性废物处置库有关的热－湿－力耦合过程研究是核废物地质处置提出的新课题，涉及多学科，需广大有识之士共同合作研究。 相似文献
12.
A Column Experiment to Study the Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Behaviour of Expansive Soils 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Tom Schanz Long Nguyen-Tuan Maria Datcheva 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2013,46(6):1287-1301
The study of heat transfer, water flow, and swelling pressure development in engineered clay barriers and the evaluation of the influence of these phenomena on the barrier properties are important issues for predicting the performance of nuclear waste repository facilities. In this work, an experimental setup is presented especially meant to assess the response of the sand–bentonite mixture under conditions close to that of the buffer in a radioactive waste repository. A newly developed column device for laboratory testing of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behaviour of clay-buffer materials is introduced and its calibration, verification and the first experimental data are presented and discussed. The main features of the column device are: hydraulic and thermal gradients are possible to be applied; water content, suction and temperature development can be measured continuously at three locations along the sample height; swelling stress can be measured at top and the bottom of the sample. Measuring transient temperature, water content and suction simultaneously at the same height levels and with special care to minimise the sample disturbance is one of the advantages of the column device proposed here when compared to that previously reported in the literature. The main objectives of this paper are: (1) to describe the experimental device, (2) to introduce the sensors implemented and their calibration, and (3) to present and discuss the first experimental results obtained with the new equipment. The first experimental results show promise in the ability of the newly developed column device to provide reliable data for assessing the THM behaviour of expansive materials that are foreseen as buffer material in high level waste repositories. 相似文献
13.
受核废料衰变热影响,处置库内缓冲层的膨润土会长期处于高温状态。经历持续高温作用后,膨润土的膨胀自愈能力能否得以保持,还没有明确的结论。利用马弗炉维持105 ℃恒温环境,对粉状膨润土持续加热到预定周期;然后,获得不同加热周期试样的水-力性能。结果表明,随着加热时间增长,膨润土水-力性能出现大幅衰减。借助X射线衍射仪测试发现持续加热90 d其晶面间距缩合,出现了硅质氧化物胶结,导致颗（团）粒集聚。其红外光谱和热重特征表明,持续加热作用脱去了蒙脱石层间离子水合水,引起部分Na、Mg离子随水分蒸发而逃逸,两者共同作用导致蒙脱石颗（团）粒发生缩合作用。通过观察其扫描电镜图片也能发现,经过90 d持续加热后,蒙脱石颗（团）粒表面不再层次分明,而是紧密地相互搭接,发生了显著的缩合行为。粒度分布特征进一步证实,膨润土经历90 d加热后,即使浸泡28 d,其颗（团）粒依然未被分散,可初步推断上述缩合行为不可逆。 相似文献
14.
Simplified evaluation for swelling characteristics of bentonites 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Bentonite is currently planned to be used as buffer and backfill materials for repositories of high-level nuclear waste because these materials must have the swelling characteristics to seal the waste. In the design for buffer and backfill materials, we must choose the adequate bentonite among many kinds of bentonite in the world. The database of the swelling characteristics of various bentonites and its evaluation will be available when we will select the adequate bentonite. For this purpose, this study performed the laboratory tests on the swelling pressure and swelling deformation of four kinds of bentonite produced in Japan and the United States. These bentonites have different physicochemical properties. This study investigated the characteristics of swelling pressure and swelling deformation from the viewpoint of the physicochemical properties of each bentonite. Furthermore, this study also proposed the simplified evaluation of swelling characteristics of various bentonites on the basis of microscopic analysis. 相似文献
15.
Agapitus Ahamefule Amadi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(6):2437-2442
Compacted soil–bentonite mixtures are finding wide application as buffer material for waste repositories for their favorable self-sealing qualities. The swelling properties of such materials which serve as a measure of their self-sealing capabilities and, thus, the efficiency of the repository in sealing off their contents from the environment are closely related to the chemistry of the leachate that emanate from the wastes. For this reason, the swelling parameters (namely swelling potential and pressure) of compacted lateritic soil–bentonite mixtures under consideration for use as barrier in municipal waste landfill were evaluated. Series of swelling potential and pressure tests were performed using variable content (0–10 %) of bentonite at predetermined optimum moisture content. Soil mixtures were compacted with British Standard Heavy compactive effort and saturated with processed tap water as well as three leachate solutions of varying ionic strength that were generated in active open dump landfills. Experimental results showed that swelling potential based on the free swell together with the maximum swell pressures of compacted soil mixtures measured at equilibrium increased approximately linearly with increase in the amount of bentonite when inundated with processed tap water and the three leachate solutions. On the other hand, these swelling parameters decreased as the ionic strength of the leachate solutions measured by their electrical conductivity increased for the various soil mixtures. These results provide an insight into the swelling behavior and the possible degradation in the efficiency of the proposed lateritic soil–bentonite mixtures in relation to their use as buffer material in waste landfills. 相似文献
16.
加入辅助骨料后的混合型缓冲材料在保留了材料密封和防渗能力的同时,克服了纯膨润土导热系数低、施工性差的缺点,作为高放废物处置库缓冲材料的备选材料正在成为新的研究热点。基于室内试验数据,以多孔介质非饱和渗流理论为基础,考虑了膨润土湿化膨胀及密度、饱和度、导热系数等材料物理性质参数的实时变化,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立了包含一条巷道及单个井孔的3D网格模型,计算模拟了100 a间屏障系统中膨润土-石英砂混合型缓冲材料的THM多场耦合演化过程,分析了各物理量的时间演化及空间分布规律,并通过不同工况分析了材料湿化膨胀以及掺砂率对屏障系统演化过程的影响。系统中材料温度、饱和度与距固化体、岩壁的距离呈相关性,应力整体以受压为主,变形呈先压缩后膨胀的趋势。其中,膨润土基材料的湿化膨胀作用对温度演化的影响很小,但会略微加速饱和进程,并使材料的应力-应变出现明显的时间演化及区域分布差异。井孔和巷道中靠近岩壁区域的应力上升较快,并且在巷道底板与井孔交界处出现了显著的竖向位移。提高掺量可以有效降低罐体表面温度,增强屏障系统散热能力,降低缓冲材料的历史最大应力,有效控制井孔轴线上的竖向位移,但也会削弱系统的防渗能力。 相似文献
17.
加入辅助骨料后的混合型缓冲材料在保留了材料密封和防渗能力的同时,克服了纯膨润土导热系数低、施工性差的缺点,作为高放废物处置库缓冲材料的备选材料正在成为新的研究热点。基于室内试验数据,以多孔介质非饱和渗流理论为基础,考虑了膨润土湿化膨胀及密度、饱和度、导热系数等材料物理性质参数的实时变化,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立了包含一条巷道及单个井孔的3D网格模型,计算模拟了100 a间屏障系统中膨润土-石英砂混合型缓冲材料的THM多场耦合演化过程,分析了各物理量的时间演化及空间分布规律,并通过不同工况分析了材料湿化膨胀以及掺砂率对屏障系统演化过程的影响。系统中材料温度、饱和度与距固化体、岩壁的距离呈相关性,应力整体以受压为主,变形呈先压缩后膨胀的趋势。其中,膨润土基材料的湿化膨胀作用对温度演化的影响很小,但会略微加速饱和进程,并使材料的应力-应变出现明显的时间演化及区域分布差异。井孔和巷道中靠近岩壁区域的应力上升较快,并且在巷道底板与井孔交界处出现了显著的竖向位移。提高掺量可以有效降低罐体表面温度,增强屏障系统散热能力,降低缓冲材料的历史最大应力,有效控制井孔轴线上的竖向位移,但也会削弱系统的防渗能力。 相似文献
18.
An unconventional numerical scheme is developed to simulate coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) processes in partially saturated medium. The non-isothermal, unsaturated fluid flow and mechanical processes are sequentially coupled by updating all the state variables using cellular automaton technique and finite difference method on spatial and temporal scale, respectively. A new cellular automaton updating scheme is proposed by introducing a fast successive relaxation index, which greatly improves the computational efficiency in the simulation of THM coupling process. This is implemented in a self-developed numerical system, i.e., an elasto-plastic cellular automaton (EPCA3D), which was used to numerically reproduce the coupled THM behavior of bentonite pellets in a column experiment that was heated up to 140 °C firstly and then was hydrated simulating the resaturation of the backfilling. By using the cellular automaton technique in EPCA3D, the challenging courses of the changing boundary conditions over time and space during the experiment are conveniently implemented. The EPCA3D was able to reproduce the main physical processes of the in laboratory column bentonite experiment within the heating and hydration phase. The modeling results for the evolution of temperature, relative humidity, water uptake and axial pressure are consistent with the experimental data in terms of trends and magnitudes, which verifies the realistic simulation with the developed model and contributes to a deeper understanding of the observed phenomena. 相似文献
19.
Jörn Kasbohm Roland Pusch Lan Nguyen-Thanh Thao Hoang-Minh 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(8):2569-2579
Smectite clay has been proposed for embedding canisters with highly radioactive waste in deep repositories because of its isolating capacity. Montmorillonite-rich bentonite is a premier buffer candidate for many national organizations that are responsible for disposal of such waste. Experience from the use of drilling mud at large depths indicates that other smectite clay minerals are more stable chemically and saponite is one of them. The physical properties of smectitic mixed-layer minerals like Friedland clay are known to be less sensitive to high salt contents and such clay may also be a buffer candidate. Montmorillonite-rich MX-80 clay, Greek saponite with a minor amount of palygorskite, and Friedland clay were investigated in hydrothermal tests with dense samples confined in oedometers with 95 °C temperature at one end, which was made of copper, and 35 °C at the other, for 8 weeks. A 1 % CaCl2 solution was circulated through a filter at the cold end. At the end of the tests, the samples were sliced into three parts, which were tested with respect to expandability, hydraulic conductivity, and chemical composition. The tests showed that while the saponite was hardly changed at all and did not take up any copper, MX-80 underwent substantial changes in physical performance and adsorbed significant amounts of copper. The Friedland clay sample was intermediate in both respects. 相似文献
20.
Engineered barriers are basic elements in the design of repositories for the isolation of high‐level radioactive waste. This paper presents the thermo‐hydro‐mechanical (THM) analysis of a clay barrier subjected to heating and hydration. The study focuses on an ongoing large‐scale heating test, at almost full scale, which is being carried out at the CIEMAT laboratory under well‐controlled boundary conditions. The test is intensely instrumented and it has provided the opportunity to study in detail the evolution of the main THM variables over a long period of time. Comprehensive laboratory tests carried out in the context of the FEBEX and NF‐PRO projects have allowed the identification of the model parameters to describe the THM behaviour of the compacted expansive clay. A conventional THM approach that assumes the swelling clay as a single porosity medium has been initially adopted to analyse the evolution of the test. The model was able to predict correctly the global THM behaviour of the clay barrier in the short term (i.e. for times shorter than three years), but some model limitations were detected concerning the prediction of the long‐term hydration rate. An additional analysis of the test has been carried out using a double structure model to describe the actual behaviour of expansive clays. The double structure model explicitly considers the two dominant pore levels that actually exist in the FEBEX bentonite and it is able to account for the evolution of the material fabric. The simulation of the experiment using this enhanced model provides a more satisfactory reproduction of the long‐term experimental results. It also contributes to a better understanding of the observed test behaviour and it provides a physically based explanation for the very slow hydration of the barrier. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献