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1.
基于不同溃口形态的尾矿坝溃决泥浆流动特性试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以云南玉溪矿业有限公司秧田箐尾矿库设计资料为依托,依据相似原则,采用重庆大学自行研制开发的尾矿坝溃决破坏模拟试验台,基于尾矿坝溃决的口门形态,探索了坝体在1/4、1/2以及全部瞬间溃决3种情况下的下泄泥浆流动特性。试验结果表明：（1）溃坝口门形态对下泄泥浆的冲击力、淹没范围以及演进规律有较大的影响;（2）泥浆在下游各特征过流断面处的演进规律具有较明显的龙头衰减过程,龙头速度较大,泥深以及泥浆冲击力呈现小-大-小的分布,具有较长的拖尾衰减现象;（3）随着溃口逐渐加大,泥浆在下游同一过流断面处的冲击力和泥深呈明显增大趋势,其增大趋势表现为非线性;（4）泥浆流态在下游90°弯道处发生强烈扰动,在弯道内侧出现涡流现象,而在外侧出现反射现象,瞬间全溃下泄泥浆形成的涡流范围和反射波强度较坝体1/2和1/4溃决情况明显;（5）受溃口形态影响,下泄泥浆龙头到达同一过流断面的时间也不同,全溃泥浆龙头到达下游同一过流断面处的时间远小于坝体1/2和1/4溃决情况。同时,随着溃口的不断减小,同一断面处泥浆冲击力峰值呈减弱趋势,到达峰值的时间也相应推迟。研究成果为不同溃坝口门形态下的尾矿坝溃决泥浆流动特性的深入认识提供了参考。同时,对指导矿山企业的防灾减灾工作具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
2.
冰湖溃决洪水的二维水动力学数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为分析冰湖溃决洪水过程,建立了一个二维非恒定流数值模型,可以定量的开展冰湖溃决洪水预测.数值模型的基本控制方程采用二维浅水水流方程,数值方法采用可以捕捉激波的WAF TVD二阶精度格式,并用非界面追踪的方法处理干湿边界.通过理想情况下一维解析解的验证和二维复杂地形情况的数值试验,证明数值模型具有较好的精度和可靠性,并且可以适应复杂地形.将数值模型应用于一个典型的冰湖溃决事件,定量地预估了该冰湖溃决洪水过程,结果表明:水流流速很高,床面剪切应力很大,可能诱发活跃的泥沙运动,形成泥石流灾害. 相似文献
3.
基于结构网格,采用有限体积法建立了二维水动力学模型,模拟溃坝洪水在复杂实际地形条件下的流动过程。该模型采用中心迎风格式求解界面通量,并结合对界面变量的线性重构,使其具有空间上的二阶精度。分别采用中心差分方法和半隐式方法对底床坡度项和摩擦阻力项进行离散,保证了模型的和谐性和稳定性。对于复杂地形条件下溃坝洪水的模拟,负水深的产生是影响模型稳定的关键因素。当库朗特数小于0.25时,模型能够保证任何时刻的计算水深都是非负的,而无需对负水深单元进行特殊处理。因此,相比于现有的大部分溃坝洪水模型,该模型具有更强的鲁棒性和稳定性。 相似文献
4.
受地形影响,西南山区水源以水库为主,由于大部分水库修建时间较早,在西南季风气候降水集中影响下,存在较大的溃坝风险。溃坝洪水突发性与破坏性极强,进行水库溃坝洪水计算及洪水演进分析,是在水库大坝发生突发性安全事故时科学应对的基础。结合西南山区实际,优选溃坝洪水计算与洪水演进模型,并以云南省昌宁县河西水库为例,分析确定相关参数,分析指出了西南山区水库溃坝形态以全溃为主,具有溃坝洪水量极大、洪水演进迅速的特点。研究不仅可为河西水库制定大坝安全管理应急预案提供技术支撑,也能为该地区水库溃坝洪水及其演进分析提供参考借鉴。 相似文献
5.
Modelling flash flood propagation in urban areas using a two-dimensional numerical model 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This paper reports on the numerical modelling of flash flood propagation in urban areas after an excessive rainfall event or dam/dyke break wave. A two-dimensional (2-D) depth-averaged shallow-water model is used, with a refined grid of quadrilaterals and triangles for representing the urban area topography. The 2-D shallow-water equations are solved using the explicit second-order scheme that is adapted from MUSCL approach. Four applications are described to demonstrate the potential benefits and limits of 2-D modelling: (i) laboratory experimental dam-break wave in the presence of an isolated building; (ii) flash flood over a physical model of the urbanized Toce river valley in Italy; (iii) flash flood in October 1988 at the city of Nîmes (France) and (iv) dam-break flood in October 1982 at the town of Sumacárcel (Spain). Computed flow depths and velocities compare well with recorded data, although for the experimental study on dam-break wave some discrepancies are observed around buildings, where the flow is strongly 3-D in character. The numerical simulations show that the flow depths and flood wave celerity are significantly affected by the presence of buildings in comparison with the original floodplain. Further, this study confirms the importance of topography and roughness coefficient for flood propagation simulation. 相似文献
6.
Natural Hazards - The prediction of dam-break water flow at dam site is essential to reduce the potential for loss of damage in the downstream floodplain. In this study, the influence of reservoir... 相似文献
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为了计算瞬时溃坝最大流量,基于堰流与波流量相等原理,建立了瞬时溃坝最大流量与堰流关系,理论推导得到同一公式可以计算大坝全溃、横向局部溃坝、垂向局部溃坝及横垂向局部溃坝的瞬时最大流量的新通式,给出了该通式的基本和上限、下限及一般等通式。研究发现:瞬时溃坝流量与溃口堰坎类型有关,可以把瞬时溃坝最大流量、逐渐溃坝洪水或漫坝洪水的计算公式和相应系数统一到不同堰坎类型的堰流量计算中;而这些新通式相应系数的取值是被实验确认和经典著作肯定的,保证了系数取值的可靠和准确。这些新通式容易理解、形式简单、计算简便,参数取值可靠,把溃坝洪水计算的复杂问题转变为处理经典水力学的简单堰流计算。同时通过对比分析,充分论证了一般通式的合理性,并用国内外溃坝实例验证了计算方法和成果较科学、可靠、合理。 相似文献
8.
Xiaoling Wang Wenlong Chen Zhengyin Zhou Yushan Zhu Cheng Wang Zhen Liu 《Natural Hazards》2017,86(3):1147-1174
Dense buildings are the major factor affecting urban flood routing. Currently, the study of urban dam-break flood routing primarily focuses on a simplified terrain model and 2D shallow water equations, which ignore the effects of dense urban buildings. Furthermore, the complex interactions between the dam-break wave and the wall surfaces of buildings are not reflected in the results. To tackle these problems, three-dimensional flood routing with a high-precision digital model of an urban area is studied in this paper. Firstly, the vector data of various land types is extracted from a remote sensing image, and the NURBS algorithm based on the TIN algorithm is introduced to construct a three-dimensional terrain model. Coupled with the vector data and the terrain model, a three-dimensional digital model of the urban area is established. Next, a three-dimensional \(k{-}\varepsilon\) turbulence model is proposed for the flood routing simulation. A polyhedral grid with a second-order accuracy and a discrete format is used to divide the digital model of the urban area, and the governing equations are solved using the PISO algorithm. Finally, the superiority of the 3D mathematical model and the computational efficiency of the polyhedral mesh model are validated according to the urban flood routing experiments of Testa and Soares-Frazão. An urban reservoir, located in SZ City, China, is modelled to show that a dam-break flood in an urban area exhibits significant three-dimensional characteristics. Moreover, due to the surrounding buildings, the flood exhibits complex three-dimensional turbulence phenomena, including collision, reflection and vortices. 相似文献
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浸润线过高导致的渗流状况不良已经成为许多尾矿库的主要安全隐患,是引起尾矿库溃坝事故的最直接原因之一。自流式辐射井排渗系统具有自流排水安全可靠、辐射式集渗管水平伸入坝体范围广、排水量大、水位下降快、成本低、使用寿命周期长、后期管理运行方便等优势。在榆木沟尾矿库2号大口辐射井工程中应用了自流式辐射井排渗系统,取得了良好的技术和经济效果。结合该工程实践,对自流式辐射井排渗系统在尾矿库排渗工程中的施工关键技术问题进行了研究和探讨,为今后类似工程提供了有益的经验。 相似文献
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超细尾砂已成为充填材料的主要来源。为了便于充填料浆配合比设计与强度预测,基于超细料浆微观结构,提出用固体填充率表征充填料浆结构密实程度。选用某矿山超细尾砂进行了63组配合比强度试验。研究结果表明：固体填充率和水灰比与充填体无侧限强度分别呈指数函数和负幂函数关系。采用Pearson理论对试验样本进行相关性分析,结果表明：固体填充率与水灰比相互独立。在此基础上,建立了超细尾砂胶结充填体双变量强度计算模型,模型计算值与试验值的误差在7%以内。进行了超细尾砂胶结体强度随养护时间增长的试验,基于试验数据拟合规律,提出了强度龄期数学模型,建立了三变量强度计算公式。模型能准确预测矿山充填体强度,且能有效指导矿山充填料浆设计。 相似文献
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Establishing a shallow water cover over tailings deposited in a designated storage facility is one option to limit oxygen diffusion and retard oxidation of sulfides which have the potential to form acid mine drainage (AMD). The Old Tailings Dam (OTD) located at the Savage River mine, western Tasmania contains 38 million tonnes of pyritic tailings deposited from 1967 to 1982, and is actively generating AMD. The OTD was constructed on a natural gradient, resulting in sub-aerial exposure of the southern area, with the northern area under a natural water cover. This physical contrast allowed for the examination of tailings mineralogy and geochemistry as a function of water cover depth across the OTD. Tailings samples (n = 144, depth: ≤ 1.5 m) were collected and subjected to a range of geochemical and mineralogical evaluations. Tailings from the southern and northern extents of the OTD showed similar AMD potential based on geochemical (NAG pH range: 2.1 to 4.2) and bulk mineralogical parameters, particularly at depth. However, sulfide alteration index (SAI) assessments highlighted the microscale contrast in oxidation. In the sub-aerial zone pyrite grains are moderately oxidized to a depth of 0.3 m (maximum SAI of 6/10), under both gravel fill and oxidized covers, with secondary minerals (e.g., ferrihydrite and goethite) developed along rims and fractures. Beneath this, mildly oxidized pyrite is seen in fresh tailings (SAI = 2.9/10 to 5.8/10). In the sub-aqueous zone, the degree of pyrite oxidation demonstrates a direct relationship with cover depth, with unoxidized, potentially reactive tailings identified from 2.5 m, directly beneath an organic-rich sediment layer (SAI = 0 to 1/10). These findings are broadly similar to other tailings storage facilities e.g., Fox Lake, Sherritt-Gordon ZnCu mine, Canada and Stekenjokk mine, Sweden where water covers up to 2 m have successfully reduced AMD. Whilst geotechnical properties of the OTD restrict the extension of the water cover, pyrite is enriched in cobalt (up to 2.6 wt%) indicating reprocessing of tailings as an alternative management option. Through adoption of an integrated mineralogical and geochemical characterization approach for tailings assessment robust management strategies after mine closure can be developed. 相似文献
15.
尾矿坝垮塌机制与溃决模式试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于云南拉拉铜矿小打鹅尾矿库工程设计资料,采用现场排放尾矿砂为试验材料,进行了尾矿堆积坝在洪水情况下发生垮塌破坏的模型试验。通过水流控制系统模拟尾矿坝遭遇洪水情况,采用侧面示踪点、水位测压管、应力传感器以及数码摄像机等设备获得了尾矿坝溃决过程中坝坡的位移矢量演化、浸润线与应力的变化特性以及坝体破坏发展过程,揭示了洪水作用下尾矿坝的垮塌机制和溃决模式。试验结果发现：尾矿堆积坝的浸润线变化存在滞后性;在洪水入库致库区最高设计洪水水位过程中,靠近坝坡中部处水平方向的总应力增量较垂向总应力增量大,增大的水平应力是坝体产生破坏的重要因素之一;洪水导致坝坡尾矿砂所受的渗透力、上浮力、重力以及孔隙水压力增大,削弱了坝体材料的黏聚力,并加大了自身荷载,降低了坝体的稳定性;尾矿坝溃决模式一般为逆流渐进型,破坏先是从坡脚处发生,继而向上游发展,呈现牵引式发展,破坏的滑动面由多个弧形滑移面构成。研究成果加深了对尾矿堆积坝垮塌机制和溃决模式的认识,并在洪水灾害的预防和控制方面作了一些新的探索 相似文献
16.
A number of cyclic triaxial tests were carried out on mine tailings and natural sediment samples under undrained conditions
to investigate their resistance to cyclic loading. The tests were performed on more than 100 samples with a cyclic shear stress
ratio ranging from 0.10 to 0.40 under varying void ratio and the same confining pressure. It was observed that the axial strain
and excess pore water pressure increased with the number of loading cycles while the effective stress decreased with increasing
number of loading cycles. The liquefaction resistance of the tailings was also observed to be higher than that of natural
soils with similar particle size distribution, void ratio and plasticity index. It was observed that the influence of specific
gravity on the cyclic strength of mine tailings is significant. The results showed that the cyclic resistance of the tailings
was not strongly influenced by plasticity index for low plasticity tailings. A boundary relationship between void ratio and
normalized cyclic resistance ratio was established based on the results. 相似文献
17.
针对当前复杂环境水流模拟的需求,建立了新型的基于特征型高分辨率数值算法的三维非结构网格浅水动力模型。模型采用有限体积法离散sigma坐标下的三维浅水方程,运用Roe黎曼近似解评估水平界面通量。模型网格拟合边界能力强,可根据需要局部加密;格式数值性能优良,具有守恒性、单调迎风性、高数值分辨率等特性。同时,应用干湿判别法处理动边界,以适应浅滩地形漫/露过程模拟的需要。封闭水池内部风生环流、干河床上溃坝过程和长江口实际潮流场的模拟从不同侧面展示了模型的特点,结果表明它能够准确地预测水流的三维流动结构,而且计算简单高效,具有良好的数值稳定性。 相似文献
18.
通过对 1998年 8月 1日湖北 竹牌 洲湾溃口沉积物的系统采样和磁组构测量与计算 ,发现溃口沉积物的磁组构特征为 :由溃口扇的扇顶→扇缘 ,磁组构参数各向异性度 P、磁面理度 F、磁线理度 L、水流速度函数因子 Fs的统计平均值均具有由大逐渐变小的特点 ;在溃口扇的不同部位磁化率量值椭球的主轴平均方向具有不同的特点 ,其规律是 :在扇顶或扇缘处平均方向变化较大 ,尤其在扇缘处 ,最大磁化率主轴方向比较随机 ,没有明显的主方向 ,而在扇中磁化率量值椭球的主轴平均方向比较稳定 ,最大主轴的优选方向比较明显。初步探讨和建立了长江中游现代溃堤溃口沉积物的磁组构特征识别标志 相似文献
19.
目前在尾矿坝稳定性和溃坝模拟分析方面,对溃口位置及水砂的流动状态难以做出准确判断。将尾矿坝稳定性和溃坝模拟有机结合,采用FLAC3D计算正常水位、洪水位、漫顶水位三种工况下尾矿坝稳定性,并利用Rhino与Fluent建立尾矿库及下游精细地形,开展尾矿库溃坝水砂在不同时刻及不同地形下的流动状态研究分析。结果表明:（1）浸润线的埋深随尾矿库水位的升高而变小,由正常水位升高至洪水位时浸润线埋深下降5～8 m,漫顶水位时坝顶浸润线沿坡面向下运移约8 m;（2）库水位对剪切带及尾矿坝稳定性有显著影响,从正常水位到洪水位时,剪切带纵向上不断向坝体内部延伸,横向上不断向坝脚延伸,剪切应变率增大为5.78×10?5,尾矿坝稳定系数由1.80下降至1.32;（3）达到坝顶时剪切带急剧缩短,而剪切应变率进一步增大为3.32×10?4,尾矿坝稳定系数由1.32下降到1.18。溃坝水砂的流动状态受地形影响明显,在山谷中表现为范围减小、流速增大的汇聚流动,在平坦农田处表现为范围增大、流速减小的发散流动特点。 相似文献
20.
《Applied Geochemistry》2005,20(3):661-667
This paper describes the geochemical testing of mine tailings sourced from the Black Swan Ni Mine located near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Acid–base accounting was used to provide an indication of the acid generating capacity of two kinds of mining tailings: disseminated-ore tailings from the Cygnet Tailings Dam Storage Facility (CTDSF) and massive-ore tailings from the Silver Swan Tailings Dam Storage Facility (SSTDSF). All of the tailings in SSTDSF have acid generating potential which is consistent with previous research reports. New findings in this paper reveal that approximately 16% of the tailings in CTDSF have the potential to be acid generating. In contrast, previous reports state that the disseminated-ore tailings are classified as non-acid forming. Most of the potential acid generating tailings in the CTDSF are found in the upper-middle sections of the tailings profile, but some are located at the bottom of the tailings dam. The upper-middle section of the tailings is oxidized because these tailings have interacted with atmospheric O2 and rain and surface water. Oxidation of the bottom tailings in the CTDSF may be due to infiltration of ground water into hidden fractures under the east bank of CTDSF, which caused these tailings to oxidize under closed and reduced conditions.The acid drainage in the tailings dam storage facility was observed 3 a, after the development of the Black Swan Nickel project. This delayed production of acid drainage was likely due to the slow rates of acid neutralization provided by alteration gouge minerals such as Mg/Fe-carbonates (magnesite–siderite series) associated with the Ni ores. The acid drainage leaking from the tailings dams has contaminated neighboring ground water via increased acidity and heavy metals.Because of the potential acid generation in some of the disseminated ore tailings, it is inadvisable to use disseminated ore tailings as cover materials in the storage facility to isolate the underlying potentially-acid-forming tailings from O2 and water, as proposed by previous research reports. 相似文献