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1.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(4):212-218
This paper describes one geometrical method of simulating the spatial distribution of snow cover. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and precise Digital Elevation Model (DEM) were used in the simulation. The model is based on empirical parameters called coefficients depending on slope aspect and inclination. As a result, this model predicts that windward convex terrains remain snow-free during winter. This snow cover distribution was validated by usage of an air photograph taken in early spring, and the distribution of vegetation patches which represent the outer fringes of snow covered areas. Low ground temperatures together with high DC resistivities, which suggest the presence of permafrost, were identified in simulated snow-free areas. 相似文献
2.
拉斯曼丘陵区风力强度大、频数高，各月平均风速均可起动粗砂级以上碎屑。高速气流的极不饱和挟砂（雪晶）状态限制了风力堆积作用和磨蚀作用，而风力吹蚀作用和雪粒（晶）堆积作用则构成本区风力地貌发育的主体。风积方式包括遇阻堆积和停滞堆积，其地貌形态主要有雪被（雪坝）、砂堆（砂地）和砾堤（砾滩）。风积物的沉积地球化学参数与本区母岩有极高的相似性，说明风积碎屑是近源堆积 相似文献
3.
青藏高原东南部海拔高,地形复杂,云量大,准确掌握该地区的积雪分布特征对于积雪灾害防治非常重要。论文以2013—2019年冬季积雪积累期云量符合要求的35景高分一号(GF-1)影像为基础,将全色影像和多光谱影像融合为2 m分辨率影像,通过目视解译获取了研究区积雪的空间分布特征,结合改进后的30 m分辨率SRTM DEM,探讨了地形对积雪分布的影响。结果表明：积雪像元在研究区范围内占比为33.1%。积雪的垂直分布特征明显：积雪在高程带4000~5000 m(高海拔)处分布较集中,积雪面积占比为18.1%;在高程带0~2000 m、2000~3000 m和6000~7000 m处积雪面积占比均不到0.1%。积雪在北坡、东北坡的分布比例较高,均为15%以上;在南坡、西坡、西南坡、东南坡分布比例较低,均为10%左右。将基于GF-1影像获取的积雪分布分别与同日获取的根据MODIS V6积雪产品计算的积雪比例(MODIS FSC)和积雪分布的对比表明,64.4%的MODIS FSC像元绝对误差不超过10%,MODIS积雪分布产品对含雪像元的漏分率和误分率平均为33.8%和32.7%,说明MODIS积雪产品在研究区的精度还具有较高的不确定性,其对低覆盖积雪反演的精度较差。这表明利用MODIS积雪产品研究青藏高原东南部积雪的时空变化特征时还需要对其积雪反演算法进行改进,同时亟需加强地面观测和基于多源遥感数据的积雪研究。研究结果可为青藏高原东南部雪冰灾害防治提供支撑。 相似文献
4.
Land use/cover, landforms and fragmentation patterns in a tropical dry forest in the southern Pacific region of Mexico 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Leopoldo Galicia Alba Esmeralda Zarco-Arista Karla Ivette Mendoza-Robles José Luis Palacio-Prieto Arturo García-Romero 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2008,29(2):137-154
In spite of widely documented studies of deforestation rates and land use/cover changes in tropical dry forests in Mexico, relatively little is known about fragmentation patterns in such forests. This study defines the spatial distribution of landforms and land use/cover types the lower Papagayo River basin and examines their influence on fragmentation patterns and biological diversity in a tropical dry forest in that southern Pacific region. The land use/cover map was constructed from aerial photographs, Landsat TM imagery (2000) and fieldwork. Landform units were defined based on altitude, slope, lithology and morphology. Landscape fragmentation parameters were obtained using FRAGSTATS (version 3.3) considering the numbers of patches, mean, minimum and maximum patch size, edge density, total edge and connectivity. Results show tropical dry forest to be remnant vegetation (~11 per cent), characterized by isolation and low connectivity. Land use/cover types have different effects on fragmentation patterns. Agriculture and cattle raising produce similar numbers of patches, but with a different mean size; and human settlements have a scattered distribution pattern. The abandonment of rural agricultural livelihoods has favoured the expansion of secondary tropical dry forest characterized by continuity and high connectivity, which suggests a high regeneration potential from land abandonment. It can be concluded that tropical dry forest fragmentation and recovery at regional scales depend on such landscape attributes as lithology, slope, geomorphology and management. 相似文献
5.
Ground snow observation data from 1999 to 2008 were used to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of snow density in
China. The monthly maximum density shifted from north to south during the period from October to the following January, and
then moved back from south to north during the period from January to April. The maximum snow density occurred at the border
between Hunan and Jiangxi provinces in January, where snow cover duration was short and varied remarkably. Snow density in
Northeast China and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were also high and showed less variation when the snow cover duration
was long. Ground observation data from nine weather stations were selected to study changes of snow density in Northeast
and Northwest China. A phase of stable snow density occurred from the middle ten days of November to the following February;
non-stationary density phases were observed from October to the first ten days of November and from March to April. To further
investigate the effects of climatic factors on snow density, correlations between snow density and precipitation, air temperature,
snow depth and wind velocity for Northeast and Northwest China were analyzed. Correlation analysis showed that snow depth was
the primary influence on snow density. 相似文献
6.
《Geomorphology》2005,64(1-2):67-85
Snow cover reduces cosmogenic nuclide production rates in bedrock. Corrections for snow cover can be more than 10% in mountainous, mid-latitude regions where many glacial chronologies have been constructed using cosmogenic nuclide surface dating of landforms. Most published snow corrections use historic climate data of limited duration that are not likely to reflect adequately the full range of snow conditions over the time of exposure. We present a model for describing the impact of snow burial on long-term exposure histories of landforms. The model applies an energy balance approach to snowpack evolution and incorporates both historic and long-term climate proxy data. Attenuation of cosmogenic fast neutrons is modeled alternatively as a simple exponential decrease with increased shielding or as a thin surface layer with constant production followed by an exponential decrease with increasing depth. The choice of attenuation model has little effect on the modeled results for the Cairngorms but will have a more significant effect in regions characterized by thinner, less dense snowpacks. Spatial variability in snow cover is modeled as a function of elevation only, ignoring local variability in snow accumulation as a result of slope aspect, wind redistribution and local topography. Thus, model results reveal general spatial and temporal trends in snow shielding effects, rather than site-specific corrections.Applications to data from the Cairngorm Mountains of Scotland show that the constant-plus-exponential (CPE) production rate-depth profile reduces but does not eliminate snow-shielding effects. Under present-day conditions, snow at 900 m in the Cairngorm Mountains reduces average production rates by 6% using the CPE profile and 9% with the exponential profile (EP). Long-term climate simulations from 15.5 ka through today produce larger snow shielding effects, mainly because they predict an increased proportion of precipitation as snowfall during the Younger Dryas. At 900 m, this long-term simulation reduces average cosmogenic isotope production rates by 12% (CPE) and 14% (EP). These results indicate that snow-shielding corrections based on historic climate records may be a potential source of systematic error in midlatitude mountainous regions. 相似文献
7.
中国滑雪场空间分布特征及其影响因素 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
滑雪场是冰雪运动的空间载体和冰雪产业赖以发展的重要依托。研究滑雪场的空间分布特征及其影响因素,对冰雪产业发展具有重要意义。以中国770家滑雪场作为研究对象,运用最邻近指数、不均衡指数、核密度分析等方法对滑雪场的空间分布特征进行分析,在此基础上构建地理加权回归模型探究其空间分布的影响因素。研究发现：① 中国滑雪场主要分布在黑龙江、山东、新疆、河北等北方地区,在空间分布上属于聚类分布型,具有聚集性和不均衡性的分布特征;② 已形成以哈尔滨为中心的黑龙江高密度区和以北京为中心的京津冀高密度区,以及以长治为中心的晋冀豫次级高密度区;③ 地形、气温、经济、城市、交通因素对滑雪场影响的空间差异性显著,包括正负值差异和高低值差异;④ 自然因素和社会因素对滑雪场空间分布的影响程度呈现出一定的内部差异性,其中自然因素产生的空间差异性更大,社会因素对滑雪场空间分布的影响具有一致性,整体呈正相关,且主要作用于北方地区的滑雪场。 相似文献
8.
Cryoplanation Terrace Orientation in Alaska 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Frederick E. Nelson 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1998,80(2):135-151
Exploratory analysis of the orientation of 303 cryoplanation terraces in interior and western Alaska lends tentative support to the hypothesis that these landforms develop through localized erosion related to spatial patterns of snow accumulation and ablation. Cryoplanation terraces exhibit orientation patterns similar to those of cirques in several regions of Alaska. In climatically continental east-central Alaska, cryoplanation terraces are developed preferentially on north-facing slopes and the frequency distribution of terrace orientation is similar to but less concentrated than that of glacial cirques. In south-central Alaska, both cirques and terraces have bimodal frequency distributions corresponding to generalized wind patterns that predominated during Pleistocene glaciations. In western Alaska, terraces and cirques have relatively diffuse patterns without preferred orientation. No clear relation is apparent between the orientation of cryoplanation terraces and their size or elevation, although this may be an artifact of the current inability to differentiate terraces by age. Data from the Eagle Summit/Mastodon Dome area in interior Alaska indicate a possible relation between snowline elevation and the concentration of terrace orientation. 相似文献
9.
关中平原明代霜雪灾害特征及小波分析研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过对关中平原明代历史文献资料的搜集和统计分析,研究了该区明代霜雪灾害等级、阶段与灾害发生周期等。结果表明,关中平原明代霜雪灾害可划分为轻度、中度、重度三级,各占总灾害频次的23%,54%,23%。该区明代霜雪灾害可划分为4个阶段,第1阶段(1368～1448年)和第3阶段(1508～1568年)为灾害少发期,第2阶段(1449～1507年)和第4阶段(1569～1644年)为灾害多发生期。小波分析显示,关中平原明代轻度、中度和重度霜雪灾害分别存在11 a、8 a、44 a的周期变化。初步确定关中平原明代1618～1631年发生了1次寒冷气候事件。 相似文献
10.
María Luisa Ávila-Jiménez Stephen J. Coulson Torstein Solhøy & Anna Sjöblom 《Polar research》2010,29(1):127-137
There are over 500 species of arthropods recorded from Svalbard. These animals overwinter either within the soil or on the ground surface, and have to tolerate an environment where the ground is frozen for over 9 months each year. Three cold-tolerance strategies have been described from Svalbard invertebrates: freeze avoidance, freeze tolerance and desiccation. Once in a cold-tolerant state the animals can be extremely cold tolerant in terms of both minimum exposure temperature and period of exposure. How the overwintering capabilities of these animals will be affected by climate changes during the next 100 years, as predicted by climate models, is not yet known. Four principle factors with an impact on overwintering of the terrestrial arthropod fauna are outlined here: (1) warmer winter temperatures, with an increased frequency of extreme events such as freeze–thaw cycles and surface icing; (2) changes in snow fall and snow lie; (3) pollutant load; and (4) dispersal of invertebrates to Svalbard. Finally, areas where further research is required are highlighted: including the development of controlled multi-season field experiments; effect of freeze–thaw cycles; changes in thickness and distribution of snow lie, with the subsequent effects on duration of the summer period; chill susceptibility of soil arthropods; assessing potential colonizing species and the likelihood of these species becoming established; assessing the effect of gene flow from surrounding populations; interactions between pollution and cold tolerance; anoxia stress; and the genetics of cold tolerance. 相似文献
11.
西藏高原不同时段雪灾的空间分布及大气环流特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用西藏高原38个气象站自建站以来至2008年的10月至翌年4月逐日积雪资料,依据积雪深度和积雪持续日数两项要素组合的雪灾等级指标,分析了前冬、隆冬和春季3个时段西藏高原不同等级雪灾空间分布。结果表明：主要有3个雪灾发生高频中心区,即以聂拉木为中心的喜马拉雅山脉中段区、以嘉黎为中心的那曲地区中东部区及以错那为中心的喜马拉雅山脉东段区;在时段上雪灾主要出现在前冬和隆冬,春季最少,但在前冬和隆冬雪灾频率分布有较大的空间差异;喜马拉雅山脉中段区、阿里地区、那曲站以中灾和重灾为主。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均高度场数据,对区域性雪灾异常年和无雪灾年进行了合成分析,结果表明:前冬和隆冬北半球500 hPa中高纬环流非常相似,自大西洋东海岸向东至西太平有显著的“+-+-”波列,而春季中高纬从欧洲西部为“-+-+-+”波列;3个时段欧洲大陆长波槽脊异常加强,经向环流发展;前冬和隆冬欧亚大陆高度距平场为西高东低,春季正好相反;雪灾年与无雪灾年极涡、乌拉尔山高压脊、贝加尔湖高压脊和北美大槽的强度、位置有较大的差异,而东亚大槽只是春季有所差别外其他时段不明显。 相似文献
12.
本文利用MODIS雪产品数据研究分析了2003-2006年南极大陆海岸带雪盖面积的总体变化规律,并在此基础上选取18个典型区作进一步研究,分析了其局地特征。研究表明,南极大陆海岸带地区积雪覆盖面积总体上呈波动下降趋势,暖季比寒季波动显著。从积雪时间变化看:季节尺度上,南极海岸带地区寒季(4-10月)雪盖面积迅速增加,暖季(11-3月)雪盖面积的变化趋势表现不一致,2004年和2006年表现为先减少后增加,2005年为先增加后减少,但总体呈现减少的趋势,寒暖两季雪盖面积变化的特征与气候因素呈正反馈;年际尺度上,2003年的雪盖面积高于其他年份,2004年锐减之后再缓慢增加,总体上显现出波动伴随下降的趋势。从积雪空间上看,雪盖变化主要集中在南极大陆海岸线一带,大陆腹地的变化很小,可以忽略。另外,西南极雪盖变化比东南极显著。 相似文献
13.
藏北高原土壤温度分布的纬向效应和高度效应 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
利用ＧＡＭＥ－Ｔｉｂｅｔ野外观测期间所得藏北高原不同地点土壤温度资料,对藏北高原土壤温度分布纬向地带性和垂直地带性特征进行分析,结果表明夏季土壤温度分布主要表现为高度效应,而冬季土壤温度分布主要表现为纬度效应,年平均土壤温度分布是纬度效应和高度效应综合作用的结果。 相似文献
14.
基于TM影像的哈尔滨市主城区绿地降温作用研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
选取2001年、2005年、2013年和2015年的4期同季TM影像为数据源,利用单窗算法反演哈尔滨市主城区地表温度,以SPOT影像为数据源提取30块城市绿地斑块,将地温空间格局与城市绿地斑块进行空间耦合分析,以揭示绿地对城市热岛地温格局的干扰影响。结果表明：从空间上看,哈尔滨市主城区热岛效应显著,主城区分布着大面积高温区和次高温区,极高温区则呈点状、面状或带状孤岛型分布特点;从动态上看,城市热岛的空间格局呈现从城市中心的老城区逐渐向外围新开发建设区域扩展的特点。绿地斑块内部平均温度除与自身特征有关外,还与其空间布局和周边景观格局相关。绿地斑块降温程度和降温范围与绿地斑块面积呈正相关关系,与绿地斑块形状指数呈负相关关系,绿地降温范围与绿地斑块周长呈正相关关系。当绿地斑块面积为0.055 km2时,绿地斑块对周边温度的降温效率较好,当绿地斑块面积在0.070 km2时,绿地斑块对周边降温的面积效率较好。 相似文献
15.
16.
巩义市农村居民点空间格局演变及其影响因素 总被引：35，自引：2，他引：33
综合运用GIS 技术、景观指数定量分析方法以及空间统计方法,分析河南省巩义市1990-2010 年农村居民点规模结构、空间分布、形态结构的演变特征,探索地形因素、区位因素以及社会经济因素对农村居民点发展变化的影响。结果表明：在快速城镇化背景下,巩义市农村居民点规模扩张明显,集约用地程度较低;居民点斑块形态趋于规则,规划管理效果已开始有初步体现;聚落斑块空间分布聚集特征明显,呈现大斑块低密度分布与小斑块高密度分布格局;但巩义市农村聚落近20 年来整体空间格局变化不大,只是局部集中趋势进一步增加,不仅在平原与丘陵地区具有集中趋势,在其之外的经济快速发展地区的集中趋势亦较为明显。居住空间格局变化与自然条件有关,但在时间与空间的微观层面上区位条件、社会经济因素具有更大的影响。本文对农村居民点的空间布局调整具有一定的政策指导意义。 相似文献
17.
Geraint Owen John A. Matthews Richard A. Shakesby Xiubin He 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2006,88(4):295-307
An unusual assemblage of landforms and deposits is described from upper Norangsdalen, Sunnmøre region, southern Norway, and interpreted as the product of snow‐avalanche events that vary in magnitude, frequency and debris content. An avalanche impact plunge pool, proximal scar and distal mound are associated with a coarse gravel deposit covering part of the valley floor. Landforms in this debris spread include gravel ridges, boulder lines, beaded ridges, fine sediment banked against and covering large boulders, and gravel clumps. Many of these landforms are aligned, indicating across‐valley transport radiating from the plunge pool. Features were mapped in the field and samples analysed for grain size and heavy‐mineral content. The debris spread is attributed to deposition by high‐energy, debris‐rich snow‐avalanche events that collect debris from large areas of the valley side, lower slopes and plunge pool. Aligned landforms develop through sediment transport in a basal shear zone, and randomly distributed gravel clumps represent melt pits following debris transport in the avalanche body. Air displacement ahead of larger avalanches is thought to have felled and tilted trees on the lower slopes of the distal valley side. Approximate ages of damaged trees allowed estimation of the frequency of snow‐avalanche events: (1) small, frequent events (several per annum) carry debris to the lower valley slopes and the plunge pool; (2) moderate events with an annual to decadal frequency maintain the pool–scar–mound complex; and (3) large, debris‐rich events with a decadal to centennial frequency add material to the debris spread. 相似文献
18.
中国西北地区季节性积雪的性质与结构 总被引：17，自引：2，他引：17
中国内陆地区积雪分布十分广泛。根据西北地区大陆性气候条件下形成的“干寒型”积雪的特征 ,对中国天山和阿尔泰山山区的季节性积雪进行了观测与分析。结果表明 ,该区最大积雪深度达 15 2cm(1997) ,积雪层一般由新雪 (或表层凝结霜 )、细粒雪、中粒雪、粗粒雪、松散深霜、聚合深霜层和薄融冻冰层组成。与“湿暖型”积雪相比 ,“干寒型”积雪的性质具有密度小 (新雪的最小密度为 0 .0 4 g/cm3 )、含水率少 (隆冬期 <1% )、温度梯度大(最大可达 - 0 .5 2℃ /cm)、深霜发育层厚等特点 ,并且变质作用以热量交换和雪层压力变质作用为主。据中国科学院天山积雪与雪崩研究站 (43°2 0N ,84°2 9E ,海拔 1776m)的观测资料 ,中国内陆干旱区冬季积雪期雪面太阳辐射通量以负平衡为主 ,新雪雪面反射率达 96 % ,短波辐射在干寒型积雪中的穿透厚度达 2 8cm。春季积雪消融期 ,深霜层厚度可占整个积雪层厚度的 80 %。随着气温的升高 ,雪粒间的键链首先融化 ,使积雪变得松散 ,内聚力、抗压、抗拉和抗剪强度降低 ,积雪含水率也随之增大 ,整个积雪层趋于接近 0℃的等温现象 ,因此 ,春季天山、阿尔泰山等山地全层性湿雪崩频繁发生 相似文献
19.
基于路网分割的京津冀城乡空间识别及特征分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
提出一种基于路网分割应用于区域尺度快速识别城乡边界的方法。该方法利用路网与城市空间格局的强耦合联系,通过城乡斑块地理分割与精度计算确定城市斑块的最优解,识别区域城乡空间。以京津冀为例开展方法验证,分析了区域城乡空间格局、路网特征及城市用地经济效率。结果表明,该方法识别精度较高,可用于低成本、快速、高效的区域城乡空间识别;京津冀城市空间格局呈现“大京津、小河北”的差异性,路网密度特征呈现京、津、石3个显著的高密度区域,二者存在高耦合性;2015年该区域城市用地经济效益总体良好,石家庄、保定、和承德3市综合效率值欠佳,需进一步提高土地利用效率。 相似文献
20.
青藏高原积雪分布与变化特征 总被引：45，自引：1，他引：44
本文对青藏高原ＳＭＭＲ修积雪深度、ＮＯＡＡ周积雪面积、地面台站积雪深度进行了分析。结果表明青藏高原东西两侧多雪与腹地少雪形成鲜明对比,高原东部是高原积雪年际变化最显著的地区,它主导了整个高原积雪的年际变化,并且与西部多雪区年际波动呈反位相关系。从６０年代到８０年代积雪年际波动幅度有明显增加趋势,积雪变化具有３年左右准周期。随着全球变暖,青藏高原积雪将会有所增加。 相似文献