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1.
Martin Oteng-Ababio Ian Smout Ebenezer Forkuo Amankwaa James Esson 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2017,117(2):142-154
AbstractIn most developing countries, the provision of municipal services and infrastructure invariably fails to match the pace and demands of urbanization. The outcome is often increased informality due to improper planning, official bureaucratic barriers and perhaps insufficient and shrinking public resources, which then makes leveraging private capital for public service provision imperative. Drawing on in-depth qualitative fieldwork in two Ghanaian cities, this paper aims to extend literature on the divergence between service provision and urbanization in developing countries. More specifically, it attempts to qualify recent macro-level data indicating that access to water, sanitation and electricity services in Accra and Sekondi-Takoradi is improving substantively. Contrary to dominant policy narratives circulating in Ghana, we illustrate how the acceptability of key municipal services within urban settings is often inadequate, and how acceptability is tied to spatial and temporal factors. We then identify and examine the reasons underpinning these variations. Through exploring residents’ perceptions of key services, and examining critically the possibility and feasibility of meeting urban service needs through leveraging private resources, this paper contributes to broader academic debates over urban service provision, while also feeding into contemporary policy discussions concerning how to achieve several of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. 相似文献
2.
Richard L. Church 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(3):535-553
ABSTRACTThe efficiency of public investments and services has been of interest to geographic researchers for several decades. While in the private sector inefficiency often leads to higher prices, loss of competitiveness, and loss of business, in the public sector inefficiency in service provision does not necessarily lead to immediate changes. In many cases, it is not an entirely easy task to analyze a particular service as appropriate data may be difficult to obtain and hidden in detailed budgets. In this paper, we develop an integrative approach that uses cyber search, Geographic Information System (GIS), and spatial optimization to estimate the spatial efficiency of fire protection services in Los Angeles (LA) County. We develop a cyber-search process to identify current deployment patterns of fire stations across the major urban region of LA County. We compare the results of our search to existing databases. Using spatial optimization, we estimate the level of deployment that is needed to meet desired coverage levels based upon the location of an ideal fire station pattern, and then compare this ideal level of deployment to the existing system as a means of estimating spatial efficiency. GIS is adopted throughout the paper to simulate the demand locations, to conduct location-based spatial analysis, to visualize fire station data, and to map model simulation results. Finally, we show that the existing system in LA County has considerable room for improvement. The methodology presented in this paper is both novel and groundbreaking, and the automated assessments are readily transferable to other counties and jurisdictions. 相似文献
3.
城市公共服务设施的供给事关城市居民生活品质和社会公平,基于微观个体行为的公共服务消费特征探讨,有助于从需求角度审视公共服务设施配置的有效性及公平性。以广州中心城区为例,通过问卷调查数据系统分析转型期城市居民的医疗服务消费及社会分异特征,结果表明:广州中心城区医疗服务设施配置对城市居民购房选择的影响弱于公园绿地、教育和商业设施;费用支出、服务态度及技术设备条件决定城市居民的医疗服务消费选择,空间距离作用较小;医疗服务消费出行时间集中在35 min内,出行方式以步行和公交为主;医疗服务消费支出以自费为主,消费评价总体不高。在社会分异上,高收入群体更重视医疗服务口碑和技术设备条件,对费用支出关注程度较低,高收入群体的消费选择偏好区级及以上高等级医疗服务,对公立医疗设施评价最高;而中低收入群体以"自己处理"及选择低等级医疗设施为主;公立医疗服务空间分布相对均衡,民营医疗设施则与中低收入群体更为接近,这与西方城市公共资源分布格局中的"服务反比例法则"不一致。 相似文献
4.
ALLAN WILSON 《New Zealand geographer》1990,46(1):33-36
The above outline describes the DCDB being developed by DOSLI, its concepts, structure, applications and derived benefits. For public sector users GIS provides a means of more efficient provision of services. Benefits will be most apparent to organisations which already use and rely on geographic information, but will quickly spread to other organisations. To private sector users GIS offer a valuable way of increasing competitiveness. Indeed, the adoption of GIS may become essential to maintain competitiveness in the analysis of customers and markets. GIS technology has the potential to serve the land management decision making process significantly better than conventional methods. DOSLI believes that its investment in GIS technology and use of the DCDB as the primary geographical reference fabric will realise this potential and result in significant benefits to individual users and long term benefits to the nation as a whole. 相似文献
5.
Okafor SI 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1989,9(2):123-133
"This paper is concerned with ascertaining the impact of population on the spatial pattern of public service provision in Nigeria....Using a set of population and revenue variables as explanatory variables, a step-wise multiple regression model was employed to determine the impact of these variables on the provision of selected public services. The results of the analyses show that urban population is generally more important than total population in explaining the spatial pattern of public services. Generally speaking, the revenue variables are even more important in this regard, especially the internal revenue of states....One implication of these results is that ability to pay, rather than need, is the basis for public service provision in Nigeria. Thus, the richer and more developed states are better off than the less developed ones, irrespective of population size." 相似文献
6.
Rural governance has drawn considerable attention from both local government officials and scholars in the United States since the early 1990s. It is touted as a way to mitigate the limitations of the traditional government unit‐based approaches to problem solving and decision making and to foster partnerships across both jurisdictional boundaries and sectors (public, private, and nonprofit). Established in 1962, the Resource Conservation and Development (rc&d ) program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture provides a unique model of rural regional governance. Acting as a coalition of governments, private businesses, individuals, and interest groups, the rc&d program provides the flexibility needed to deal with issues at the appropriate spatial scale. It incorporates aspects of both grassroots and governmental organizations and can bring together local interests and expertise with governmental policy and support in service provision, problem solving, and economic development. The approach does not necessarily entail loss of power on the part of the state, but it does provide a mechanism for local people to exercise their agency, to tackle their problems, and to decide which elements of their lives they want to sustain. 相似文献
7.
Producer Services Research in the United Kingdom 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Peter W. Daniels 《The Professional geographer》1995,47(1):82-87
This paper reviews recent research in the United Kingdom on producer services and suggests directions for further research. A recurrent theme in UK-based geographic research into producer services is the role of service activities, establishments, and trade in uneven development of the UK space economy, a role manifested in uneven provision and quality of services in peripheral regions. During the 1980s, overall growth in demand for producer services and the rapid rise in metropolitan London real estate costs reduced London's dominance, but these trends moderated by the end of the decade. In the absence of adequate government statistics, regular and standardized surveys are needed to compile a time series of service change in the United Kingdom. Directions for continued empirical research include the role of producer services in innovation and technology transfer, the implications of information technology for the location of employment in the sector, and the impacts of productivity increases on employment and wages. 相似文献
8.
公共服务资源是社会发展的“先行资本”,对于区域社会经济发展与城乡融合发展具有正面外部效应。依据公共服务资源公平性、效益性与协调性原则,结合AHP、熵值与聚类分析方法,建立新疆公共服务资源配置与城乡互动效益评价指标体系,利用协调耦合发展模型,揭示研究区公共服务、城乡互动发展以及两者耦合协调度的总体特征和空间特征。结果表明：（1） 新疆各地不同类型公共服务资源空间配置公平性有所差异,空间非公平性>人口非公平性。（2） 公共服务资源综合效益以及城乡互动发展水平呈现较低、一般（中等）、较高三个类型。（3） 公共服务效益空间分异特征呈现出东南片区>西北片区;城乡互动水平空间差异呈现出天山北坡经济带高于其他区域。（4） 新疆大部分处于城乡互动与公共服务相互影响、相互磨合的过渡发展阶段,导致公共服务损益或城乡互动损益,个别区域处在两个系统相互制约、失调衰退阶段。通过进一步提出加快建立健全城乡互动公共服务体系,构建大、中、小多层次城镇空间格局,继续完善和开拓新的公共服务增长点以满足不断增长的城乡社会发展需求等建议措施,为确保城乡居民生存发展公平与效率,促进公共服务与城乡互动耦合协调发展提供参考借鉴。 相似文献
9.
Many Chinese cities are in a transition from industrial to post-industrial urban economies. In this process of urban restructuring, land use becomes polycentric and fragmented. More sophisticated models are needed to estimate the amenity effects of this complex residential environment. This article assesses the relative housing price effects of neighborhood characteristics and accessibility in Nanjing, China. This is achieved with a hedonic price model that incorporates detailed spatial measures, geographical contingency, and a modified version of Alonso’s (1964) general theory of land rent. A crucial finding is that the effect of job accessibility on house price varies depending upon the specific sector of employment. Accessibility to jobs in the public and private service sectors has strong positive effects. However, housing proximity to heavy industries has a spatially nonlinear effect: negative in close proximity, but positive at a larger distance. Second, when we control for job accessibility, access to public transport has an added positive effect. Finally, neighborhood “quality” (defined in terms of nearby amenities) is also relevant, but far less than access to service employment. This research shows that Nanjing’s housing prices are affected by different residential characteristics than those with dominant price effects in Western cities. 相似文献
10.
Høgni Kalsø Hansen 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):156-168
This paper analyses the relationships between employment growth, human capital and regional development. To understand the spatial development of employment growth, we distinguish between the public and the private sector. The public sector has a major role in Denmark in the form of a large share of total employment and employment growth across space. We examine in particular the uneven geography of human capital and the relationships between the growth of human capital and total employment growth by Danish municipalities. It is moreover analysed, whether there is a concentration of human capital in the largest city-regions, and how such concentrations contribute to the uneven geography of employment growth. The paper concludes that both the public and private sectors are important regarding employment growth in Danish municipalities. Further, public and private human capital contributes to employment growth, and the public sector contributes, over time, to diminishing the uneven spatial distribution of human capital while the private sector increases the spatial inequality. Moreover, urbanisation has a significant effect on employment growth and human capital formation, both when it comes to the large city regions, and, in general, the distance to city centres. 相似文献
11.
12.
D. G. Day 《The Australian geographer》1986,17(2):153-167
This paper examines the ability of society to develop and allocate water resources during a time of major drought and industrial growth. Water shortage in the upper Hunter became apparent between 1979 and 1983. Even the well watered Newcastle metropolitan area experienced domestic and commercial restrictions. Strategies to deal with the immediate problems in inland areas included temporary water restrictions, cessation of issue of new irrigation licences, institution of volumetric water allocation to agriculture and appeals for public cooperation. Government was placed under pressure to provide sufficient industrial water, maintain supplies to agriculture and distribute water resource information to private and public sector decision makers. Major regional water planning initiatives were almost as slow to eventuate as those for social infrastructure provision. Such crises are likely to recur. Questions remain as to the desirability and sufficiency of current allocative mechanisms to cope with the future diversity of water needs. 相似文献
13.
《Urban geography》2013,34(5):682-711
Access to parks and recreational opportunities contributes to physical activity and positive health outcomes. But who is responsible for building the healthy city, particularly where resources are limited? While neoliberal state restructuring and fiscal austerity measures have increased the responsibility of nonprofit organizations in local services provision, little is known about their role in promoting healthy urban environments. This article investigates the role of nonprofits in supporting parks and physical activity in Southern California and analyzes the relationships between levels of voluntary-sector activity and the socio-demographic, economic, and fiscal characteristics of municipalities. Results indicate that nonprofits are unevenly distributed and more active in affluent, fiscally stronger, suburban, conservative, and white municipalities, reproducing intra-urban differences underlying health disparities. 相似文献
14.
Forestland divestment by vertically integrated forest products companies (VIFPCs) has spurred significant forest ownership change. To illuminate these dynamics, we examined land sales after VIFPC divestment, subsequent acquisitions of conserved land, and trends in recreational access in Wisconsin. We documented changes from 1999 to 2015 with analysis of tax program records and profiles of the state’s largest investor owners, Plum Creek and The Forestland Group. Nearly all VIFPC land was sold to investors, public agencies, or smaller corporate and private owners. State tax and land acquisition programs buffered these changes: 70% of large private ownership land was retained in the forest tax program and another 16% was acquired by public and nonprofit owners. More than one-quarter of divested forestland was placed in conservation easements. Nonetheless, large private forestland open to public recreation declined by almost one-third. Investor strategies and conservation programs shaped the provision of forest benefits during ownership transitions. 相似文献
15.
公众关注作为疫情防控与舆情治理的重要环节，其时空差异与影响因素却鲜见被讨论。因此，文章将百度搜索指数作为网络公众关注度的测量指标，采用百度人口流动大数据和疫情实时监测数据，运用空间分析、时空可视化、回归分析等方法，分析2020-01-09—03-02中国公众对“新型冠状病毒”网络关注度的省域时空差异与影响因素。研究发现：1）在空间上，公众对疫情的关注度东、西部差异较大，沿海高于内陆，且与疫情高发区吻合；在时间上，武汉“封城”前后各省份的公众关注度分布格局基本趋于一致，且“封城”后均明显高于“封城”前；春节期间关注度达到最高峰，而后随疫情周期性规律（潜伏—暴发）呈波动式下降；关注主题遵循“从早期对相关病毒的搜索到后期关注临床诊断与发展状况”的疫情发展规律。2）疫情动态数据、武汉人口流动的日动态因素与固定区位特征的经济社会发展因素会不同程度地影响受众对疫情的关注度，当疫情基本得到控制，宏观区位因素对公众关注度的影响作用开始凸显，具有持续稳定的影响；3）影响因素在疫情暴发前后2个阶段对公众关注度起着不同的影响效果。在疫情暴发初期，公众更易受疫情动态信息影响引发主动搜索行为；而在疫情暴发后期阶段，公众将注意力转移到流入各省份的武汉人口上。 相似文献
16.
空间功能视角下的公共服务对房价的影响——以成都市为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
房价的快速上涨和城市内部房价的巨大差异引起社会广泛关注,调控房价,防止局部区域房价过热势在必行。本文从城市空间功能的视角出发,以成都市2016年房价为例,基于地理探测器分析公共服务对房价的影响。结果表明：成都平均房价为8480元/m2,并从市中心沿交通环线和放射状干线同时向郊区递减,形成圈层加放射格局,总体上呈现西高东低、南高北低的特点。公共服务(主要包括医疗、金融和教育服务)对房价的影响以第三圈层和西南方最为显著,且高于城市层面上整体的影响。公共服务对房价的影响显著受不同区域的空间功能差异的影响,公共服务和空间功能差异会加剧房价的分异格局,并推动局部房价过热。因此,显著地受到在房价调控中,不仅要有传统的金融、经济政策,还要注重空间功能和公共服务的优化。 相似文献
17.
北京市居民汽车使用的特征及其影响因素 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
目前,中国城市私人汽车的拥有量高速增长,小汽车不仅日益成为居民日常出行的重要交通方式,更深刻影响着城市的空间结构和道路的拥堵状况。然而,目前国内对汽车使用的研究仍十分匮乏。为此,本文试图基于2011 年11 月到2012 年7 月在北京进行的一项问卷调查数据,分析家庭汽车使用行为的特征、强度及影响因素。描述性统计和（定序Logistic） 回归分析结果显示,汽车使用目的、建成环境和各种家庭/个人社会经济特征对大城市居民的汽车使用强度和依赖度有重要影响。其中,通勤是居民日常使用汽车的主要目的;公共交通条件较差和停车条件便利是促使居民大量使用汽车的重要原因;婚姻状态、工作状态、家庭规模和家庭内持有驾照的成员数等对居民的日常汽车使用也有重要影响;周末与工作日的汽车使用频次或时长没有显著差异。这些发现对道路交通规划和交通政策的制定有重要参考意义。不过,要想更有效地控制汽车使用行为,未来的研究仍有必要增强对因果关系、出行的限制条件和影响交通行为的心理机制等问题的考察。 相似文献
18.
国内外生产性服务业空间集聚的研究进展 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
20世纪90年代以来,作为服务业中重要一支的生产性服务业正成为推动我国大城市经济增长的重要力量和体现城市经济职能的主要方面。本文在对产业集聚和服务业区位等相关理论回顾的基础上,对目前国内外生产性服务业空间集聚的主要研究内容和研究方法进行了详尽梳理。总体来看,围绕着区域和大都市内两个尺度,生产性服务业空间集聚的研究取得了明显进展,但同时尚存在一些不足:①偏重于空间集聚的格局研究,对其演变过程研究相对薄弱;②空间集聚的机理研究稍显不足,缺乏规律的总结;③研究方法上大多将制造业集聚的测度模型移植到生产性服务业,其适用性和针对性尚需进一步探讨。今后应围绕"测度辨识—格局过程—作用机理",运用定性、定量与空间分析综合集成的方法,继续深化和完善生产性服务业集聚的地理学研究。 相似文献
19.
生态系统服务研究动态及地理学研究范式 总被引：20，自引：2，他引：18
生态系统服务是目前国际上相关研究热点之一.本文综述了国内外生态系统服务研究的进展、存在问题和发展趋势.在此基础上,针对目前生态系统服务研究生态学范式存在的问题,提出了地理学在此领域的研究范式和优先主题.研究认为,从地理学视角研究生态系统服务,应当以空间异质性和区域差异作为切入点,紧紧围绕生态系统结构与功能-生态系统服务-人类社会福祉这一主线,始终将"自然系统提供生态服务与社会经济系统内化消费"之间的耦合联系作为研究核心,综合集成分析社会经济系统对自然资本内化的响应.通过建构生态系统服务的地理学研究范式,不仅可以拓展生态系统服务研究的深度和广度,而且有助于提升自然和社会经济系统的集成分析水平,进而推动地理学综合研究进程.同时,也为地理学的核心命题--人地关系研究提供重要的实践领域. 相似文献
20.
中国村镇居民跨区域出行与乡村地域系统调查研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
村镇居民出行特征是反映乡村生活质量的关键指标,是乡村地域系统的主要组成要素,也是乡村交通规划的重要依据。采用2016年住建部全国小城镇调查的村镇居民调查数据,分析中国31个省（自治区、直辖市）（未含港澳台地区数据）119个建制镇的村镇居民的跨区域出行规律,揭示村、镇、县、市之间相互联系特征,并应用多水平有序逻辑斯蒂回归模型（Meologit）,分析个体社会经济属性、小城镇服务设施供给、区位和对外交通便利性对村镇居民跨区域出行频率的影响。分析结果表明,乡村地区传统地域系统正在发生变化,虽然“村-镇-县”等级结构模式依然是主体,但“村-县”和“镇-市”的联系在增强;对村庄居民来说,县城一级服务地的服务和商品的重要性凸显;乡村居民跨区域出行特征存在地区差异,东部沿海和西部大城市周边的村镇居民的出行频率高于中部地区,平原和丘陵地区居民出行频率高于山地、高原地区,地区间差异随出行目的地等级提高而更加明显;随着“村村通公路”的基本全覆盖,地理区位和交通设施条件不再是影响居民城乡联系的主要因素,居民的高品质生活出行需求、收入增加和小汽车拥有率提升等因素对居民跨区域出行的影响在增强,通过“大修大建”乡村公路来促进城乡联系的传统做法需要进一步深思。 相似文献