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1.
Høgni Kalsø Hansen 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2015,115(2):105-118
Contemporary studies in urban and regional development stress the importance of large city-regions as key places in modern capitalism taking the form of agglomerations of economic activities by industries, firms and highly skilled people. In this article, we challenge the strong focus on academic human capital in understanding regional growth. We examine to what extent different labour competences and capabilities relate to municipal employment growth using nine stratified, educational categories as proxies for different levels of human capital. Dividing municipalities into four spatial categories ranging from the urban to the peripheral, we conclude that there is a strong spatial distinction of educational structures with an urban bias, and that educational categories other than academic human capital can make an important contribution to our understanding of what drives employment growth on the municipal level. 相似文献
2.
基于城市尺度的中国区域经济 增长差异及其因素分解 总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12
区域经济差异一直是地理学与经济学的重要研究领域。文章以中国地级及以上城市为区域分析单元对1999~2004年间中国区域经济增长及其差异进行了考察。首先基于GDP及其变化与人均GDP水平,对各城市区域经济增长类型进行划分并分析了不同类型城市的区域差异性;其次,对中国各城市GDP增长进行了空间和因素分解。研究发现,一些经济相对衰落的省区中仍然存在经济相对崛起的城市,且一个城市的经济规模在所属省区的序位变化在很大程度上能够反映其在全国的经济规模序位的变化;资本要素对于中国各城市第二产业GDP增长产生了广泛而重要的影响,但是城市在实现资本拉动驱动下的经济增长的同时,资本的产出效率并没有提高。我国十五期间,各城市第二产业专业化程度的普遍降低,表明劳动力要素对第二产业经济增长的作用是有限的。 相似文献
3.
企业动态是中国制造业空间重构的微观基础。采用中国制造业企业数据,根据新企业成立和就业净增长的关系,把中国城市划分为创业型、旋转门型、惯例型和缓增型4类增长模式,描述其在2003—2008年和2008—2013年的时空变化。发现受全球金融危机影响,东部外向型制造业核心区的城市新企业成立不足,现有企业增长乏力,制造业就业增长率下降,由惯例型转变为缓增型;在国内市场潜力不断提高的背景下,东部的相对欠发达地区和中部地区的城市持续吸引了大量新企业成立,并推动制造业就业快速增长,由旋转门型转变为创业型。论文建立“全球力量和地方力量”的分析框架,采用多项Logit模型揭示全球力量和地方力量对中国城市制造业增长模式在2个时期的不同影响。研究发现：全球力量中的出口导向和地方力量中的集聚经济对中国城市制造业增长的影响经历了从向心力到离心力的转变;全球力量中的出口导向和地方力量中的小企业比重和产业结构的影响此消彼长,体现了“全球-地方”联系。 相似文献
4.
城市犯罪空间盲区的综合治理研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
综合治理城市犯罪的空间盲区,是解决城市犯罪问题的有效途径,其研究为城市规划、建设和管理有利于预防和控制犯罪,提供了新的理念与方法,为犯罪地理学和城市地理学开辟了一个新的研究领域。根据空间盲区的形态、性质和对犯罪的影响,将城市犯罪的空间盲区划分为公共、非公共、边际、移动和虚拟空间等5种类型。在述评国外城市犯罪空间研究进展的基础上,构建了城市犯罪空间盲区综合治理的理论平台,论证了空间盲区综合治理的不可替代性,提出了综合治理的基础理论要点和应用理论要点。空间盲区的形成有一系列深刻的空间区位因素,其综合治理研究应有明确的研究目标和方向,核心研究内容为5类空间盲区综合治理的途径、实施方案和措施。还提出了综合治理研究的思路、方法和关键技术。 相似文献
5.
分权化制度框架下的旅游政策、公共设施建设、旅游投资等发展要素的差异是旅游地空间不均衡发展的根本原因。本文对相关文献进行了系统分析,界定了中国旅游分权化的利益主体,探讨了旅游利益主体组成的旅游地权力网络的分权形式、不同旅游分权利益主体在旅游发展中的角色与功能,提出了不同层面的不均衡表现及未来应关注问题。结果表明,中国分权化框架下的财税制度、利益分割引起不同旅游发展主体间的利益冲突,利益权力网络的空间不对称导致旅游产业结构、旅游土地利用、公共基础设施与旅游服务设施和社区空间发展不均衡。未来研究应以各级政府、投资商和社区居民三方利益的均衡与权力重组为出发点,从区域旅游组织分权、社区参与制度保障及其技术支持、产业空间再结构化、乡村旅游发展的政治角色4个方面展开,以实现旅游地的可持续发展。 相似文献
6.
Kalle Emil Holst Hansen 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2015,115(2):133-141
This paper investigates the mobility of highly skilled labour, using doctors in public hospitals in Denmark as an example. From the perspective of regional development, the concentration of human capital is one of the contributors to regional growth and consequently to inequality between places, being associated most often with differences in economic growth between regions. The decentralisation of highly skilled public jobs to even out the concentration of human capital could be one way to stimulate growth outside city regions. However, such initiatives are somewhat dependent upon the cooperation of the highly skilled public employees, whose preferences have been little studied thus far. Based on data from a survey of 1600 publicly employed doctors, PLUM regression modelling was applied to test the relative significance of four professional preferences influencing choice of workplace. It was found that professional preferences have different influences on doctors’ choices, depending on their place of residence measured in terms of a location’s population density. The paper concludes that opportunities in employment depend on one’s stage in life and can serve to explain choices and mobility among highly skilled public employees. 相似文献
7.
马克思主义地理学既是人文地理学的重要流派,也深刻影响了其他学科领域。大卫·哈维的《社会正义与城市》是马克思主义地理学的奠基之作。由于该书理论性强,涉及很多大而复杂的问题,因而也很难解读。哈维试图从整体视角理解和剖析城市(化)问题,创新了“社会进程—空间形式”的理论。通过比较自由主义与马克思主义的城市研究方法论,得出理论的本质在于方法和哲学的综合,空间的本质在于人的实践,正义的本质取决于社会进程的运行,城市化的本质是资本生产的需要和产物的结论。该书开创了马克思主义地理学的知识地基,开辟了城市研究的批判路径,开拓了当代马克思主义的生长点。中国知识分子应该密切关注不平衡的城市化,提出新发展阶段的“城市总问题”,坚持和强化思想研究,通过对不同经典理论的症候阅读,围绕时代问题大胆进行理论革命。 相似文献
8.
大城市环城游憩带(ReBAM)研究--以上海市为例 总被引：185，自引：8，他引：185
定义了环城憩带（Recreational Belt Around Metropolis,ReBAM)的概念，并以中国最大城市上海为案例，对影响ReBAM的形成的基本要素，土地利用特征和空间结构进行了研究。研究发现，旅游成本与土地租铁相互作用是决定ReBAM区位的主要力量，而游憩需求，投资偏好和政策导向是影响ReBAM的形成与发展的主要因素，ReBAM的土地利用特征根据游客进入成本的不同可以区分为高，中，低3种不同等级；ReBAM的空间特征可由可达性，等游线和活动密度等指标来描述。 相似文献
9.
资本积累驱动下不同尺度地理空间的不平衡发展——史密斯马克思主义空间理论探讨 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
尼尔·史密斯是世界知名的人文地理学者和马克思主义地理学家。他在不平衡发展理论的基础上,整合马克思主义和地理学的资本周期运动、空间一体化与尺度推移等范畴,提出了实现平衡发展的途径,极大地丰富和发展了马克思主义地理学,为研究当代社会空间问题提供了更为具体的分析框架和新的理论解释。其理论的核心是把地理空间视为生产资料、社会产物以及空间关系的总和,认为地理空间生产是特定时期资本增殖的重要方式。目前中国学者虽引进其部分理论,但整体了解还比较欠缺。本文将其理论概括和梳理为空间生产、地理尺度、美式帝国主义、绅士化4个方面,分析资本积累驱动下地理空间的不平衡发展过程,深度解析社会、空间与地理的尺度交错与互动关系,阐明资本周期运动、美式帝国扩张和绅士化的逻辑关联,最后以租隙理论为主剖析了城市尺度的资本周期运动。本文旨在为国内学者研究史密斯的马克思主义空间理论以及马克思主义地理学提供纲要和逻辑线索,并为中国城市化转型和经济增长方式转变提供理论参考和方法启示。 相似文献
10.
H. Jacob Carlson 《Urban geography》2018,39(5):726-745
Bangalore is held up as a model for how cities, particularly in the global south, should develop in the globalized information age, in which entrepreneurs with new access to international capital fuel service-sector-driven development. Expanding market forces cultivate cities of skilled middle-class workers whose increased consumption generates broad developmental benefits. Now known as the “Silicon Valley of India,” Bangalore was previously the capital of India’s public sector enterprises (PSEs), which laid important groundwork for the city of today, including the IT sector. I show how, by providing access to homeownership along with high wages and benefits tied to secure employment, Bangalore’s PSEs created the foundation for the city today and its middle-class character. The skilled workforce that PSEs created helped the IT sector emerge in the city. By examining this erased history, we see the role of the state in development projects, and consider alternative models for urban change. 相似文献
11.
Lydia Kiroff 《Urban geography》2017,38(10):1573-1602
Auckland is New Zealand’s largest city with the largest concentration of creative sector employment and businesses in the country. This paper examines the spatial distribution of firms in the design creative subsector across the Auckland Region and in inner Auckland and ascertains the key determinants of firm location. The macrolevel findings indicate that the architectural and specialized design firms have similar spatial distribution patterns across the Auckland Region, while the advertising subsector demonstrates an extreme tendency toward spatial concentration only in inner Auckland. All three subsectors have a strong propensity to clustering within inner Auckland; however, one CBD (Central Business District) fringe area, Parnell outperforms the rest. The microlevel findings reveal hybridized creative clusters of uneven density. Parnell’s unique brand and place-specific characteristics were the key determinants of firm location which led to the spontaneous collocation of firms. These location decisions had the unintended consequence of creating agglomeration economies. 相似文献
12.
城市公共健康风险是当代城市研究的一个重要主题,在中国人文地理学界尚未得到充分关注。国内既有研究主要集中在两个维度——健康城市建设和城市风险治理,然而这些研究受到城市/自然二元论的影响。自20世纪90年代以来,城市政治生态学在西方人文地理学界迅速崛起,提出了以社会关系为核心的城市新陈代谢理论,在空间和联系两个层面将社会与自然,人类行为体与非人类行为体联系起来,实现了对二元论的超越。基于这一理论,本文从空间和联系层面对城市公共健康风险的具体形式进行分析,指出在空间层面上,存在空间流转和重叠的公共健康风险和空间生产和再生产活动的公共健康风险;就联系层面而言,存在“新陈代谢断裂”的公共健康风险和公众认知的公共健康风险。 相似文献
13.
《Urban geography》2013,34(1):72-92
Different perspectives have been offered to explain ethnic labor market concentrations. In most studies, however, residential places are seldom included in the research framework. Using data from 5% Public Used Microdata Samples in 2000, this case study of the San Francisco Bay Area reveals that the robust growth of the new economy is dramatically segmenting the geography of employment and thereby the spatial division of labor in each ethnic group. Living arrangements, such as central-city residence and living in coethnic-concentrated-PUMAs, increase the chances of niche employment for most racial/ethnic groups, even after controlling for human capital and certain local context factors. However, there is a "substitution" effect between personal socioeconomic status and location factors. This study argues that living arrangements can provide a mechanism through which personal characteristics, social networking, and ethnic recourses interact with macroeconomic trends, and thus carve out local labor market experiences across the urban space. 相似文献
14.
A survey of women AAG members in applied geography shows a geographical concentration in the Washington metropolitan area and an employment concentration in the private sector. The typical educational preparation is a master's degree. Job titles reflect the importance of planning, environmental issues, and cartography; cartography is cited as the most helpful career skill. Respondents want the AAG to promote geography and to help graduates in finding careers. 相似文献
15.
四川省旅游区域核心-边缘空间格局演变 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
核心-边缘理论模型是解释区域发展水平空间差异和区域经济空间结构演变模式的一种理论。已有的研究主要是探讨区域内部核心-边缘区旅游经济发展关系的不平等, 而对旅游区域核心-边缘空间结构的形成机理与演变过程鲜有涉及。以旅游资源大省-四川为例, 研究旅游区域核心-边缘空间结构的动态过程、阶段与空间结构形态的演变。实证研究结果显示, 首位分布和规模-位序分布理论能够很好地揭示旅游区域核心-边缘空间结构的演变过程; 目前四川省旅游城市核心-边缘空间结构发育典型, 核心城市-成都首位分布显著, 空间格局的演变以聚集形、非均衡的极化作用为主, 但扩散作用正逐步加强, 核心与边缘城市发展差距悬殊, 次级核心城市尚处于成长过程中; 经相关分析, 交通因素、经济发展水平、资源禀赋、城市规模、职能与城市化水平、区位因素是形成这种核心-边缘空间结构的主要因素。本文探索一种核心-边缘空间结构演化过程和阶段的定量研究方法, 并尝试解释其核心-边缘空间结构形成的原因, 不仅拓展了该理论在旅游地理学上的应用, 也丰富了该理论本身的内涵、应用及研究方法。 相似文献
16.
Singh H 《Population geography : a journal of the Association of Population Geographers of India》1982,4(1-2):54-66
Population growth is heralded as a major problem of India; it will determine to a large extent the living conditions of people for decades to come. This paper analyzes the interrelated issues of population growth stabilization, the magnitude of necessary efforts to provide basic essentials to the growing population, and the impact upon the environment. Estimates of population projections are presented, based on the optimistic but probable assumption that India could reach reproductive level fertility in the period 2000-05. If sustained thereafter, the country's population would stabilize around the year 2100 at 1420 million people. In the mean time, the absolute increase of population in the next 2-3 decades will be greater than at present. The effect of population growth on cities and the living conditions of the city dwellers is reviewed and it is pointed out that it is in developing countries where population growth is the primary force producing large urban centers. Population growth presents problems with respect to employment opportunities. The predicted flood of manpower cannot be totally absorbed by the organized sector; it is argued that the agricultural sector is the only one which can help the country during this period of high population growth. To support this large and rising population, India will need to rapidly increase its average crop yields 2-3 times the present level for a modest improvement process. The expected population growth will also have consequences on environmental deterioration and water supply contamination. Finally, progress on human development lines has been taking place in India, but achievements to date are uneven. It is stressed that a national concerted effort is required to achieve such goals. 相似文献
17.
This article explored China's urban employment dynamics with particular focus on the city size effect.Big data derived from the largest recruitment website were used to ex-amine the direct and indirect impacts of city size on employment demand by using mediating and moderating models.We also investigated the roles of the government and location fac-tors which have seldom been considered in literature.Results showed that the concentration degree of new jobs is higher than that of stock employment and population across cities,implying a path dependency mechanism of job creation and employment expansion.Mean-while,numerous job posts in inland central cities are probably a symptom of more even dis-tribution of employment in future China.Econometric models further verified the significant correlation between city size and job creation.Moreover,industrial diversity,fixed asset in-vestment,and spatial location have heterogeneous effects on employment demand in cities of different sizes and different levels of administration.These results can not only deepen our understanding of the crucial role of city size in urban employment growth but also demon-strate the future trend of labor and population geography of China.Policy implications are then proposed for job creation in cities of China and other developing countries. 相似文献
18.
《Urban geography》2013,34(7):657-676
Taking feminist research as a starting point into the ways in which gentrification shapes gender relations in the city, this article addresses the phenomenon of new-build gentrification in terms of the re-contouring of gendered boundaries of public and private urban life. I examine how a widespread process of condominium development in Toronto is informed by neoliberal policy imperatives such as growth and competition. I also explore the ways in which the neoliberal, political-economic rationality underlying condominium development translates into changes in the ways that a particular group of city dwellers, women condominium owners, conceptualize their relationships to their homes, neighborhoods, and the city at large. This study suggests that condominium living produces a shift in the way that public and private spaces are understood and experienced, and that this shift has contradictory implications for the reshaping of urban gender relations. 相似文献
19.
北京市风险投资的空间分布与合作网络研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
国内外有关风险投资(VC)空间集聚的研究大多基于国家层面,本文基于北京市VC机构的位置和联合投资信息,运用本文空间分析与社会网络分析技术,研究VC机构的空间集聚和合作网络。空间分析发现,VC机构主要集聚在CBD、金融街、中关村三大核心区;在时间尺度上呈现分散—集聚—再分散的趋势。其中,国资机构主要集聚于金融街,外资机构主要落户于CBD,且以私募基金(PE)类机构为主;中关村则依托高新技术成为创新型企业的融资区。叠加合作网络后进一步发现,城市尺度下的VC机构合作并不受地理区位限制,并且各个VC集聚区之间关系颇为紧密。按“中心度”到“边缘—核心”的递推分析表明,外资机构在北京市风险投资合作网络中具有突出地位,其对联合投资的偏好主导了网络的形态。国资虽占据了部分网络节点但核心地位不够突出,而本土民营机构虽然数量较大但在网络中多处于半边缘位置。 相似文献
20.
《Urban geography》2013,34(4):568-588
The incorporation of a city is a complex geographic event, yet the geography of newly incorporated municipalities (NIM) has been understudied. This paper first explores the highly uneven spatial distribution of NIMs in the United States, arguing that one potential explanation for the underlying geographic concentration of NIMs to a select few states may lie with the varied annexation standards of each state. However, it is also argued that the concentration of NIMs in particular "hotspots" within specific states suggests that something more is at play, and the localized clustering effect seems to be stimulated by a process of knowledge spillover and social networks of learning. Second, little research has been conducted that empirically compares the socio-economic characteristics of NIMs to a set of nearby cohort cities. It is argued that while race, income, population size, and population density are key differentiating variables between NIMs and cohort cites, nuanced differences and similarities exist that make it difficult to support sweeping generalizations. 相似文献