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准确预测滑坡滚石随机碰撞后的力学特性对滚石灾害预测与防治工作具有重要的意义。为了探究影响滚石—壁面碰撞过程的随机因素,本文选取了碰撞过程中4个主要影响因素(入射速度、初始旋转角速度、入射角度以及碰撞角度),建立滚石随机碰撞理论模型,基于接触理论得到滚石碰撞过程中的基本方程,进而推导出滚石碰撞后速度公式,并且结合工程算例分析了入射速度、入射角以及初始旋转角速度对滚石的反弹速度、运动轨迹以及总动能的影响。结果显示:(1)滚石颗粒入射速度、角度以及旋转角速度对碰撞过程影响显著;(2)当滚石入射速度增加时,滚石碰后水平运动距离呈线性增大,垂向最大弹跳高度和碰后总动能成幂函数型增大;(3)当滚石入射角增大时,滚石碰后水平运动距离、垂向弹跳高度均呈减小趋势,前者幅度远大于后者,碰后总动能随着入射角的增大不断减小;(4)当滚石的初始旋转由顺时针变为逆时针增大时,滚石发生回弹现象,水平运动距离不断增大,垂向最大弹跳高度逐渐减小,碰后的总动能随着初始旋转的改变先减小后增大。该随机碰撞模型可为滚石的运动轨迹以及冲击能量的预测以及滚石灾害防治提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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岩质边坡防护的最有效措施就是锚固工程。然而锚固参数(包括锚杆或锚索长度、锚固间距、预应力大小等)的选取至今在理论上未能很好解决,在实际工程中也未体现出合理的优化设计。以云沱段狮子包边坡2-2′剖面(K0 85.7 m)为例,运用正交试验设计法分析锚固参数的组合方案,以边坡稳定性系数作为评价指标,分别改变锚固参数,以此分析对边坡稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,对边坡稳定性影响显著的因素由大至小的顺序是:预应力大小、锚固间距、锚杆长度。以此研究结果为该实例的锚固支护参数选取确定了设计方案,最后采用有限差分程序FLAC3D进行了锚固效果数值分析验证。 相似文献
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边坡危岩崩塌是一种危害性极大的地质灾害,本文通过落石的运动轨迹,根据牛顿运动定律和能量守恒定律,分析总结了落石的运动速度及落石的撞击能量,最后再利用rockfall软件进行计算比较,为边坡防护提供科学合理的防护形式。 相似文献
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雪崩是对高寒山区房屋、设施、道路安全威胁最大的自然灾害之一.在目前雪崩监测预警技术还很不完善的情况下,发展灾害防治工程技术是避免或减轻雪崩对人类生命财产损失的重要措施.对国际上常用雪崩防治工程进行分类,重点按作用手段分别阐述了各种防治工程的研究与应用现状,对防治工程研究进展、适用范围、设计要求、应用情况等关键问题进行了总结和探讨.研究认为,目前的雪崩灾害防护工程存在修筑标准欠缺、雪崩机理不明确、工程设计参数计算不合理、试验模拟不理想、基础理论研究落后于实践活动等不足,并建议从工程综合配置、雪崩与防护结构相互作用、工程设计参数定量化研究、开发积雪清理技术、构建监测预警系统等方面开展先行工作. 相似文献
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基于E-FAST全局定量敏感性分析方法的思想,提出一个针对分布式物理水文模型——流溪河模型的参数敏感性分析方法,包括参数简化及取值范围确定、参数采样及采样次数的确定、敏感性评价指标的选取、参数敏感度计算4个部分.针对我国4个不同规模的流域(黄龙带水库流域、流溪河水库流域、长湖水库流域和新安江水库流域)开展了分布式物理水文模型参数敏感性分析,并采用4种不同的评价函数进行了对比计算.结果表明,流溪河模型饱和含水率和田间持水率是高度敏感参数,饱和水力传导率、土壤层厚度、土壤特性系数、边坡和河道糙率为敏感参数,其他参数为不敏感参数. 相似文献
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基于正交设计的滑坡运动参数模型试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《山地学报》2016,(1)
运动距离和速度是滑坡致灾区域和致灾强度的主要评价指标。颗粒级配、体积、斜坡坡度、下垫面摩擦系数、含水率等是影响这些参数的主要因素,按照正交试验原理设计模型试验研究这些因素对滑坡运动参数的影响特征。在试验基础上,采用极差和方差分析等手段,以滑坡的最大运动距离、最大运动速度为评价指标,对影响滑坡运动参数的5种因素进行了分析。结果表明:影响滑坡最大运动距离的诸因素中,斜坡坡度是最主要的因素,以下依次为下垫面摩擦系数、滑坡体积、颗粒级配、含水率,其中,斜坡坡度、下垫面摩擦系数和体积是影响最大运动距离的决定性因素;在滑坡最大运动速度的影响因素中,斜坡坡度也是最主要影响因素,以下依次为下垫面摩擦系数、含水率、颗粒级配和体积,其中,仅斜坡坡度是影响滑坡最大运动速度的决定性因素,其他因素的影响不显著。由此表明滑坡的运动距离是滑坡体规模与运动场地条件耦合作用的结果,而最大运动速度受控于斜坡坡度。 相似文献
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建立对黔南气象灾害历史数据库并应用GIS技术进行灾害区划,根据数学模型计算得到的重大灾害重现期指标,构建黔南城镇化建设中气象灾害影响的决策建议平台.用针对不同区域研究得到的气象灾害预警阈值,来自动过滤系统调取的区域自动气象站实时要素数据,同时结合提取的雷达回波和数值预报等气象预报指标,完成系统对各乡镇和重点区域的实时气象灾害监测预警. 相似文献
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《山地学报》2021,(1)
危岩崩落时会与坡面碰撞解体为块径不同的落石,而落石运动特征影响因素众多,导致难以准确预测落石运动全过程。本文以湖北汤池峡崩塌为例,在调查分析崩塌区地质条件的基础上,开展现场危岩清除试验,通过拍摄危岩崩落过程获取落石运动数据,并采用Rockfall软件对比研究落石运动特征,结果表明,当法向恢复系数R_n=0.37、切向恢复系数R_t=0.87、粗糙度f=6°、摩擦角α=30°时,模拟结果与现场试验吻合较好,该参数组合可准确表征落石运动过程。基于Rockfall软件的影响因素敏感性分析发现,不同因素对落石运动特征的影响程度和作用机制存在差异,尤以α对落石运动的影响机制最为复杂。当选取因素单位变化率为敏感性排序依据时,对于落石运动距离、弹跳高度和总动能而言,R_n、R_t、f、α、m(落石质量)、H(初始高程)等因素的敏感性排序分别为:R_tR_nfHm、HR_tR_nf、mR_nHR_tf。本文相关成果可指导落石影响范围与危害程度判定,并为崩塌防治设计提供参考依据。 相似文献
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Spatial and temporal rockfall activity in a forest stand in the Swiss Prealps—A dendrogeomorphological case study 总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1
Rockfall is a major threat to settlements and transportation routes in large parts of the Alps. While protective forest stands in many locations undoubtedly reduce rockfall risk, little is known about the exact frequency and spatial distribution of rockfall activity in a given place or about how these parameters can be assessed. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to reconstruct rockfall events with dendrogeomorphological methods and to analyse the spatial and temporal rockfall activity in a subalpine forest stand. The study site is located in the transit zone of frequently passing, rather small rockfall fragments (mean diameter of 10 to 20 cm). In all, 33 stem discs from previously felled Picea abies trees found at the foot of Schwarzenberg in Diemtigtal (Swiss Prealps) were sampled, and a total number of 301 rockfall events were dated to between A.D. 1724 and 2002.Results showed that the spatial distribution of rockfall changed slightly with time, and that rockfall activity increased considerably over the last century. In contrast, rockfall magnitude presumably remained on a comparable level. The seasonal occurrence of rockfall showed a clear peak during the dormant season of trees, most probably in early spring. Furthermore, on a 10-year moving average basis, rockfall rates were positively correlated with mean annual as well as summer and winter temperatures. This means that higher temperatures resulted in increased rockfall activity. On the other hand, no correlation with annual or seasonal precipitation totals was revealed. Overall, this study provides an appropriate method for the detailed assessment of spatial and temporal variations in rockfall activity in a given place. 相似文献
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Franck Bourrier Luuk Dorren Franois Nicot Frdric Berger Flix Darve 《Geomorphology》2009,110(3-4):68-79
The accuracy of rockfall trajectory simulations depends to a large extent on the calculation of the rebound of falling boulders on different parts of a slope where rockfalls could occur. The models commonly used for rebound calculation are based on restitution coefficients, which can only be calibrated subjectively in the field. To come up with a robust and objective procedure for rebound calculation, a stochastic impact model associated with an objective field data collection method was developed and tested in this study. The aims of this work were to assess the adequacy of this approach and to evaluate the minimum amount of field data required to obtain simulation results with a satisfactory level of predictability. To achieve these objectives, the rebound calculation procedure developed was integrated into a three-dimensional rockfall simulation model, and the simulated results were compared with those obtained from field rockfall experiments. For rocky slopes, the simulations satisfactorily predict the experimental results. This approach is advantageous because it combines precise modelling of the mechanisms involved in the rebound and of their related variability with an objective field data collection procedure which basically only requires collecting the mean size of soil rocks. The approach proposed in this study therefore constitutes an excellent basis for the objective probabilistic assessment of rockfall hazard. 相似文献
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震后崩塌是强烈地震造成的震裂山体在后期余震、降雨及重力作用下变形不断发展并再次发生的崩塌。基于对四川省省道S303线映秀-卧龙段震后公路边坡崩塌灾害的调查,通过空间分布、崩塌与物质组成、岩性、失稳斜坡坡度、坡高、坡形、坡向和崩塌形成机理的关系等方面的分析,得到了震后崩塌灾害的发育规律:1.震后崩塌分布规律与地震时引发的崩塌的规律一致,即地震时易发生崩塌的地段地震后仍然易发生崩塌。2.按照边坡物质组成,以岩质边坡崩塌占绝大多数,岩土组合体边坡次之;较坚硬岩石中发生的崩塌多而较弱岩石中发生崩塌少,沿线发生崩塌最多的是岩性为闪长岩、辉长岩和变质砂岩等坚硬岩石组成的斜坡。3.失稳斜坡坡度在36°～85°之间,主要分布在41°～60°之间,即震后崩塌灾害主要发生在40°以上的斜坡。映秀-耿达段和耿达-卧龙段发生崩塌的边坡坡度有明显的差别,映秀-耿达段集中在坡度为46°～60°的斜坡,而耿达-卧龙段集中在在坡度为41°～55°的斜坡。4.绝大多数崩塌发生在坡高150 m以内的斜坡上,映秀-耿达段和耿达-卧龙段发生崩塌的边坡高度有明显的差别,映秀-耿达段集中在高度为51～350 m的斜坡,而耿达-卧龙段集中在在高度<200 m的斜坡,尤以高度<100 m的最多。5.阳坡和阴坡的崩塌数量有明显的差异,阳坡发生崩塌的数量远远大于阴坡崩塌发生的数量。6.震后边坡崩塌的形成机理以滑移式崩塌和倾倒式为主。映秀-耿达段和耿达-卧龙段地处不同地质构造单元,由于岩性的差异,发生崩塌的斜坡的坡度、高度和主要形成机理具有差异性。 相似文献
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Combining field and modelling techniques to assess rockfall dynamics on a protection forest hillslope in the European Alps 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Luuk K. A. Dorren Bernhard Maier Uif S. Putters Arie C. Seijmonsbergen 《Geomorphology》2004,57(3-4):151-167
Adequate management of a mountain forest that protects downslope areas against impacts of rockfall requires insight into the dynamics of the hillslope environment. Therefore, we applied a combined approach, using field and modelling techniques, to assess the determining factors for rockfall source areas, rockfall tracks and rockfall runout zones on a forested slope in mountainous terrain. The first objective of this study was to understand why rockfall occurs in the study area. The second objective was to translate the knowledge obtained in the field into a model that simulates rockfall dynamics on a forested slope realistically. The third objective was to assess which hillslope characteristics primarily determine the distribution of active rockfall tracks. To achieve these objectives, we made a geomorphological map of the whole study area, and we measured the major discontinuity planes in the bedrock that are exposed in the rockfall source areas. Furthermore, a test site for simulation modelling within the larger study area was defined in which both a forest and a hillslope inventory were carried out. The available data and our developed rockfall simulation model allowed us to assess the slope characteristics that mainly determine the distribution of areas affected by rockfall. We found that in decreasing order of importance, both standing and felled trees, the surface roughness and rockfall resistant shrubs primarily determine the distribution of rockfall-affected areas. Simulation tests without a forest cover produced similar rockfall runout zones as fossil rockfall events identified in the field. We believe that the combined field and modelling approach is a prerequisite for understanding how forests can protect against rockfall. 相似文献
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TOWARDS A UNIFORM CONCEPT FOR THE COMPARISON AND EXTRAPOLATION OF ROCKWALL RETREAT AND ROCKFALL SUPPLY 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
MICHAEL KRAUTBLATTER RICHARD DIKAU 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2007,89(1):21-40
Rates of rockwall retreat and rockfall supply are fundamental components of sediment budgets in steep environments. However, the standard procedure of referencing rockwall retreat rates using only lithology is inconsistent with research findings and results in a variability that exceeds three orders of magnitude. The concept proposed in this paper argues that the complexity inherent in rockfall studies can be reduced if the stages of (i) backweathering, (ii) filling and depletion of intermediate storage on the rock face and (iii) final rockfall supply onto the talus slopes are separated as these have different response functions and controlling factors. Backweathering responds to preweathering and weathering conditions whereas the filling and depletion of intermediate storage in the rock face is mainly a function of internal and external triggers. The noise apparent in backweathering rates and rockfall supply can be reduced by integrating the relevant controlling factors in the response functions. Simple conceptual models for the three stages are developed and are linked by a time‐dependent ‘rockfall delivery rate’, which is defined as the difference between backweathering and rockfall supply, thus reflecting the specific importance of intermediate storage in the rock face. Existing studies can be characterized according to their ‘rockfall delivery ratio’, a concept similar to the ‘sediment delivery ratio’ used in fluvial geomorphology. Their outputs can be qualified as trigger‐dependent rockfall supply rates or backweathering rates dependent on (pre‐)weathering conditions. It is shown that the existing quantitative backweathering and rockfall supply models implicitly follow the proposed conceptual models and can be accommodated into the uniform model. Suggestions are made for how best to incorporate non‐linearities, phase transitions, path dependencies and different timescales into rockfall response functions. 相似文献
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Assessment of rockfall susceptibility by integrating statistical and physically-based approaches 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
In Val di Fassa (Dolomites, Eastern Italian Alps) rockfalls constitute the most significant gravity-induced natural disaster that threatens both the inhabitants of the valley, who are few, and the thousands of tourists who populate the area in summer and winter.To assess rockfall susceptibility, we developed an integrated statistical and physically-based approach that aimed to predict both the susceptibility to onset and the probability that rockfalls will attain specific reaches. Through field checks and multi-temporal aerial photo-interpretation, we prepared a detailed inventory of both rockfall source areas and associated scree-slope deposits. Using an innovative technique based on GIS tools and a 3D rockfall simulation code, grid cells pertaining to the rockfall source-area polygons were classified as active or inactive, based on the state of activity of the associated scree-slope deposits. The simulation code allows one to link each source grid cell with scree deposit polygons by calculating the trajectory of each simulated launch of blocks. By means of discriminant analysis, we then identified the mix of environmental variables that best identifies grid cells with low or high susceptibility to rockfalls. Among these variables, structural setting, land use, and morphology were the most important factors that led to the initiation of rockfalls.We developed 3D simulation models of the runout distance, intensity and frequency of rockfalls, whose source grid cells corresponded either to the geomorphologically-defined source polygons (geomorphological scenario) or to study area grid cells with slope angle greater than an empirically-defined value of 37° (empirical scenario). For each scenario, we assigned to the source grid cells an either fixed or variable onset susceptibility; the latter was derived from the discriminant model group (active/inactive) membership probabilities.Comparison of these four models indicates that the geomorphological scenario with variable onset susceptibility appears to be the most realistic model. Nevertheless, political and legal issues seem to guide local administrators, who tend to select the more conservative empirically-based scenario as a land-planning tool. 相似文献
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Tree-ring series have been used to reconstruct 50 years of rockfall behavior on a slope near Saas Balen (Swiss Alps). A total of 796 cores and 141 cross sections from 191 severely injured conifer trees (Larix decidua Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Pinus cembra L.), combined with a series of aerial photographs, were used to investigate the evolution of the forest stand so as (i) to reconstruct past rockfall rates; (ii) to analyze the spatial behavior of maximum bounce heights; and (iii) to analyze the spatial comportment of rockfall activity over the last five decades.Tree-ring analysis permitted the reconstruction of the age distribution at the study site; results were in perfect agreement with the afforestation process shown in the aerial photographs. The oldest are located in the lower, central part of the study site; the youngest individuals at its uppermost lateral boundaries. Reconstructed rockfall rates reveal strong interannual variations and single event years with increased activity, namely in 1960/1961 and 1995. Spatial analysis of the maximum bounce heights indicate highest values at the lateral boundaries and lowest heights in the lower central part of the forest stand, where a big boulder seems to shield trees growing below it. The spatial analysis of past rockfall activity shows high active zones at the uppermost north-facing boundaries of the forest and least active zones in the lowermost central part of the studied stand. The high rockfall activity at the slope is expressed by a mean rockfall rate of > 1 event m− 1 y− 1. 相似文献
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Wang Jingai 《地理学报(英文版)》1994,(Z2)
CompilinganatlasofnaturaldisastersinChinaisabasistoresearchintoregionaldisasterssystems,torevealthetemPOralandspatialpatternofnaturaldisasters,aswellastoestablishcountermeasuresopinstnamraldisasters.TaldngtheuAtlasOfNaturalDisastersinChina"**asanexample,thisarticleinquiresintotheoreticalandpracticalproblemsaboutcompilinganatlasofregionalnaturaldisasters.ThebasictheoryofcompilinganatlasOfregionaldisastershasbeenfOundedonthecombinati0nofthesciencesofdisasters,cart0graphyandregiotalmhy.Theref… 相似文献
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David J. Sauchyn 《自然地理学》2013,34(3):191-217
Much of the previous research on mountain debris slopes has focused on slopes of avalanche and, especially, rockfall origin. This study examines particle size and shape variation on some debris fans formed by rockfall, snow avalanches, and stream-debris flow on dissected rockwalls. The particle size and shape data are derived from the lengths of the 3 principal axes of 50 particles sampled at 152 stops on 24 transects. The analysis of these data indicates that variation in particle shape is a function of source rock lithology while particle size varies according to the process of coarse debris transfer. Most of the size variation occurs at the sampling stops and among stops within transects. Size means and variances differ according to process for samples not affected by stream-debris flow. Second-order polynomial regressions depict the longitudinal size sorting produced by each process and reflect the unique nature of debris transfer on dissected rockwalls, where rockfall is impeded and debris is sequentially or simultaneously subject to gravitational and boundary shear stresses. 相似文献