共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
基于DEM的地形湿度指数及其应用研究进展 总被引：15，自引：4，他引：11
地形湿度指数以数字高程模型（DEM）为基础,综合考虑了地形和土壤特性对土壤水分分布的影响,在流域土壤水分空间分布的研究中具有重要的理论与应用价值。根据对汇流面积时空变化的分析,地形湿度指数可分为静态、半动态和动态地形湿度指数等类型。在利用该指数评价土壤水分空间分布状况时,需要考虑计算方法与DEM网格单元大小的影响及其普遍适应性等问题。同时,针对黄土高原干旱半干旱区实际的水分循环过程和产流机制与现有地形湿度指数假设条件的差异,提出了地形湿度指数在黄土高原地区的研究设想与应用途径,以期为该区的水土保持和植被恢复研究提供理论和实践支持。 相似文献
2.
基于地形特征的流域水文相似性 总被引：20，自引：3，他引：17
流域地形控制着地表径流的路径和累积水量的空间分布。地形指数ln(a/tanβ)反映了径流在流域中任一点的累积趋势以及重力使径流顺坡移动的趋势,流域地形可以用地形指数的空间分布来表示。地形指数可用作水文相似性指数,即具有相同地形指数的点对降雨具有相同的水文响应。TOPMODEL利用地形指数频率分布计算流域径流过程,可以认为:具有相同地形指数频率分布的流域具有水文相似性。分析认为长江流域上游的沿渡河流域与香溪河流域具有水文相似性,利用香溪河流域率定的模型参数计算的沿渡河流域径流过程,与实测过程拟合较好 相似文献
3.
中国适垦耕地空间分异特征研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于GIS空间分析技术,利用数字地形高程图生成地形高程和坡度分级图,将地形高程分级图、地形坡度分级图、2000年耕地分布图和分县行政区划图叠加,提取2000年分县耕地地形分异数据,计算2006年分县适垦耕地面积,以适垦耕地指数和人均适垦耕地面积为指标,分析我国适垦耕地的空间分异特征。结果表明:1)我国耕地的地形分异特点是随着地形高程和坡度的增加,耕地面积均呈现快速下降的趋势,耕地主要集中于海拔500 m以下且坡度较小的地域。2)适垦耕地的空间分异主要受地形条件控制,海拔较低、地形平缓的平原、盆地和河谷适垦耕地指数一般在50%以上,而海拔较高、地形起伏较大的高原、山地和丘陵地区指数值普遍低于30%。3)我国人均适垦耕地面积空间分布的总体特征是北多南少,人均适垦耕地面积在0.2 hm2以上的高类和较高类大都分布在北方地区,而人均适垦耕地面积在0.067 hm2以下的低类和较低类主要集中于青藏高原及东南沿海地区。 相似文献
4.
基于DEM的地形单元多样性指数及其算法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在阐述地形信息表达研究进展的基础上,提出基于DEM地形单元多样性指数的概念和算法。地形单元多样性指数综合了高程、坡度、坡位、坡向、汇流量和水域信息等要素。其算法集成地形位置指数和地形湿度指数算法,采用图层叠加分析,设定分类、分级指标,进行重分类组合,划分地形单元类型,利用窗口分析法计算地形单元多样性指数。以四川省为试验区,利用精度为100 m的DEM数据和水域分布数据进行模拟计算,地形单元划分为13种典型类型,统计窗口半径设为900 m,计算出的多样性指数值小于0.5的区域仅占总面积的11%,大于0.75的区域达57%,符合实验区地形特征,并对算法进行了可行性分析和验证。结果表明,该算法提取的地形单元多样性指数可以有效反映地表形态的多样性特征及其变化。该研究结果为进一步探讨基于DEM地表形态信息的概念体系,以及从微观到宏观的地形信息空间分析研究创造了条件。 相似文献
5.
西南地区干旱河谷分布范围及分区统计分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
干旱河谷是我国西南地区复杂地形和气候条件综合作用下形成的特殊景观类型,明确西南干旱河谷的空间分布范围,掌握分区统计数据,对了解干旱河谷生态系统、分析相关自然和人文综合指标有重要意义。本文在前人研究的基础上,利用遥感与野外验证相结合的方法,划定了西南地区干旱河谷的空间分布范围,同时,分析了干旱河谷区的地形特征和干湿状况。研究结果表明:西南地区干旱河谷总长度约为6911.15 km,总面积约为26 451.61 km~2,涉及我国甘肃省、四川省、云南省以及西藏自治区4个省级行政区。在空间分布上由北至南依次分布在白龙江、岷江、大渡河、雅砻江、金沙江、澜沧江、怒江和元江,其中,金沙江干旱河谷面积最大,占西南地区干旱河谷总面积的44.36%,岷江干旱河谷面积最小,占西南地区干旱河谷总面积的2.74%。坡度大于25°的面积占西南地区干旱河谷总面积的55.00%,地形坡度区域差异显著,岷江干旱河谷区地形坡度较大,雅砻江干旱河谷区较为平缓。阳坡面积大于阴坡面积,阳坡面积占干旱河谷总面积的40.49%,阴坡面积占干旱河谷总面积的31.12%。干旱河谷区内气象观测站的干季干燥度指数(I_(aD))值在2.14～5.10之间,属于半干旱类型和干旱类型。本研究成果可为干旱河谷的进一步深入研究提供基础数据支撑。 相似文献
6.
城市化过程中地形因素对城市空间结构演变的影响——以乌鲁木齐市为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用起伏度指数与分布比例指数模型,将地形与城市土地利用类型有机地结合在一起,探讨了地形对乌鲁木齐城市空间结构发展的影响.研究结果表明:两个模型多年相关数据的变化能反映城市空间结构的演变过程.居住用地的增长区从起伏度指数为7～8的地形空间上逐渐开始向起伏较高地形发展.其分布在起伏度指数上的区间扩大了9个单位.由于经济的快速发展,生产建设用地始终在不断地扩大,并表现出工业用地向外扩张和商业用地向内收缩两个变化过程.扩张的方向指向低地形地区,收缩则向金融商业中心.农用地面积始终在减少,并趋向消失,且起伏度低的地区减少得快,而高地形区减少得慢.未利用地分布区域向高地形空间退缩,市区内的未利用地通常被开发为绿地或公园.各种土地利用类型在起伏度指数梯度上分布的整体变化反映出大地形特征仍然是城市空间结构的发展框架. 相似文献
7.
快速城市化地区景观组分在地形梯度上的分布特征研究 总被引：65，自引：5，他引：65
采用地形位指数综合描述深圳市龙华地区的地形差异，并在此基础上，利用无量纲的分布指数对景观组分的空间分布特征进行了半定量分析，结果表明，地形位指数可以综合地反映地形条件的空间分布和差异信息，分布指数用于描述某各组分的实际分布与标准分布的差异，可以排险面积的干扰，为各种经较分析创造了条件，研究时段内龙华地区景观组分在地形位梯度上整体分布格局的复杂性显著增加，人为景观改造活动主要表现为一种中尺度土地利用结构调整行为，并有助于对不同地形条件下的土地利用进行加严格的分工，地形差异则是大尺度景观整体格局形成的基本骨架。 相似文献
8.
长江源地区通天河段水系格局演化与构造活动的关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
青海玉树地区长江源区通天河段构造运动活跃,地震频发,如2010年曾发生7.1级地震;该地区分布有黄河、雅砻江、澜沧江等水系上游河网,水系呈直角状、倒勾状分布,是研究水系演化与新构造活动关系的理想区域。通过地形分析、河流水系分析和地貌指数计算,探讨了该地区水系格局演化对走滑断层相关构造活动样式的响应过程。该地区主要发育北西—南东和南西—北东两组流向的水系,其中北西—南东向河谷多为低河流比降、宽阔的不适称谷地,而南西—北东向河谷多为高河流比降、陡峭的峡谷。河流陡峭度指数（ks）在通天河东南段为高值,在通天河流域西南段多采曲—宁恰曲流域、登艾龙曲流域、叶曲流域、巴塘河流域为低值;河流坡降指数（SL）在流域内整体差异不大,但在水系倒勾状或直角交汇区域的值高;流域高程积分值（HI）在通天河两侧大于0.45,在多采曲—宁恰曲流域、登艾龙曲流域、叶曲流域、巴塘河流域为0.15~0.45。地形、水系和地貌指数的分布特征表明该地区水系可能原为南东流向的平行水系,后期由于走滑断裂剪切作用导致河流改向、袭夺而演化为倒勾状水系。其中当江、立新乡、隆宝镇、上拉秀乡北部等地区断陷形成局部积水中心,而通天河南西—北东向细小支流如宁恰曲等由于断层东北向的逆冲抬升而溯源侵蚀加强,袭夺了原南东流向的河流。 相似文献
9.
本文以石羊河流域地表植被为研究对象,利用遥感影像数据、气象资料数据、DEM数据和土地利用数据,通过修正的CASA模型和土壤微生物呼吸模型计算石羊河流域生态系统NEP。在此基础上定量地划分出碳源、高碳汇区和低碳汇区,并对流域内碳源/汇空间分布进行详细研究。结果表明:石羊河流域净生态系统生产力(NEP)空间分布表现出由西南向东北逐渐递减的趋势,整体呈现出南高北低、高低相间的分布特征。研究区碳源/汇空间分布大体呈现条带状分布格局,碳源主要分布于下游民勤绿洲周边的沙漠区,低碳汇区主要分布于中游河西走廊平原,高碳汇区主要分布于上游祁连山区。由于光照等因子的差异,高碳汇区主要分布于阴坡其次是半阳坡和半阴坡,阳坡分布最少,低碳汇区主要分布于阴坡和半阳坡地区。研究结果能够较好地反映出石羊河流域植被生长及分布状况。 相似文献
10.
《地理与地理信息科学》2017,(4)
以流域为单位计算地貌参数有助于分析区域构造活动。该文以北天山山区为研究区,将其划分为805个流域,提取地势起伏度(RA)、分形维数(FD)、河流阶梯指数(SL)、面积-高程积分(HI)、圆度比(Rc)5个参数,并以此为基础构建相对构造活动强度(IRAT),以此分析北天山流域地貌特征及构造活动强度。研究表明北天山不同地貌分区内呈现不同地貌特征,高山区地势起伏度及河流阶梯指数整体较大,河谷区圆度比变化较大。相对构造活动强度空间分布表明,研究区域中间部分构造活动较为活跃,自中部向东西两侧,强度逐渐降低;低山丘陵区中,准噶尔南缘断裂带所在区域构造活动强度更高。以流域地貌指标反映的构造活动强度分布与地壳构造变形位移场所计算结果较为相似。 相似文献
11.
Estimation of Areal Soil Moisture by use of Terrain Data 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
J.R. Sulebak L.M. Tallaksen & B. Erichsen 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2000,82(1):89-105
In this study measured soil moisture is related to primary and secondary topographical attributes within two small-scale drainage basins. The study sites are the Buddby and the Dansarhllarna drainage basins within the NOPEX area. The primary topographic attributes slope, aspect, plan and profile curvature, and the secondary topographic attribute, the wetness index, are derived from a 5 m resolution digital elevation model. The relationship with measured soil moisture in the Buddby basin is investigated by linear regression analysis. Based on mean plot measurements for the whole measurement period two different models were established, resulting in a high R 2 value. The best model was achieved with slope, profile curvature and aspect as regression variables. The models obtained were further used to regionalise the results into basin scale at both Buddby and Dansarhällarna. This demonstrated a soil moisture pattern different from the pattern resulting from the wetness index. Finally, models were established, based on two different dates of field campaigns. The results showed a good agreement with the observed soil moisture values, and a higher R 2 value was obtained when using the wetness index for the medium wet period compared to the wettest period. Further analysis is needed to verify the physical significance of the results and their suitability for hydrological modelling. 相似文献
12.
13.
Soil moisture was measured over a four-month period at 31 sample points on a 1 ha clear-cut site on southern Vancouver Island. At each sample point measurements were collected at 10-cm intervals to the base of the soil profile. The data were used to determine spatial and temporal variations in soil moisture, and to infer the most likely mechanism(s) of soil-water movement vertically through the soil profiles and laterally across the site. All soils showed an increase in moisture content through the monitoring period. There was no strong tendency for moisture content to increase downslope along the topographic gradient. All soils exhibited an increase in soil moisture at depths of 20–30 cm, followed by a decline. This zone of increased soil moisture was correlated with the main root zone, and not with any textural contrasts. Topographic and textural influences on moisture movement through the soil matrix appear to be of minor importance. Moisture appears to follow paths dictated by root systems, which do not necessarily follow the microtopography. [Key words: soil moisture, soil matrix, macropores, topography, southern Vancouver Island, degraded dystric brunisols, dry coastal western hemlock forests.] 相似文献
14.
TOPMODEL中地形指数ln 的新算法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
TOPMODEL中地形指数ln (α/tanβ)被用来近似表征流域径流源面积和地下水水位的空间分布特征,目前广泛使用的计算地形指数的方法为多流向算法 (FD8算法)。本文首先介绍了多流向算法的基本原理,并基于此对流动累积分配中的有效等高线长度精确计算提出了几何锥面内切圆算法,同时改进了传统的地形指数中单位等高线汇流面积α的计算方法,增强了多流向算法对DEM中异常栅格的处理能力。改进后的地形指数新算法在两个不同流域和不同分辨率DEM上与传统多流向算法进行了对比分析。结果表明新算法在原理上更符合地形指数物理意义,实际应用中其计算结果更准确。这种地形指数新算法的提出对于流域水文过程机理分析及陆面过程定量化研究具有一定的现实意义。 相似文献
15.
A model for the prediction of topographic and climatic control on shallow landsliding in mountainous terrain is enhanced to analyse the impact of upslope rocky outcrops on downslope shallow landsliding. The model uses a ‘generalised quasi-dynamic wetness index’ to describe runoff propagation on bare rock surfaces connected to downslope soil-mantled topographic elements. This approach yields a simple enhanced model capable of describing the influence of upslope bedrock outcrops on the pattern of downslope soil saturation. The model is applied in both diagnostic and predictive modes to a small catchment in the eastern Italian Alps for which a detailed inventory of shallow landslides in areas dominated by rocky outcrops is available. In the diagnostic mode, the model is used with satisfactory results to reproduce the pattern of instability generated by an intense short-duration storm occurred on 14 September 1994, which triggered a large percentage of the surveyed landslides. In the predictive mode, the model is used for hazard assessment, and the return time of the critical rainfall needed to cause instability for each topographic element is determined. Modelling results obtained in the predictive mode are evaluated against all the surveyed landslides. It is revealed that the generalised quasi-dynamic model offers considerable improvement over the non-generalised quasi-dynamic model and the steady-state model in predicting existing landslides as represented in the considered landslide inventory. 相似文献
16.
DEM流径算法的相似性分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
流径算法是分布式水文模型、土壤侵蚀模拟等研究中的关键技术环节,决定着汇水面积、地形指数等许多重要的地形、水文参数的计算。本文以黄土高原两个典型样区的不同分辨率DEM为研究对象,对常用的五种流径算法(D8、Rho8、Dinf、MFD和DEMON)通过相对差系数、累积频率图、XY散点分布图等进行了定量的对比分析。结果表明:算法的差异主要集中在坡面区域,汇流区域各类算法的差别较小;算法差异在不同DEM尺度下都有所体现,但高分辨率下的差异会更明显;在地形复杂区域,多流向算法要优于单流向算法。研究也进一步指出汇水面积、地形指数等水文参数对流径算法具有强烈的依赖性。 相似文献
17.
Patterns of rock fragment cover generated by tillage erosion 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Jean Poesen Bas van Wesemael Gerard Govers Jos Martinez-Fernandez Philippe Desmet Karel Vandaele Timothy Quine Greet Degraer 《Geomorphology》1997,18(3-4)
Intensively cultivated areas in the upper part of the Guadalentin catchment (southeast Spain) show a systematic spatial pattern of surface rock fragment cover (Rc). The objective of this paper is to quantify and to explain this spatial rock fragment cover pattern. Therefore, a map of an intensively cultivated area of 5 km2 was digitised, and for each pixel total topographic curvature was calculated. Next, rock fragment cover was determined photographically at 35 sites with a range of total slope curvatures. A linear relation between total curvature and rock fragment cover was found, except for narrow concavities. It was hypothesised that this pattern can be explained by a significant net downslope movement of rock fragments and fine earth by tillage. The displacement distances of rock fragments by tillage with a duckfoot chisel were measured by monitoring the displacement of tracers (painted rock fragments and aluminium cubes) on 5 sites having different slopes. The rare of tillage erosion for one tillage pass with a duckfoot chisel, expressed by the diffusion constant (k), equals 282 kg/m for up and downslope tillage and only 139 kg/m for contour tillage. Nomograms indicate that mean denudation rates in almond groves due to tillage erosion (3 to 5 tillage passes per year) can easily amount to 1.5–2.6 mm/year for contour tillage and up to 3.6–5.9 mm/year for up- and downslope tillage for a field, 50 m long and having a slope of 20%. These figures are at least one order of magnitude larger than reported denudation rates caused by water erosion in similar environments. Hence tillage erosion contributes significantly to land degradation. The downslope soil flux induced by tillage not only causes considerable denudation on topographic convexities (hill tops and spurs) and upper field boundaries but also an important sediment accumulation in topographic concavities (hollows and valley bottoms) and at lower field boundaries. Kinetic sieving (i.e. the upward migration of rock fragments) by the tines of the duckfoot chisel also concentrates the largest rock fragments in the topsoil in such a way that a rock fragment mulch develops in narrow valleys and at the foot of the slopes. These results clearly indicate that tillage erosion is the main process responsible for the observed rock fragment cover pattern in the study area. Since the study area is representative for many parts of southern Spain where almond groves have expanded since 1970, the results have a wider application. They show to what extent intensive tillage of steep slopes has contributed to the increase in soil degradation, to changes in hillslope morphology (i.e. strong denudation of convexities, development of lynchets and rapid infilling of narrow valley bottoms) and to the development of rock fragment cover patterns which control the spatial variability of the hydrological and water erosion response within such landscapes. 相似文献
18.
黄土高原作物产量及水土流失地形分异模拟 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
退耕坡地是近年来黄土高原整治生态环境和控制水土流失的有效措施。基于WIN_YIELD 软件, 以延安燕沟流域为例,利用2005 年延安站的逐日气象数据和燕沟流域地貌、土壤及土地利用等资料, 模拟分析了不同地形高程、坡度和坡向条件下不同作物产量及水土流失的分异特征。结果表明： 在黄土高原, 地形坡度是影响作物产量、径流和泥沙的重要因素, 地形高程和坡向的影响普遍较微弱; 地形坡度越大, 作物产量越低, 高粱和玉米在坡度为25o 时的产量模拟值分别较0o 时下降15.44%和14.32%, 大豆、绿豆和马铃薯的下降幅度依次为5.26%、4.67%和3.84%; 产生径流和泥沙随地形坡度的增大而增大, 在坡度20o左右存在一个高值区间; 不同作物的水土保持效益由高到低依次为大豆、绿豆(豆类)、马铃薯、玉米和高粱; 坡度小于5o的坡耕地可以不进行梯田改造, 坡度大于15o 的坡耕地应及早实现退耕还林还草。 相似文献
19.
Greaves Creek has cut a hanging valley through the entire Triassic sandstone sequence near Blackheath in the western Blue Mountains, New South Wales. Downstream of Beauchamp Falls, it cuts into Permian strata in the Grose Gorge. The hanging valley has a valley-in-valley structure. The narrow inner valley is bounded by high cliffs and its floor is cut by a deep narrow slot canyon where stream incision has occurred without valley widening. The course of the creek is related to joint directions. Intense jointing, minor faulting and sapping influence the stability of cliffs but up to 30m of incision has occurred without valley widening in the slot canyon. Topographic asymmetry expressed as unequal slopes of the valley sides is related to differential insolation, erosion, vegetation cover, bioturbation and fire intensity. In the western Blue Mountains and elsewhere in the Sydney Basin asymmetric slopes occur in many other valley-ridge systems, particularly those whose long axes are oriented between about east-west and north-east-south-west. Vegetation structure and floristics within Greaves Creek valley are related to physiography of the valley and to aspect through their effects on fire, moisture availability, light availability, soil depth and temperature. 相似文献