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1.
新开河流域土地利用格局变化图谱分析 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
基于地学信息图谱分析方法,运用ARC/INFO软件,以马尔柯夫空间概率模型为基础,利用新开河流域33 年(1969-2001 年) 土地利用格局4 期的空间数据(1969 年、1979 年、1992年、2001 年),合成了一系列土地利用格局变化图谱,通过图谱分析来了解新开河流域的土地利用格局变化规律。结果表明：在过去33 年期间该流域土地利用格局发生了显著变化。耕地大幅度增加,其净增面积1357.2 km2,占流域总面积超过32%,其主要来源于草地、沙地、沼泽地、林地;沙地变化有所起伏,占流域总面积不低于23%,虽然总体呈减少趋势,但流域的草地沙化、耕地沙化还比较严重;草地大幅度减少,其净减面积1582.6 km2,占流域总面积由36.2%缩减为18.5%,其主要来源于开垦草地为耕地、草地退化成沙地、沼泽地、盐碱地以及草地改造种植林地;居民地、盐碱地呈增加趋势,湿地、林地呈减少趋势。 相似文献
2.
基于遥感与GIS的乌审旗土地利用变化研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
在遥感与GIS技术支持下,以乌审旗1986-2005年5期TM影像为主要数据源,运用土地利用动态度和土地利用转移矩阵对土地利用的数量变化进行了研究.运用定量与定性相结合的景观空间格局分析方法,对土地利用景观格局特征的动态变化进行了分析,并利用社会经济数据对土地利用变化的人为驱动力进行了分析.研究表明:(1)20年间各土地利用类型经历着"涨势"与"落势"的波动.从各土地利用类型的转化方向来看.林地、草地和沙地相互转换频繁;耕地主要转变为林地、草地和沙地;水域主要向其他未利用地转换,其他未利用地主要向草地和沙地转换,工矿用地没有转出.从2005年各土地利用类型的转化来源看,耕地主要是由林地、沙地和草地转变而来;林地主要由沙地和草地转变而来;草地主要是由沙地和林地转变而来;水域主要是由沙地和耕地转变而来;居民地主要是由沙地、草地和林地转变而来;其他未利用地主要是由草地、水域和林地转变而来.(2)土地利用景观格局演变特征表现为:除居民点外各类景观斑块形状指数都呈增加趋势;除水域外,各类景观斑块密度下降、分离度减少;全旗景观优势度下降、多样性升高.(3)人为因素中的人口增长、经济发展以及生态工程的实施对土地利用变化起重要作用. 相似文献
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利用地理信息系统技术,在空间数据库平台的支持下,对成都市20世纪90年代中期到2000年间的土地利用动态变化进行了研究.分析表明,在1995-2000年间,耕地与建设居民用地、耕地与林地、林地与草地以及水体与耕地等之间的转换强度较高.耕地减少10972hm2,林地减少2220hm2,草地增加8042hm2,建设居民用地增加4830hm2,水体增加323hm2.减少耕地的主要去向是建设居民用地、草地和林地;减少林地的主要去向是草地.人口总数,第三产业从业人口,工业国内生产总值,第二、三产业的国内生产总值与建设居民用地同步增加;第一产业从业人员与耕地同步减少. 相似文献
4.
大理市土地利用变化及其驱动力分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用大理市1995年和2000年两期TM影像解译土地利用数据,在GIS分析工具支持下,对土地利用变化和驱动因素进行分析,得出以下结论：（1）1995年到2000年这5年期间,土地利用变化总体呈现出林地和草地减少、耕地和建筑用地增加的趋势,水域面积变化不明显;（2）土地利用年变化率为0．5％,其中以建设用地面积的年变化率最大为5．84％,耕地和林地的年变化率分别为1．85％和-1．41％,而草地和水域年变化率较小,分别为-0．7％和0．01％;（3）土地利用类型转化主要呈现出林地和草地转化为耕地,耕地和草地转化为建筑用地,林地和草地相互转化的特点;（4）土地利用结构变化不明显,总体上表现出林地占优势,耕地、草地、水域相当的结构特征;（5）自然条件对土地利用结构具有重要的控制作用,而人口增长,政府行为决策和经济的发展直接影响土地利用的变化。 相似文献
5.
黑河中游土地利用/覆被变化及其对碳储量影响的预测 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
准确预测未来土地利用/覆盖变化及其对区域碳储量的影响对土地利用决策和气候变化研究具有重要意义。以黑河中游流域为研究对象，基于2000年和2012年两期土地利用解译数据，运用CA-Markov模型，并依据《IPCC 2006指南》提供的清单方法，在对研究区2024年土地利用变化特征进行预测分析的基础上评估了2000—2024年黑河中游土地利用/覆被变化对碳储量的影响。结果表明：2000—2012年，研究区耕地、建设用地、林地和草地面积呈增加趋势，未利用土地和水域面积呈减少趋势，土地利用/覆被变化导致碳储量增加3.22×106 t；预测2024年黑河中游土地利用变化同2012年相比，耕地、建设用地、林地占研究区比例分别增加3.18%、0.84%和0.77%，未利用土地、草地和水域占研究区比例分别减少3.32%、1.13%和0.33%；2012—2024年土地利用/覆被变化导致碳储量增加7.55×106 t，各土地利用类型变化导致碳储量变化更加明显，其中林地和耕地增加是碳储量增加的主要原因，建设用地增加是碳储量减少的主要原因。总体来看，2012—2024年耕地、建设用地、林地将继续呈增加趋势，未利用土地和水体将继续呈减少趋势；2012—2024年较2000—2012年土地利用变化导致碳储量增加4.33×106 t，固碳能力表现出较明显的提高。 相似文献
6.
塔里木河干流区土地利用/覆被变化及其生态环境效应 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
在GIS和遥感技术支持下,利用1973年MSS遥感影像、1983年航空遥感土地利用图、1990年TM、2000年TM和2005年CBERS遥感影像对新疆塔里木河干流区土地利用/覆被变化过程和生态环境效应进行了分析。结果表明,1973~2005年塔里木河干流区土地利用/覆被发生了显著变化,耕地、未利用地和城乡居民及建设用地面积分别增加了25.72×104hm2、17.33×104hm2和0.51×104hm2,林地、草地和湿地面积分别减少了29.10×104hm2、8.63×104hm2和5.84×104hm2。在1973~1983年、1983~1990年、1990~2000年、2000~2005年4个时段中土地利用变化呈"显著变化—缓慢变化—显著变化—急剧变化"的过程。土地利用类型转移的主要方向是林地和草地转化为耕地、耕地转化为城乡居民及建设用地、草地转化为未利用地。土地利用/覆被的变化引起了干流区水环境恶化、土壤质量改变、天然植被严重退化、土地荒漠化和盐渍化加剧、湿地面积减少和生物多样性丧失等一系列生态环境问题。 相似文献
7.
青藏公路对区域土地利用和景观格局的影响——以格尔木至唐古拉山段为例 总被引：81，自引：8，他引：81
根据1995年和2000年土地利用数据,运用ARC/INFO软件和景观生态学方法,研究了青藏公路沿线格尔木、曲麻莱、治多3个县(市)的土地利用变化和景观格局变化,修订了单一土地利用类型动态度计算公式,重点分析了公路缓冲带的土地利用变化、景观格局变化和建设用地缓冲带的土地利用变化。主要结论如下:①研究区建设用地增加迅速,林地、水域、未利用土地增加,耕地大量减少,草地退化严重,其中曲麻菜县草地减少22.8%,未利用土地增加 43.96%;②景观破碎化程度加剧,分维数、多样性指数和景观破碎度均增加;③与其它交通干线对沿线的 “轴向”影响不同,该段青藏公路以“点”型的辐射效应为标志,且仅仅影响建设用地周围的区域,格尔木市的影响范围是3 km,五道梁的影响范围是1km; ④K=(Ua+Ub－2Uc)Ua－1T-1×100%,可准确地反映单一土地利用类型变化特点。 相似文献
8.
本文以南方红壤丘陵典型案例区吉泰盆地为例,运用RS和GIS技术,在对典型时段遥感影像进行解译的基础上,采用土地利用程度综合指数、土地利用类型动态度以及土地利用类型变化趋势和状态指数等模型,计算了1995-2006年吉泰盆地土地利用变化数量特征,揭示了南方红壤丘陵地区11年来土地利用变化的时空格局。研究结果表明:①1995-2006年吉泰盆地土地利用结构基本稳定,林地和耕地是该区主要土地利用类型;②11年来吉泰盆地水域和建设用地面积缓慢增长,水域增幅较多,其他地类面积有所下降,草地减幅最大;③林地转化为耕地,耕地转化为水域,以及草地转化为林地是吉泰盆地主要土地利用类型的转移模式,三种类型的转化面积依次为2887.91 hm2、2821.19 hm2和2326.97 hm2。从空间分布上看林地转为耕地模式分布最为广泛,耕地转化为水域分布较松散,草地转林地主要分布在吉泰盆地的北部地区;④动态度和状态指数研究发现,吉泰盆地未利用地的年变化率绝对值最大,林地年变化率最小。在未来的一段时间内,水域和建设用地规模呈增大的趋势,其余地类呈不同程度减少的态势。 相似文献
9.
20世纪90年代无定河流域土地利用的时空变化 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
本文基于ArcGIS平台,以LandsatTM影像解译得到的三期土地利用数据为基础,结合统计分析工作,对无定河流域20世纪90年代土地利用数量、类型及其变化进行了分析。分析得出,前后2个5年间,无定河流域耕地、林地和未利用土地都是先减少而后稍有增加,草地则是先增加后稍有减少。在10年尺度上土地利用总的动态特征是,耕地与未利用土地面积减少,林地、草地面积增加。前5年无定河流域综合土地利用动态度为0.85%,未利用土地和草地的年变化率较大,耕地与水域年变化率较低。后5年无定河流域综合土地利用动态度为0.3%,林地与未利用土地年变化率较大,耕地与水域变化率较小。最后引入单一土地利用类型相对变化率反映出无定河流域土地利用变化存在明显的区域差异。 相似文献
10.
基于RS和GIS的内蒙古多伦县土地利用变化对生态服务价值的影响 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：14
采用内蒙古多伦县1987年、1995年、2000年和2005年的TM影像,运用GIS方法提取了各年的多伦县土地利用动态变化数据。采用中国陆地生态系统的服务价值测算方法对多伦县土地利用数据进行分析处理,测算了多伦县土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值变化。结果表明,1987~2005年间多伦县土地利用变化十分剧烈,耕地、林地、城镇用地、水域面积呈增加趋势,草地、未利用地面积呈减少趋势。土地利用类型主要由未利用地和草地向林地、耕地变更,并且草地和未利用地面积持续减少,林地和城镇用地面积呈持续增加趋势;多伦县生态系统服务价值1987~1995年间呈下降趋势,而1995~2005年间呈增加趋势,其生态系统服务价值处于可持续发展状态;耕地、林地和草地生态系统服务价值占多伦县总生态系统服务价值的比例较大,耕地、林地和水域的生态系统服务价值均呈增加趋势,而草地和未利用地生态系统服务价值呈减少趋势;各土地利用类型生态系统服务价值敏感性指数都小于1,表明多伦县生态系统服务价值对服务价值指数缺乏弹性,研究结果可信。 相似文献
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《The Professional geographer》1988,40(4):471-499
Books reviewed in this article: USA, Eine Geographische Landeskunde , Vol. I, Der Grossraum in Strukturellem, Wandel, 3rd Ed. Helmut Blume . Introduction to Remote Sensing . James B. Campbell . The Sounds of People and Places: Readings in the Geography of American Folk and Popular Music . George O. Carney , ED. Development and Underdevelopment . John Cole . Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia: Example from Indonesia and the Philippines . Michael A. Costello , Thomas R. Leinbach , AND Richard Ulack . Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices . Leslie Dienes . The Third World City . David Drakakis -Smith . Scholars' Guide to Washington, DC for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (maps, charts, aerial photographs, satellite images, cartographic literature and geographic information systems). Ralph E. Ehrenberg . Population and Development in the Third World . Allan AND Anne Findlay . The Early Mapping of Hawaii . Gary L. Fitzpatrick . Energetics of Physical Environment: Energetic Approaches to Physical Geography . K. J. Gregory , ED. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management . William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole . Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa . J. Hinderink AND J. J. Sterkenburg . The Dynamics of American Housing . James W. Hughes AND George Sternlieb . Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State . Charles F. Keyes . Resolving Locational Conflict . Robert W. Lake , ED. Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives . Peter D. Little and Michael M. Horowitz , EDS. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science . David N. Livingstone . Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory . Ann R. Markusen . Wetlands . William J. Mitsch and James G. Gosselink . Historical Geography: Progress and Prospect . Michael Pacione , ED. Loess and Periglacial Phenomena . Marton P$eacsi and Hugh M. French , EDS. Regional Management of Metropolitan Floodplains, Experience in the United States and Abroad . Rutherford H. Platt , ED. Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man . Janos Szegö . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . Helen H. Tanner , ED. The Botany of Mangroves . P. B. Tomlinson . Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns . Rodney Vaughan . The Night After … Climatic and Biological Consequences of a Nuclear War . Yevgeni Velikhov , ED. Industrial Geography . H. D. Watts . Dictionary of Quotations in Geography . James O. Wheeler and Francis M. Sibley . Vermont Townscape . Norman Wiliams , Jr. , Edmund K. Kellogg and Peter M. Lavigne . 相似文献
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《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):488-489
Book Reviewed in this article: Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey. Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds. The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer. Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed. The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale. Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds. Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed. Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds. Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds. Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds. Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small. Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds. The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz. World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds. Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken. Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein. South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair. Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed. Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor. Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds. Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig. The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston. Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb. Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer. China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang. A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West. Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed. Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied. Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves. Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor. Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran. Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds. The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada: Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo. The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest. Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke. Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels. The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed. Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen. The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds. Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester. Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman. Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed. Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli. 相似文献
15.
《The Professional geographer》1983,35(4):488-524
Book Reviewed in this article: Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns . Barbara Ruth Bailey . Food Politics: The Regional Conflict . David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey , eds. The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World . R. Ballance , J. Ansari and H. Singer . Neighborhoods in Urban America . Ronald H. Bayor , ed. The English Heartland . By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale . Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy . Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande , eds. Tension Areas of the World . D. Gordon Bennett , ed. Latin America: an Introductory Survey . B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet , eds. Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem . Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas , eds. Energy and Land Use . Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin , eds. Slopes and Weathering . Michael Clarke and John Small . Alaska's Rural Development . Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald Mc Beath , eds. The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America . Galen Cranz . World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings . Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery , eds. Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography . Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken . Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development . T. Scarlett Epstein . South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development . T. J. D. Fair . Institutions and Geographical Patterns . Robin Flowerdew , ed. Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas . Howard F. Gregor . Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s . Patsy Healy , Glen Mc Dougall and Michael J. Thomas , eds. Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response . Jeffrey R. Henig . The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective . R. J. Johnston . Climate, History and the Modern World . Hubert H. Lamb . Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man . T. M. L. Wigley , M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer . China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935 . Ernest P. Liang . A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective . Robert S. Livingston , T. D. Anderson , T. M. Besmann , M. Olszewski , A. M. Perry , and C. D. West . Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille . B. S. Mac Aodha , ed. Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility . Hal S. Maggied . Land Uses in American Cities . Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves . Industrial Organisation and Location . Philip Mc Dermott and Michael Taylor . Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology . Emilio F. Moran . Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor . Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas , eds. The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada : Urbanization and Environmental Quality . Isao Orishimo . The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise . John Prest . Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens . Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke . Contest for the South China Sea . Marwyn S. Samuels . The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values . Richard C. Smardon , ed. Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen . The Geography of Multinationals . Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift , eds. Impact of Marine Pollution on Society . Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester . Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham . Jerry A. Webman . Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942 . Robert C. West , ed. Cartographic Drawing with Computers . P. Yoeli . 相似文献
16.
《寒旱区科学》2014,(4):I0001-I0001
Permafrost engineering has been developing rapidly in recent years. Many projects have been undertaken with the latest technologies and show their importance in supporting regional social and economical development. For example, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been a milestone project in permafrost engineering. However, when designing and building infrastructures in cold regions, 相似文献
17.
HAYASHI Hiroaki 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2014,5(4):395-397
<正>1 Characteristics of Kunisaki GIAS and aims of this research Kunisaki GIAHS in the Kunisaki peninsula and Usa area,Oita,Japan,is a system where forestry,agricultural production,and fisheries are sustained by the strong connection between Sawtooth Oak forest,multiple interlinked irriga tion ponds,and Seto Inland Sea(Vafadari 2013a;2013b;Hayashi 2013).This area receive around 1,500 mm of annual precipitation with a 相似文献
18.
P. Guilizzoni A. Marchetto A. Lami N. G. Cameron P. G. Appleby N. L. Rose Ø. A. Schnell C. A. Belis A. Giorgis L. Guzzi 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1996,15(3):245-264
A palaeoecological study of an oligotrophic alpine lake, Paione Superiore (Italy), provided a record of historical changes in water quality. Historical trends in lake acidification were reconstructed by means of calibration and regression equations from diatoms, chrysophycean scales and pigment ratios. The historical pH was inferred by using two different diatom calibration data sets, one specific to the alpine region. These pH trends, together with the record of sedimentary carbonaceous particles and chironomid remains, indicate a recent acidification of this low alkalinity lake.Concentration of total organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, biogenic silica (BSiO2), chlorophyll derivatives (CD), fucoxanthin, diatom cell concentration and number of chironomid head capsules increased during the last 2–3 decades. When expressed as accumulation rates, most of these parameters tended to decrease from the past century to c. 1950, then all except P increased to the present day. A marked increase in sedimentary nitrogen may be related to atmospheric pollution and to the general increases in output of N in Europe. High C/N ratios indicate a prevailing allochthonous source of organic matter.Finally, the increase in measured air temperature from the mid-1800's appeared to be related to lake water pH before industrialization: cold periods generally led to lower pH and vice-versa. The more recent phenomenon of anthropogenic acidification has apparently decoupled this climatic-water chemistry relationship. 相似文献
19.
K. F. Walker I. G. Dunn D. Edwards T. Petr H. Z. Yang 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1995,4(3):169-222
Quinghai Hu is a large, high-altitude, saline lake in north-western China, and supports a fishery based on an endemic species of naked carp (snow trout). The fish take seven years to attain maturity and a marketable weight of 300 g, and have a lifespan of 14–21 years under the present fishery regime. They seasonally migrate from the lake to spawn over the gravel beds of inflowing rivers, but these areas have been reduced by weirs and irrigation diversions and recruitment may have declined. The population may have been affected also by a 1.85-m fall in the lake level over the past 30 years, and by associated changes in salinity. The fishery was opened to large-scale exploitation in 1958. Yields declined sharply (max. 28,523 tonnes, 1960) as the larger, older fish were removed, and then more slowly (min. 2523 tonnes, 1983). Since 1987 the fish factory has been limited to an annual quota of 1200 tonnes, taken by a fleet of four pair trawlers. Another 800 tonnes are taken by licensed fishermen, mainly using gill nets, and perhaps 1000 tonnes are taken illegally. The estimated total catch in 1992 was 3000 tonnes. New trawlers introduced in 1989–90 substantially increased the factory's catch per unit effort, and in 1990 the quota was virtually filled in one month in a zone within 20 km of the factory. Although this could suggest that the stocks will be conserved if the quota is retained, at least half of the catch in 1989–92 consisted of immature individuals. Trawling operations recently were suspended following a further decline in the catch after 1992. While the new trawlers are capable of a major increase in effort, neither the changing environment, the fish stocks or the present markets favour intensified pressure. Gillnets may provide better control over the minimum size limit and may cause less damage than trawling. Other options to improve the viability and profitability of the fishery include improvements in handling, processing and marketing. Failure to develop the fishery may encourage attempts to introduce exotic fish, at some risk to survival of the local species. 相似文献