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1.
昌都地区位于西藏东部,区内有蒸发岩大范围分布。本文通过对昌都地区晚侏罗含膏盐达孜剖面粘土矿物类型及其组合特征进行深入研究,对成岩环境进行了分析,可为进一步探讨蒸发岩对青藏高原演化的响应关系提供一定的线索和依据。主要得到如下4点认识：(1)达孜剖面粘土矿物以伊利石为主,伊利石/蒙脱石混层次之,高岭石、绿泥石和绿泥石/蒙脱石混层含量均较低。(2)ISⅡ型有序伊/蒙混层矿物中,每隔9～19个伊利石晶层才有蒙脱石晶层出现,表明蒙脱石伊利石化程度高,受成岩作用影响较大。(3)达孜剖面呈晚成岩阶段的特征,其成岩温度大于190℃,沉积环境和成岩环境具有弱碱性的特征,同时这一时期物源区呈干燥、弱水解作用的特征。(4)高含量的Na+、K+、Al3+和低含量的Fe2+、Mg2+碱性介质对蒙脱石-蒙脱石/伊利石-伊利石这一转化过程有一定的促进作用,但同时抑制了埋藏过程后期绿泥石的大量生成。 相似文献
2.
松嫩平原西部盐沼湿地水环境化学特征 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
松嫩平原西部盐沼湿地水环境碱化程度高,水中的pH值普遍高于8.0,多数为苏打钠型水。在对本区盐沼基本水环境化学特征阐述的基础上,通过对水化学的基本变量CO32-、HCO32-、Cl-、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-、Na+和派生变量(Cl-+SO42-)/HCO32-及Na+/(Ca2+ Mg2+)等的相关分析,得出各水化学变量之间的相关关系,并以pH值为分类基础得到了判别函数和判别区域图,对区域盐沼湿地水环境化学特征的研究方法作出了有意义的尝试。 相似文献
3.
综述了柴达木盆地盐湖卤水及其沉积物的硼同位素研究成果,并从pH值、离子浓度、物源补给等几方面对盐湖卤水及其沉积物的硼同位素组成进行了探讨。强烈的蒸发作用可以导致盐湖卤水的pH值降低,从而使δ11B值相应地升高；卤水中的B可能会随碳酸盐的析出而进入到固相中,因此Ca2+浓度和Ca/Cl比值较高的湖泊,其卤水的δ11B值一般都比较高；盐湖卤水及其补给水源的δ11B值与B/Cl比值具有中等程度的负相关关系,这种特性也可以用来指示河水中硼的来源；当易风化的硅酸盐矿物经剥蚀迁移并最终在湖泊中沉积时,盐湖沉积物的δ11B值会因这些低δ11B值的物源加入而变低；此外,强烈的化学风化会使湖泊中沉积较多的细粒粘土矿物,由于粘土矿物的吸附作用也会使得盐湖沉积物中的δ11B值偏低。关于柴达木盆地盐湖硼同位素的研究,不仅可以为盐湖的形成、演化及成盐成矿规律的研究提供可靠依据,而且可以为盐湖资源评价及合理开发提供科学依据。 相似文献
4.
1860s以来巢湖沉积物金属元素富集特点及其对人类活动的指示意义 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
根据对巢湖CH1钻孔沉积物进行210Pb比活度测试和粒度、磁学、金属元素分析,在推算沉积速率并建立沉积物年代学标尺的基础上,分析了沉积物金属元素富集与粒度组成和磁学特性间的关系。在对沉积物金属元素含量进行粒度校正后,发现大约自沉积速率推算年代1860s A.D.起,沉积物Cu、Zn元素开始出现非自然水平富集,是化石燃料高温燃烧、金属冶炼与机械制造等人为活动影响所致。这与始自1861年,以生产枪炮、弹药、火轮船为主的中国近代第一个兵工厂——安庆内军械所,在时间上与可能的金属污染性质上是完全一致的,说明巢湖沉积物金属元素的非自然水平富集,是对这一时期区域工业发轫与人类工业活动的沉积响应。 相似文献
5.
以察尔汗盐湖达布逊区段补水溶采区为研究区,靠近补水渠的D01、D03以及D05水文观测孔地下卤水为研究对象,通过水化学、相图等分析方法,研究了地下卤水在固液转化过程中水化学的时空变化特征及其影响因素。研究结果表明,储卤层中卤水化学特性在空间上具有明显差异性。在纵向上,随深度增加Na+、SO42-浓度、pH值降低,而Mg2+、Cl-、HCO3-、Li+、B3+浓度、TDS和比重升高;在横向上,D01孔中卤水具有较高的Na+、SO42-、HCO3-、Li+浓度、pH值以及较低的TDS和比重;D03孔中卤水具有较高的K+、B3+浓度;D05孔中具有较高的TDS、比重、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-以及Sr2+浓度。揭示了卤水在盐层中的滞留时间、盐层渗透性差异、矿物组合与分布及温度变化是影响地下卤水水化学分布特征的主要因素,并初步研究认为补水溶矿具有局限性,D01孔受补水影响最大,D03孔次之,D05孔受补水影响较弱。 相似文献
6.
基于氢氧同位素与水化学的 潮白河流域地下水水循环特征 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：23
为了研究变化环境下潮白河流域地下水水循环规律,通过现场调查,结合环境同位素及水化学应用,对潮白河流域浅层和深层地下水采样,测定其氢、氧环境同位素及水化学成分,通过分析其变化特征判明地下水的补给来源以及各含水层的相互联系。降水和地下水中的环境同位素δD和δ18O组成分析表明,降水是山前地下水的主要补给源,山区浅层地下水受蒸发影响非常强烈。水化学研究结果表明,山区地下水水质以 Ca2+和 HCO-3为主,属Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO-3型地下水。山前地下水类型为Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO-3、 Na+-K+-HCO-3、Mg2+-Ca2+-HCO-3和 Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl--SO2-4。平原区地下水为Mg2+, Na+和HCO-3。滨海冲积海积平原为Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO-3型和Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl--SO2-4型地下水。水化学分析证实了越流补给的存在。Ca2+ 和 HCO-3离子均呈山区高、山前和平原低、而滨海增高的趋势。沿潮白河流向地下水类型变化为:Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO-3 Na+＝K+-HCO-3 Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO-3。 相似文献
7.
2008年9~10月和2009年9月对内蒙古西部地区14个盐湖进行了考察、采样和分析。研究发现,本区盐湖卤水主要离子含量顺序为Na+>Cl->SO2-4>Mg2+>K+,次要离子为Ca2+ >HCO-3>CO2-3,微量元素为B2O3>Br->Li+。Na+的分布特征为东部高,北部中等,西南部偏低;而Cl-为东高西低;K+大致为南高北低;Mg2+为中部高,西部低,北部与南部中等。SO2-4、 Ca2+和CO2-3的区域分布特征均不明显;微量元素Li+ 、Br-、B2O3含量虽局部(两大沙漠连接带)有所富集,但绝对含量不高。对天然盐湖和人工采盐池的卤水进行了对比。采盐池中卤水因为蒸发强烈,离子浓度显著高于天然盐湖。分析天然盐湖与采盐池卤水离子浓度的变化规律发现,卤水蒸发初期Na+、Cl-、SO2-4离子浓度随矿化度的升高而增大,Ca2+离子浓度明显下降,卤水蒸发后期Mg2+、K+大量富集,整个卤水蒸发过程中微量元素Li+与B2O3浓度一直随矿化度的升高而增大。这些结果对内蒙古西部盐湖的研究与开发都具有积极意义。 相似文献
8.
对黄土磁化率、粒度年龄模型的检验(自检) 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用临夏塬堡剖面高分辨率的黄土记录,将研究剖面土壤地层界线,即剖面2.3m处的MIS1/2的分界线年龄11.5KaBP、剖面21.4m处的MIS3/4的分界线年龄59.8KaBP组成三种节点控制年龄模式,分界线年龄的获得依据南京葫芦洞石笋气候事件年龄确定,即模式1:0KaBP59.8KaBP;模式2:0KaBP11.5KaBP和11.5KaBP59.8KaBP;模式3:11.5KaBP59.8KaBP。运用磁化率年龄模型和粒度年龄模型分别计算研究剖面各个层位的地层沉积时间,结合剖面岩性和气候阶段对相同层位的计算年龄对比分析后发现:磁化率年龄模型和粒度年龄模型均存在缺陷,但以模式2作为节点控制年龄时,即在冰期或间冰期内选取合适的节点控制年龄,利用磁化率年龄模型或粒度年龄模型高分辨率确定的地层沉积时间与地层实际的沉积时间较接近,且在冰期或间冰期内节点控制年龄越多确定的地层沉积时间越趋近实际沉积时间。 相似文献
9.
用非培养法获得新疆维吾尔自治区艾比湖湖底沉积物原核微生物菌群组成,并与已有盐湖原核微生物菌群数据进行比对,分析湖泊由淡水湖向盐湖演替过程中原核微生物群落结构变化规律。实验获得艾比湖原核微生物16S rRNA基因序列,并从NCBI数据库下载赛里木湖、柴窝堡湖和顿巴斯他乌盐湖3个湖泊的非培养原核微生物16S rRNA基因序列数据。用不同盐湖细菌和古菌16S rRNA序列信息构建系统发育树并与其理化指标进行典型性相关分析。同源比对及聚类结果显示,艾比湖湖底沉积物中细菌包括4个门,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)占克隆文库的64%,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占9.4%,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)占3.4%,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)占2.6%,此外含有未分类类群20.6%。古菌含有两个门,广古菌门(Euryarchaeota,98.3%)和盐纳古菌门(Nanohaloarchaeota,1.7%)。不同盐湖系统发育树结果显示,随盐度增加,盐湖细菌从变形菌门向拟杆菌门演替；古菌从奇古菌门和泉古菌门向广古菌门和盐纳古菌门演替。RDA结果显示,Na+、Cl-、SO42-和矿化度对盐湖原核微生物多样性结构起到决定性的作用,K+、Mg2+和Ca2+对艾比湖菌群结构影响作用最为显著。原核微生物群落会随着湖水盐浓度的增加和盐湖化学成分的不同而发生演替。 相似文献
10.
辽南滨海黄土粒度环境信息高分辨率研究 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
对辽南滨海黄土粒度研究证明 ,滨海黄土是在第四纪冰期寒冷气候下的产物 ,但是 ,由于滨海黄土所处靠近沿海的地理位置使得这种黄土的形成机制具有独特性。冰期时渤海湾西岸海面下降出露的冲洪积物和海底砂是滨海黄土除西北内陆地区以外的另一重要物源 ,搬运以风砂跃移方式进行。滨海黄土的粒度中包涵了丰富的有关渤海湾海面变化的信息。辽南滨海黄土剖面中的粒度拟合值、 2 - 3Ф粒级百分含量反映了渤海的海退、海侵过程和末次冰期蒙古高压的强弱 ,这种变化与滨海黄土 3个孢粉组合带所反映的古气候环境相吻合 ,同邻近地区的海面升降变化和深海岩芯氧同位素阶段也存在良好的对应关系 ,滨海黄土粒度的拟合度是本区古环境变化的重要的替代指标。 相似文献
11.
本文根据官厅蒸发站20米2蒸发池的观测资料与气象要素特征值之间关系,建立道尔顿类型的水面蒸发计算模式,计算了京津唐地区60个气象站的年、月蒸发值,并绘制年、季(典型月分)的蒸发分布图。 相似文献
12.
13.
Downstream variation of hydraulic geometry in rivers, characterized by fine textured banks and low width to depth ratios (7–25), is investigated in Victoria, Australia, with the aim of developing predictive models of channel geometry for large-scale spatial modeling applications. A one-dimensional hydraulic model is used to determine the mean bank-full geometry and discharge (Qbf) for 93 sites which are investigated in relation to discharge of fixed average recurrence interval (ARI). The median bank-full ARI is estimated at 0.8 years with 75% of sites between 0.5 and 2.5 years. Exponents in the downstream hydraulic geometry relations for width, depth and velocity are respectively 0.43, 0.40 and 0.18 (Q = Qbf) and 0.44, 0.38 and 0.03 (Q = Q2, i.e., 2-year ARI), falling near the mode of global values. Q2 and slope explain 66% of variance in Qbf, while Q2 explains 73% and 69% of the variance in width and depth relations, respectively: Q2 provides a reliable substitute for Qbf in spatial modeling applications. Spatial variation in hydraulic geometry relations within and between river basins remains largely unexplained. The W/D ratio characteristically decreases with increasing distance along the lower reaches of most rivers and this has contributed to the lower than expected value for the width exponent. 相似文献
14.
Margarita Caballero Gabriela Vázquez Socorro Lozano-García Alejandro Rodríguez Susana Sosa-Nájera Ana Carolina Ruiz-Fernández Beatriz Ortega 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(1):83-97
The Sierra de Los Tuxtlas is a recently active volcanic field, with eruptions in 1664 and 1792. It holds one of the reserves
of tropical evergreen forest in Mexico, as well as several maar lakes. One of them, Lago Verde, was chosen for a three-fold
study (1) on its present limnological conditions, (2) on the algal community living in the water column and preserved in the
surface sediments; and (3) on its recent history (ca. 340 yr). The palaeolimnological study was based on multiproxy analyses
on core material dated by 210Pb, 137Cs and 14C. Lago Verde is a small, shallow lake with dilute, slightly alkaline water (CO32− + HCO3− > Cl− > SO42−, Na+ + K+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+). It is turbid, eutrophic, with high phosphorus levels. It is a warm polymictic lake, with thermal and oxygen stratification
establishing by midday during the warm months. The lake does not stratify in winter. Diatoms dominate the phytoplankton community
in the cold ‘nortes’ season, Cyanobacteria in summer, and Chlorophyta in autumn. Cyanobacteria (Chroococcales) are not well
preserved in the surface sediments while Chlorophyta are better preserved. Sedimentary diatoms are well preserved, dominated
by the three most abundant species in the water column: Achnanthidium minutissimum, Fragilaria capucina and Aulacoseira granulata. The base of the studied sequences is constrained by the historic eruption of 1664. The period from 1664 to 1963 is characterised
by a meso-eutrophic lake. Tropical Forest vegetation reaches maximum values between ca. 1800 and 1963. Between ca. 1785 and
1885 the lake was slightly shallower than in the rest of the 1664–1963 period, probably recording climatic variability. An
early pulse of anthropogenic disturbance was recorded by ca. 1921 and after ca. 1963 intense forest clearance and high erosion
rates led to a more turbid, more productive, nutrient-rich lake. The highest anthropogenic impact was reached by ca. 1988;
afterwards the lake and its basin reached a new balance, with the establishment of the present modern conditions. 相似文献
15.
Sediment focusing in six small lake basins is inferred from sedimentary radionuclide profiles. The activities of137Cs and9+240Pu do not decrease to zero above the sub-surface maximum but tail off gradually. Similar behavior is observed in the sediments of three lakes for134Cs and60Co, which were added only to the lake. This upward tailing is not caused by bioturbation or erosion from the watershed. Sediment focusing is the likely cause, further substantiated by inventories in deep sediments of9+240Pu and210Pb that are twice as high as expected from atmospheric fallout. Inventories in deep sediments of137Cs are in several cases lower than expected from atmospheric fallout, and cannot be explained by hydraulic flushing from the lakes, as this would require unreasonable flushing rates. The low137Cs inventories and the sedimentary profiles of the137Cs/9+240Pu ratio are consistent with137Cs removal from the water column by boundary scavenging to shallow sediments. The profiles and inventories of all three nuclides could be reproduced with a simple three box model, assuming focusing of shallow sediments (50–60% of total sediment area) to deep sediments with a rate constant of 5–10% yr–1.This is the seventh of a series of papers to be published by this journal following the 20
th
anniversary of the first application of210Pb dating of lake sediment. Dr P. G. Appleby is guest editing this series. 相似文献
16.
Birgitta Schütt 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1998,20(3):217-234
The paper involves detailed geochemical and mineralogical analysis of lacustrine sediments from a 95 cm core profile collected in the closed lake basin of the Laguna de Gallocanta, central Iberian Chain. The environmental and depositional changes are confirmed by: (1) variations in concentrations of SiO2, CaO and P2O5, (2) Fe2O3:MnO-ratios, (3) (CaO,MgO):SiO2-ratio, (4) statistical relationship of silica and phosphate content to metallic oxide content, (5) the Mg:Ca-ratio of protodolomites in relation to the position of the diffraction angle of dolomite's major diffraction peak (dol100, and (6) changes in mineralogical composition.Three sedimentary units were identifyed and characterized by their mineralogical and geochemical composition. The deposition of the underlying strata (section 1) occurred under sub-arid conditions. The environment changed to sub-humid conditions during deposition of the sediments in section 2 (post Middle Ages). Increasing aridity influenced the accumulation of the upper sediments (section 3).It is also proven that mineralogical analyses of lacustrine sediments allows mostly conclusions on the limnic environments during deposition. In contrast to this, geochemical features of lacustrine sediments indicate weathering and soil forming processes during deposition and the overall geomorphological system. 相似文献
17.
M.D. Dyar T.D. Glotch M.D. Lane B. Wopenka J.M. Tucker S.J. Seaman G.J. Marchand R. Klima T. Hiroi J.L. Bishop C. Pieters J. Sunshine 《Polar Science》2011,4(4):530-549
Comprehensive spectroscopic characterization of interior and exterior chips of the lherzolitic shergottite Y-984028 has been performed using results from six techniques. Data from UV–visible–near-IR reflectance spectra, thermal (mid-IR) emission spectra, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra, transmission FTIR spectra, Raman microprobe spectra, and Mössbauer spectra of whole rock and mineral separates from this meteorite are integrated and compared. Five of these analytical techniques accurately determined the ～Fo65 composition of the olivine within ±10 mol%. Both transmission FTIR and ATR spectra show broad features near 3500 cm?1 indicating the presence of OH/H2O that does not arise from surface water adsorption. The brown color of the Y-984028 olivine is likely due to the presence of nanophase metallic iron particles (npFe0) dispersed throughout the olivine during a major shock event on Mars. Y-984028 olivine also contains a significant amount of Fe3+, but this cannot be distinguished from Fe3+ that is present in pyroxene and possibly clay minerals. This meteorite and the nakhlite MIL03346 are the two most oxidized of the SNC meteorites studied to date, with Fe3+ contents consistent with high-temperature equilibration near the QFM oxygen buffer. 相似文献
18.
We have measured the distribution coefficient (Kd) of210Po and210Pb in laboratory systems and in natural freshwater systems. In the laboratory systems, an inverse relationship was observed between the particle concentration of sand or lake sediment, and the distribution coefficients of210Po and210Pb. The slope of the log-linearK
d
vs particle concentration relation is consistent with existingK
d-particle concentration theories. These laboratory observations are consistent with similar measurements in two lakes. TheK
d values of Po and Pb for the bottom sediment-pore water system with a high particle concentration were 10 to 100 times lower than those for dilute concentrations of particles suspended in the lake water. TheK
d of210Pb in the sediments was >104 so that the diffusive transport of210Pb has only a small influence on the interpretation of210Pb concentration-depth profiles and the210Pb dating of these sediments.This is the second of a series of papers to be published by this journal following the 20th anniversary of the first application of210Pb dating of lake sediments. Dr P. G. Appleby is guest editing. 相似文献
19.
Alexandra Rouillard Peter Rosén Marianne S. V. Douglas Reinhard Pienitz John P. Smol 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2011,46(2):187-202
We developed an inference model to infer dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in lakewater from lake sediments using visible-near-infrared
spectroscopy (VNIRS). The inference model used surface sediment samples collected from 160 Arctic Canada lakes, covering broad
latitudinal (60–83°N), longitudinal (71–138°W) and environmental gradients, with a DOC range of 0.6–39.6 mg L−1. The model was applied to Holocene lake sediment cores from Sweden and Canada and our inferences are compared to results
from previous multiproxy paleolimnological investigations at these two sites. The inferred Swedish and Canadian DOC profiles
are compared, respectively, to inferences from a Swedish-based VNIRS-total organic carbon (TOC) model and a Canadian-based
diatom-inferred (Di-DOC) model from the same sediment records. The 5-component Partial Least Squares (PLS) model yields a
cross-validated (CV) RCV2 R_{CV}^{2} = 0.61 and a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP
CV
) = 4.4 mg L−1 (11% of DOC gradient). The trends inferred for the two lakes were remarkably similar to the VNIRS-TOC and the Di-DOC inferred
profiles and consistent with the other paleolimnological proxies, although absolute values differed. Differences in the calibration
set gradients and lack of analogous VNIRS signatures in the modern datasets may explain this discrepancy. Our results corroborate
previous geographically independent studies on the potential of using VNIRS to reconstruct past trends in lakewater DOC concentrations
rapidly. 相似文献
20.
Evaluating the mobility of137Cs,239+240Pu and210Pb from their distributions in laminated lake sediments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Post-depositional mobility of137Cs,239+240Pu and210Pb was assessed in six small lake basins by comparing sedimentary nuclide profiles with their known fallout history. Laminae couplets, when present, were determined to be varves because the137Cs and239+240Pu 1963 fallout peaks are present in laminae couplets corresponding to years 1962–1964. There is no evidence of mobility of210Pb, because 1) mass accumulation rates based on210Pb agree with those based on137Cs and239+240Pu peak depths and with those based on varve counts, and 2)210Pb ages agree with varve ages. Significant mobility of137Cs is evident from the penetration of137Cs to depths 15–20 cm deeper than239+240Pu. Deep penetration of137Cs in spite of a sharp gradient below the peak is interpreted by a numerical model to suggest that137Cs is present in two distinct forms in these sediments, 67–82% as an immobile form and 18–33% reversibly adsorbed with a K
d
of approximately 5000. The profiles can be interpreted equally well assuming a small portionof the total137Cs was present as an extremely mobile phase (K
d
5000) in the months to years following peak fallout, slowly becoming more strongly adsorbed. High NH
4
+
concentrations in porewaters may enhance diffusion of the mobile form of137Cs, but not of the immobile form of137Cs that defines the sharp gradient. Mobility of137Cs is likely also enhanced by the low clay content and the high porosity of these sediments. Thus the first detection of137Cs in the sediments cannot automatically be assumed to correspond to a date of 1952 (initial testing of thermonuclear weapons), although the depth of the peak can be assumed to correspond to 1963 (the year of maximum fallout from testing of thermonuclear weapons).239+240Pu is a more reliable sediment chronometer than137Cs because it is significantly less mobile.This is the sixth of a series of papers to be published by this journal following the 20
th
anniversary of the first application of210Pb dating of lake sediments. Dr P.G. Appleby is guest editing this series. 相似文献