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1.
近几十年来气候变化越发严峻,对北极渔业资源产生极大的影响。气候变化引发的海水升温、海平面上升和海冰缩减等改变,不仅直接影响北极渔业资源的种类习性及时空分布,而且通过对洋流、北极涛动、臭氧层等的影响间接地影响北极渔业资源的格局。气候变化对北极渔业资源的结构和数量有着不可逆转的影响,且影响范围广。本文通过对影响北极渔业资源的重大气候变化进行分析研究,找出气候变化影响北极渔业资源的主要因素,从而为应对气候变化,保护北极渔业资源提供基础,以便有效地、科学地并全面地确保北极渔业的可持续发展。 相似文献
2.
Rapid 20th century environmental change on northeastern Baffin Island,Arctic Canada inferred from a multi-proxy lacustrine record 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
The Arctic has a disproportionately large response to changes in radiative forcing of climate, and arctic lacustrine ecosystems
respond sensitively to these changes. The goal of this research is to generate high-resolution climate records for the past
two millennia using multiple proxies in order to place 20th and 21st century climate and environmental change into a long-term
context. We use a 14C- and 210Pb-dated surface core from Lake CF8 on northeastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada to generate a high-resolution multiproxy
reconstruction of climate and environmental change. Throughout the late Holocene, primary productivity in Lake CF8 was low,
but increased almost 20-fold in the past 200 years. Insect (Chironomidae) assemblages also show dramatic changes since 1950
AD, with cold stenothermous chironomid taxa disappearing from the record altogether. These changes in productivity and chironomid
assemblages are unprecedented in the past 5,000 years. The dramatic ecological shifts that occurred at Lake CF8 have also
been observed elsewhere in the Arctic, and will likely continue at ever-increasing rates as anthropogenic inputs of green
house gases continue to cause climate warming and enhanced lacustrine primary production. 相似文献
3.
Foreword to the special issue: climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability in the Arctic 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Arctic climate is changing, carrying wide-ranging implications for indigenous and non-indigenous inhabitants, businesses, industry and government across the circumpolar region. The latest scientific assessments indicate that change is happening faster than previously thought, and that the Arctic will continue to experience dramatic climate change in the future. This special edition of Polar Research brings together nine papers on climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability in the Arctic, providing important insights on the nature of the risks and opportunities posed by climate change in the circumpolar region, highlighting opportunities for policy response and providing insights on how to conduct effective climate change research with Arctic communities. 相似文献
4.
The interaction between the cryosphere and atmosphere is an essential and extremely sensitive mutual action process on the earth. Due to global warming and the cryospheric melting, more and more attention has been paid to the interaction process between the cryosphere and atmosphere, especially the feedback of the cryosphere change to the atmosphere. A comprehensive review of the studies on the interaction between the cryosphere and atmosphere is conducted from two aspects: (1) effects of climate change on the cryosphere or responses of the cryosphere to climate change; and (2) feedback of the cryosphere change to the climate. The response of the cryosphere to climate change is lagging. Such a lagging and cumulative effect of temperature rise within the cryosphere have resulted in a rapid change in the cryosphere in the 21st century, and its impacts have become more significant. The feedback from cryosphere change on the climate are omnifarious. Among them, the effects of sea ice loss and snow cover change, especially the Arctic sea ice loss and the Northern Hemisphere snow cover change, are the most prominent. The Arctic amplification (AA) associated with sea ice feedback is disturbing , and the feedback generated by the effect of temperature rise on snow properties in the Northern Hemisphere is also of great concern. There are growing evidence of the impact of the Arctic cryosphere melting on mid-latitude weather and climate. Weakened storm troughs, steered jet stream and amplified planetary waves associated with energy propagation become the key to explaining the links between Arctic cryosphere change and atmospheric circulation. There is still a great deal of uncertainty about how cryosphere change affects the weather and climate through different atmospheric circulation processes at different spatial and temporal scales due to observation and simulation problems. 相似文献
5.
6.
Julie Brigham-Grette Martin Melles Pavel Minyuk Scientific Party 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,37(1):1-16
Sediment piston cores from Lake El’gygytgyn (67°N, 172°E), a 3.6 million year old meteorite impact crater in northeastern
Siberia, have been analyzed to extract a multi-proxy millennial-scale climate record extending to nearly 250 ka, with distinct
fluctuations in sedimentological, physical, biochemical, and paleoecological parameters. Five major themes emerge from this
research. First the pilot cores and seismic data show that El’gygytygn Crater Lake contains what is expected to be the longest,
most continuous terrestrial record of past climate change in the entire Arctic back to the time of impact. Second, processes
operating in the El’gygytygn basin lead to changes in the limnogeology and the biogeochemistry that reflect robust changes
in the regional climate and paleoecology over a large part of the western Arctic. Third, the magnetic susceptibility and other
proxies record numerous rapid change events. The recovered lake sediment contains both the best-resolved record of the last
interglacial and the longest terrestrial record of millennial scale climate change in the Arctic, yielding a high fidelity
multi-proxy record extending nearly 150,000 years beyond what has been obtained from the Greenland Ice Sheet. Fourth, the
potential for evaluating teleconnections under different mean climate states is high. Despite the heterogeneous nature of
recent Arctic climate change, millennial scale climate events in the North Atlantic/Greenland region are recorded in the most
distal regions of the Arctic under variable boundary conditions. Finally, deep drilling of the complete depositional record
in Lake El’gygytgyn will offer new insights and, perhaps, surprises into the late Cenozoic evolution of Arctic climate.
This is the first in a series of eleven papers published in
this special issue dedicated to initial studies of El'gygytgyn
Crater Lake and its catchment in NE Russia. Julie Brigham-Grette, Martin Melles, Pavel Minyuk were guest
editors of this special issue. 相似文献
7.
Darrell S. Kaufman 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2009,41(1):1-6
The 14 papers in this Special Issue of the Journal of Paleolimnology report new records of Holocene climate and environmental change from Arctic lakes, with emphasis on the last 2000 years.
The study sites span the high latitudes of North America and extend into northwestern Europe. The studies rely on multiple
proxy indicators to reconstruct past climate, including: varve thicknesses, chironomid, diatom, and pollen assemblages, biogenic-silica
and organic-matter content, oxygen-isotope ratios in diatoms, and the frequency of lake-ice-rafted aggregates. These proxies
primarily document changes in past summer temperatures, the main control on physical and biological processes in lakes at
high latitudes. The records will be integrated into a larger network of paleoclimate sites to investigate the spatial and
temporal variability of climate change and to compare the paleoclimate inferences with the output of general circulation models.
This is the Introduction to a series of fourteen papers published as a special issue dedicated to reconstructing late Holocene
climate change from Arctic lake sediments. The special issue is a contribution to the International Polar Year and was edited
by Darrell Kaufman. 相似文献
8.
<正> Based on the Germany Koldwey Station's 1994-2003 conventional ob-servation hourly data,this paper conducts a statistical analysis on the short-termclimate characteristics for an arctic tundra region(Ny-lesund island)where ourfirst arctic expedition station(Huanghe Station)was located.Affected by theNorth Atlantic warming current,this area has a humid temperate climate,andthe air temperature at Ny-lesund rose above 0℃ even during deep winter sea-son during our research period.The wind speed in this area was low and appearedmost at southeast direction.We find that the temperature at Ny-lesund rose inthe faster rate(0.68℃/10 a)than those at the whole Arctic area.Comparedwith the floating ices where our expedition conducted in the Arctic,Ny-lesundwas warmer and more humid and had lower wind speed.Comparison of the nearsurface air temperature derived by NCEP/NCAR reanalysis to the conventionalmeasurements conducted at the Koldwey site in Ny-lesund area shows a good a-greement for winter season and a significant difference for summer season. 相似文献
9.
近年来有关温室气体,特别是CO2浓度上升导致的全球气候变暖将引起灾难性后果的理论,已成为全球关注和讨论的重点.本研究通过分析和总结器测资料和最近2000 a来温度序列,得出如下观点和结论：1）全球变暖是客观存在的,但是全球升温的幅度存在不确定性;2）人类活动和自然因素共同影响着气候变暖,仅从自然因素方面考虑未来存在降温的可能,因此未来温度的变化趋势很难预测;3）过去2000 a来冷暖变化频繁交替,最近100 a来的升温速率是否是过去2000 a中最大的时期存在不确定性.因此,在得出明确结论之前,需要进一步加大研究力度,明确这些不确定性. 相似文献
10.
A compilation of paleoclimate records from lake sediments, trees, ice cores, and historical documents provide a view of China and Arctic environmental changes in the last 600 years. Many of these changes have also been identified in sedimentary and geochemical signatures in deep-sea sediment cores from the North Atlantic Ocean, Arctic and Greenland and ice cores from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, confirming the linkage of environmental changes of different time scales between the Arctic and China. It is shown that the changes of precipitation, temperature and sea ice cover in Arctic were correlated with climate changes in China. This paper also developed a comparative research on the climate changes between Arctic and China both during the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the instrumental observation period. Cycles and trend of temperature variations during LIA and temperature and precipitation during the instrumental observation period are performed. We found some similarities and differences of environmental changes between Arctic and China. 相似文献
11.
近600年来北极与中国气候变化的对比 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
许娟 《地理学报(英文版)》2004,14(3):289-295
A compilation of paleoclimate records from lake sediments, trees, ice cores, and historical documents provide a view of China and Arctic environmental changes in the last 600 years. Many of these changes have also been identified in sedimentary and geochemical signatures in deep-sea sediment cores from the North Atlantic Ocean, Arctic and Greenland and ice cores from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, confirming the linkage of environmental changes of different time scales between the Arctic and China. It is shown that the changes of precipitation, temperature and sea ice cover in Arctic were correlated with climate changes in China. This paper also developed a comparative research on the climate changes between Arctic and China both during the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the instrumental observation period. Cycles and trend of temperature variations during LIA and temperature and precipitation during the instrumental observation period are performed. We found some similarities and differences of environmental changes between Arctic and China. 相似文献
12.
冰冻圈变化的自然过程影响着国家领土博弈地缘关系的建构。基于人地关系思想,以变化-影响-适应为主线建立气候变化影响下冰冻圈国家领土博弈的研究框架,分析自然因素对冰冻圈地缘结构的塑造和对冰冻圈国家身份-利益的建构,以及极地海权、陆权和其他地区领土博弈所形成的双多边地缘关系。研究结果：① 冰冻圈领土博弈地缘结构初步形成。理念层面,自然要素成为气候政治的力量之一,冰冻圈领土博弈体现出传统地缘逻辑;空间层面,气候变化释放极地、高山等新运筹空间,北极、南极成为大国博弈焦点;物质层面,极地海权和陆权利益是大国博弈的主要目标。② 冰冻圈国家身份-利益影响其冰冻圈地缘政治行为,其身份认同的客观基础之一是在冰冻圈分布结构的相对位置。③ 冰冻圈国家领土博弈地缘关系有“趋利”“避害”两类。“利”指为赢得极地海权、陆权,气候变化下西方大国和地区大国开始争夺南北极200海里外大陆架权属,加强极地实质性“硬、软存在”战略布局,美国和丹麦强化格陵兰岛北极战略支点作用;“害”指冰冻圈灾害引起的跨境气候移民等国家利益受损问题。 相似文献
13.
Tristan D. Pearce James D. Ford Gita J. Laidler Barry Smit Frank Duerden Mishak Allarut Mark Andrachuk Steven Baryluk rew Dialla Pootoogoo Elee Annie Goose Theo Ikummaq Eric Joamie Fred Kataoyak Eric Loring Stephanie Meakin Scott Nickels Kip Shappa Jamal Shirley & Johanna Wandel 《Polar research》2009,28(1):10-27
Research on climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation, particularly projects aiming to contribute to practical adaptation initiatives, requires active involvement and collaboration with community members and local, regional and national organizations that use this research for policy-making. Arctic communities are already experiencing and adapting to environmental and socio-cultural changes, and researchers have a practical and ethical responsibility to engage with communities that are the focus of the research. This paper draws on the experiences of researchers working with communities across the Canadian Arctic, together with the expertise of Inuit organizations, Northern research institutes and community partners, to outline key considerations for effectively engaging Arctic communities in collaborative research. These considerations include: initiating early and ongoing communication with communities, and regional and national contacts; involving communities in research design and development; facilitating opportunities for local employment; and disseminating research findings. Examples of each consideration are drawn from climate change research conducted with communities in the Canadian Arctic. 相似文献
14.
极涡是北极中上层对流层和平流层大气的持续性大尺度气旋性环流,它的活动和变化控制着泛极地半永久性活动中心和副极地短时间尺度的气旋活动。极涡强度变化直接关系到北极大气、海洋、海冰和生态环境,影响低层大气环流,影响副极地甚至中纬度天气。中国第2次北极科学考察期间正是北极平流层中上层暖性反气旋性环流向冷性气旋性环流转变和极涡建立时期。一些学者已通过平流层和对流层耦合机制的研究探索极涡变化对低层环流的作用。平流层爆发性增暖对极涡变化影响早已引起人们关注。本文概述我们对极涡的认识,总结近期有关极涡变化对低层环流的作用以及它对气候影响的机制研究的进展,并讨论对一些问题的看法。 相似文献
15.
利用我国北极黄河站所在地,德国Koldwey站1994-2003年的逐时常规气象资料,对北极苔原Ny lesund地区短期气候特征进行了初步分析。结果表明,由于受北大西洋暖流的影响,该地是北极同纬度温度最高的地区。岛上气候温暖湿润,即使在隆冬季节,日平均气温都可以升至0℃以上。全年平均风力较小,以东南(SE)风居多。该地区平均增温速度为0. 68℃/10a,是北极增温较快的地区之一。与同期我国北冰洋浮冰区考察数据相比较,Ny lesund气候更温暖湿润,风速要小得多。在Ny lesund地区,美国国家环境预测中心/美国国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)的近地面气温的再分析结果,与Koldwey站实测常规地面资料相比,在冬季基本一致,而在夏季则差异较大。 相似文献
16.
从自发组建的非政府组织到北极事务中颇具影响力的权力组织,原住民组织已经成长为北极事务中不可忽视的利益攸关方。在获取北极事务参与权及实施行动决策中,北极原住民组织展现了独特的思考和实践。基于批判地缘政治学的理论视角观察因纽特环北极理事会为代表的原住民组织的发展历程,发现：（1）北极原住民组织强调基于文本生产的知识权力获取方式;（2）制度性参与是原住民组织的主要行动路径。北极事务参与权的获取及针对性行动策略的实施帮助原住民组织成功影响和重塑了北极的治理理念、身份认同与地理空间,推动北极地区向着善治和良治发展。通过对因纽特环北极理事会案例的解析,可以为中国拓展自身在北极地区的合作空间提供参考。 相似文献
17.
物候变化是气候变化的重要指示器,通过对植被物候时空变化的研究可以为进一步分析全球气候变化提供依据。基于2000—2017年MODIS-NDVI时间序列数据,利用不对称高斯函数和动态阈值法,提取、分析了东西伯利亚苔原—泰加林过渡带植被生长季起始期（SOS）、结束期（EOS）、中期（MOS）和长度（LOS）4种植被遥感物候参数的时空变化格局。同时结合同期CRU（Climate Research Unit）气温观测数据,分析了4种物候参数对气温变化的响应关系。结果表明：遥感物候参数可以直接、有效地反映气温的变化：研究区64°N以南区域4—5月气温升高,对应区域SOS提前5~15 d;64°N~72°N之间5—6月气温升高,对应区域SOS提前10~25 d;最北端北冰洋沿岸6月气温升高幅度较小且7月气温降低,对应区域SOS推后15~25 d;西北部8月、西南部9月气温降低,对应地区EOS提前15~30 d;67°N以南区域9—10月气温升高,对应区域EOS推后5~30 d;EOS的变化对气温变化较SOS更为敏感,较小的气温波动即引起EOS较大的变动;研究区内植被生长季整体呈前移趋势,且西北部LOS缩短,中部、南部LOS延长。 相似文献
18.
北京大学生物地理学与生态学的发展与成就 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
北京大学的生物地理学研究始于1953年成立的植物地理小组,1991年拓展为景观生态学教研室,21世纪初发展为生态学系。半个多世纪以来,依托地理学系（现城市与环境学院）,北京大学生物地理学与生态学研究团队极大地推动了植被结构、功能和动态研究,在干旱半干旱区、高山林线等关键地区的植物地理学研究方面取得了开创性的成果,在此基础上有力地推动了以景观生态学和城市生态学为代表的宏观生态学研究。近年来,围绕全球变化和生物多样性等全球关注的热点问题,北京大学生物地理学与生态学研究团队在气候变化及生态响应、碳循环、生物多样性、植物化学计量学等前沿方向开展了开创性的工作,并服务于气候变化的适应对策、生物多样性保护等国家战略。目前,北京大学生物地理学与生态学研究在软硬件建设方面都取得了长足的进步,建设了塞罕坝生态站等观测设施和全国树木生长、森林施肥实验、高山林线监测等平台,形成并延续了国家自然科学基金委“中国陆地植被的格局与功能”创新研究团队。未来将加强不同尺度生态学研究方法的整合,同时围绕区域生态退化开展生态修复的支撑研究。 相似文献
19.
The Arctic vortex is a persistent large-scale cyclonic circulation in the middle and upper troposphere and the stratosphere. Its activity and variation control the semi-permanent active centers of Pan-Arctic and the short-time cyclone activity in the subarctic areas. Its strength variation, which directly relates to the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and ecosystem of the Arctic, can affect the lower atmospheric circulation, the weather of subarctic area and even the weather of middle latitude areas. The 2003 Chinese Second Arctic Research Expedition experienced the transition of the stratosphereic circulation from a warm anticyclone to a cold cyclone during the ending period of Arctic summertime, a typical establishing process of the polar vortex circulation. The impact of the polar vortex variation on the low-level circulation has been investigated by some scientists through studying the coupling mechanisms of the stratosphere and troposphere. The impact of the Stratospheric Sudden Warming (SFW) events on the polar vortex variation was drawing people's great attention in the fifties of the last century. The Arctic Oscillation (AO), relating to the variation of the Arctic vortex, has been used to study the impact of the Arctic vortex on climate change. The recent Arctic vortex studies are simply reviewed and some discussions on the Arctic vertex are given in the paper. Some different views and questions are also discussed. 相似文献
20.
A high resolution multi-proxy record of pronounced recent environmental change at Baker Lake,Nunavut
A. S. Medeiros C. E. Friel S. A. Finkelstein R. Quinlan 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,47(4):661-676
Arctic aquatic systems are considered to be especially sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance, which can have cascading effects
on biological communities as aquatic food-web structure is altered. Bio-indicators that respond to major limnological changes
can be used to detect and infer major environmental change, such as climate warming, with the use of paleolimnological techniques.
A multi-proxy approach was used to quantify recent environmental changes at Baker Lake, Nunavut, Arctic Canada. Analyses of
fossilized remains of chironomids and diatoms were conducted on a sediment core of 20 cm in length sampled at 0.5-cm intervals.
A new surface sediment training set of subfossil chironomid assemblages from 65 lakes across the eastern Canadian Arctic generated
a robust (r
jack2 = 0.79) surface water paleotemperature transfer function. The transfer function was applied to stratigraphic intervals from
the Baker Lake sediment core to generate a paleotemperature reconstruction of sub-decadal resolution. The surface water temperature
reconstruction inferred a 2°C increase in mid-summer surface water temperature for Baker Lake over the last 60 years, which
was corroborated by the local instrumental record spanning the period of 1950–2007 AD. The chironomid record shows a recent
decline of several cold-water taxa and appearance of warm-water indicators. This shift in community structure began circa
1906 AD, and intensified after 1940 AD. The corresponding fossil diatom record showed an increase in small planktonic Cyclotella taxa over the past 60 years, intensifying in the last 5 years, which also suggests a warmer climate and longer ice-free periods.
The shifts in the diatom assemblages began later than the shifts in the chironomid assemblages, and were of lower magnitude,
reflecting differences in the mechanisms in which these two indicators respond to environmental change. 相似文献