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藏北高原高寒草地围栏禁牧和生长季降水对物种丰富度和多样性的影响(英文) 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
2009和2010年夏天沿藏北高原高寒草地样带调查了高寒草地生态系统(高寒草甸、高寒草原和荒漠草原)在围栏禁牧和自由放牧管理下的物种丰富度和多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数,Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数)。研究结果显示:自2006年起藏北高原围栏禁牧在植被类型和区域尺度上没有显著改变物种丰富度和多样性。物种丰富度和多样性主要受生长季降水驱动,超过87%的变异可由生长季降水来解释。物种丰富度和多样性在自由放牧和围栏禁牧2类样地对生长季降水的响应方式一致。物种丰富度随降水呈指数型增长关系,多样性指数则呈现正线性关系。研究结果预示藏北高原地区生长季降水的变化对于物种丰富度和多样性管理至关重要,在未来高寒草地保护研究中应予以重视。 相似文献
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《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2020,(3)
围栏封育是高寒草地最为常见的保育方式,不同类型草地的封育效应可能会存在差异。开展该方面的研究,可以评估围栏封育对草地恢复的效应,为藏北高原不同类型退化草地的恢复措施提供科学依据。本研究以藏北地区的高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠3类草地为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析对生物量、叶片–土壤养分含量以及化学计量比进行差异性检验,探讨了围栏封育对这3类高寒草地植物和土壤养分的影响。结果表明,围栏封育能显著提高这3类草地群落的地上生物量,但仅提高了10–20 cm高寒荒漠的地下生物量;围栏封育显著提高了高寒荒漠优势植物叶片的养分含量和10–20 cm土壤中全氮、全钾、有机碳的含量,并显著改变了C、N、P之间的化学计量比;而在高寒草甸和高寒草原围栏封育仅仅显著增加了高寒草原中优势物种叶片的N含量,其他养分指标和化学计量比均没有表现出显著的差异。以上结果表明,从植物和土壤养分来看,围栏封育对高寒荒漠草地的保育作用最为显著。 相似文献
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山西云顶山亚高山草甸群落生态分析 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
应用双向指示种分析法 (TWINSPAN )和除趋势对应分析 (DCA )等数量分析方法,对山西云顶山亚高山草甸生态关系进行了研究,将该草甸划分为5个群落类型,分别位于不同的海拔高度。分类结果很好地反映了植物群落类型及优势种的分布与环境因子之间的关系,并在DCA二维排序图上得到了较好的验证。DCA排序轴反映了海拔高度、放牧强度和群落土壤湿度的梯度变化,表明海拔高度和水热条件是影响植物群落变化的主要环境因子,物种多样性在群落类型分化中有重要作用,同时放牧对亚高山草甸演替过程的干扰明显。 相似文献
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封育措施对巴塘高寒草甸植被群落结构及土壤持水能力的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《山地学报》2016,(5)
选取巴塘高寒草甸设置封育及自然放牧样地,通过野外实地监测及室内试验相结合的方法,分析封育措施对植被群落结构及土壤持水能力的影响。结果显示:1)封育措施显著提高了高寒草甸植被群落总盖度及平均高度(p0.05),增加了群落的物种丰富度、均匀度及复杂程度,植被群落中禾本科和豆科植物等优良牧草显著增加,菊科、莎草科以及有毒杂草类植物所占比重有所下降。2)封育措施丰富了高寒草甸植被群落垂直分层结构,退化草地垂直结构由一层增加至三层。3)封育措施降低了高寒草甸0~40 cm层面土壤容重,二者差异在10~20 cm层面最明显(p0.05)。4)尽管未达到显著水平(p0.05),封育样地0~40 cm层面土壤有机碳密度均高于自然放牧样地。5)封育措施明显改善了高寒草甸土壤持水能力。其中,封育样地0~10、10~20、20~40 cm深度土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量及田间持水量均高于自然放牧样地,封育条件下0~40 cm整个土层土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量及田间持水量增加速率分别为1.4、1.9、1.7 mm/a。封育措施有利于退化草地生态环境的恢复,是遏制和改善高寒草地退化的有效措施。 相似文献
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退化沙质草地土壤种子库和地上植被对封育的响应机理 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
从植物种和植物功能类群两个水平系统探讨退化沙质草地土壤种子库和地上植被对短期封育管理响应机理的研究尚不多。以内蒙古东部的科尔沁沙地退化沙质草地为研究对象,采取随机样方法对禁牧6 a的封育区及与其相邻的自由放牧草地的土壤种子库和地上植物群落的物种密度进行了比较研究,草本植物群落被区分为一年生禾本科植物、非禾本科一年生植物和多年生植物3个主要功能类群。利用测定数据,分析研究了短期禁牧封育对土壤种子库和地上群落不同植物种和各植物功能类群的生态恢复作用机理。主要研究结果是：①短期封育显著促进了退化沙质草地植被的生态恢复,但发现土壤种子库和地上植被对禁牧的响应模式和机理存在明显差异,短期禁牧使土壤种子库中所有3个植物功能类群的密度均得到显著提高,而仅提高了地上植被一年生禾本科植物和多年生植物两个类群的密度;相反,禁牧显著提高了地上植被所有3个功能类群的物种丰富度和多样性,仅提高了土壤种子库中多年生植物类群的物种多样性。②短期禁牧显著增加了地上植物群落组成中可食和优良牧草的比例,提高了草地的经济利用价值。主要结论是：短期禁牧封育是一种经济有效的提高退化沙质草地植被多样性、生产力及对植物群落物种组成和草地品质进行优化调控和改良的重要草地管理手段。研究建议,今后应重点开展不同禁牧时间下对退化沙质草地土壤种子库和地上植被多样性、生产力及其物种组成变化影响的长期生态学控制实验研究。 相似文献
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《湿地科学》2017,(5)
以青海省乱海子高寒湿地为研究区,沿湿地土壤水分梯度,设置了7处采样地,采集了0~20 cm深度的土壤样品和植物样品,研究了2014年8月中旬的植物群落结构特征空间分布特征,尤其注重高寒湿地中特有的冻胀丘形成对植物群落结构和生物量的影响。研究结果表明,(1)沼泽化草甸0~20 cm深度土壤含水量为122.7%~280.7%,1号~6号采样地土壤含水量都显著高于距乱海子湖泊最远的7号采样地,冻胀丘0~20 cm深度的土壤含水量为160.4%~203.4%,2号~6号采样地冻胀丘0~20 cm深度土壤含水量无明显差异,冻胀丘上土壤含水量显著低于其周边的沼泽化草甸;(2)在乱海子湿地中,共记录了40种维管束植物,其中,有莎草科植物7种,禾本科植物7种,其它双子叶植物26种,以莎草科植物占绝对优势,尤其在沼泽化草甸中,除了7号采样地,莎草科植物的重要值都大于97%;(3)冻胀丘上的物种丰富度、Pielou均匀度和Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数都高于其周围的沼泽化草甸,尤其是物种丰富度,冻胀丘上的平均物种丰富度为11.8种,而其周围的沼泽化草甸的平均物种丰富度仅为6.57种,随着土壤水分含量减少,冻胀丘植物群落的Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数变化很小,沼泽化草甸的则波动变化;(4)随着土壤水分含量的减少,冻胀丘和沼泽化草甸植物群落的地上部分生物量增大,冻胀丘植物群落根系生物量波动增加,而沼泽化草甸的则波动减小。 相似文献
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《湿地科学》2017,(4)
于2015年8月和2016年7~9月,以吉林省向海自然保护区的植物群落为研究对象,在采样区内,从草甸→沼泽化草甸→沼泽,沿土壤水分梯度,设置采样线和植物调查样方,共设置1 m×1 m的植物样方60个,开展植物物种多样性研究。研究结果表明,采样区内共有草本植物16科33属38种;从草甸→沼泽化草甸→沼泽,土壤含水量逐渐增加,优势物种分别为羊草(Leymus chinensis)和乌拉草(Carex meyeriana)、碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)和乌拉草、芦苇(Phragmites australis)和香蒲(Typha orientalis),物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数逐渐减小,而Simpson优势度指数逐渐减小,Pielou均匀度指数呈波动变化;土壤水分梯度变化是导致研究区植物群落物种变化的主要原因,草甸和沼泽化草甸中的植物群落的物种组成差异较小,而沼泽中的植物群落中的物种组成与前二者差异较大。 相似文献
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放牧对内蒙古羊草群落土壤呼吸的影响 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
采用静态暗箱法,比较测定了放牧对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草群落土壤呼吸的影响以及水热等相关环境因子与土壤呼吸的关系。结果表明:放牧没有改变羊草群落土壤呼吸的季节性变化特征,但降低了土壤呼吸速率的年幅度;生长季放牧样地土壤呼吸速率显著低于封育样地,非生长季两样地土壤呼吸强度均处于较低水平,而且出现负通量的现象,放牧使羊草群落土壤呼吸年总量下降了约33.95％;从全年来看,无论是围栏还是放牧样地,封育样地和放牧样地土壤呼吸与温度因子均显著正相关(p<0.01,n=15),其中与10cm处地温相关性最好,但放牧降低了土壤呼吸对温度变化的敏感性;生长季水分影响作用高于温度,围栏封育样地0~10cm土壤含水量的变化可以解释土壤呼吸变异的87.4％,放牧样地10~20cm和20~30cm土壤含水量的变化共同可以解释土壤呼吸变异的74.9％。 相似文献
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《湿地科学》2016,(5)
高寒沼泽是气候变化和人类活动的敏感区和预警区,了解高寒沼泽植物群落物种多样性与环境因子的关系,对于揭示其物种多样性的维持机制以及高寒沼泽的保护和管理具有重要意义。以巴音布鲁克高寒沼泽为研究对象,采用野外样线与样方调查相结合的方法,研究水位和草丘微地貌对巴音布鲁克沼泽植物群落物种多样性的影响。研究结果表明,出现在样地内的湿地植物共39种,隶属于19科22属;地表水水位直接影响沼泽植物群落的物种组成和多样性。随着地表积水的增加,沼泽植物物种丰富度明显降低,二者显著负相关(n=11,R2=0.77,p0.001);随着水位的变化,常年积水区、季节性积水区、无积水区的植物物种丰富度依次增加。水位与草丘盖度显著负相关(n=11,R2=0.63,p0.001),随着水位的升高,草丘盖度逐渐减小;草丘物种丰富度显著高于丘间(p0.001),与丘间相比,草丘增加了45%的物种数,物种丰富度与草丘盖度显著正相关(n=11,R2=0.79,p0.001),草丘盖度越高,沼泽物种越丰富。草丘微地貌主要通过增加表面积和生境异质性来促进沼泽的植物物种多样性。 相似文献
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《The Professional geographer》1988,40(4):471-499
Books reviewed in this article: USA, Eine Geographische Landeskunde , Vol. I, Der Grossraum in Strukturellem, Wandel, 3rd Ed. Helmut Blume . Introduction to Remote Sensing . James B. Campbell . The Sounds of People and Places: Readings in the Geography of American Folk and Popular Music . George O. Carney , ED. Development and Underdevelopment . John Cole . Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia: Example from Indonesia and the Philippines . Michael A. Costello , Thomas R. Leinbach , AND Richard Ulack . Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices . Leslie Dienes . The Third World City . David Drakakis -Smith . Scholars' Guide to Washington, DC for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (maps, charts, aerial photographs, satellite images, cartographic literature and geographic information systems). Ralph E. Ehrenberg . Population and Development in the Third World . Allan AND Anne Findlay . The Early Mapping of Hawaii . Gary L. Fitzpatrick . Energetics of Physical Environment: Energetic Approaches to Physical Geography . K. J. Gregory , ED. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management . William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole . Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa . J. Hinderink AND J. J. Sterkenburg . The Dynamics of American Housing . James W. Hughes AND George Sternlieb . Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State . Charles F. Keyes . Resolving Locational Conflict . Robert W. Lake , ED. Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives . Peter D. Little and Michael M. Horowitz , EDS. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science . David N. Livingstone . Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory . Ann R. Markusen . Wetlands . William J. Mitsch and James G. Gosselink . Historical Geography: Progress and Prospect . Michael Pacione , ED. Loess and Periglacial Phenomena . Marton P$eacsi and Hugh M. French , EDS. Regional Management of Metropolitan Floodplains, Experience in the United States and Abroad . Rutherford H. Platt , ED. Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man . Janos Szegö . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . Helen H. Tanner , ED. The Botany of Mangroves . P. B. Tomlinson . Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns . Rodney Vaughan . The Night After … Climatic and Biological Consequences of a Nuclear War . Yevgeni Velikhov , ED. Industrial Geography . H. D. Watts . Dictionary of Quotations in Geography . James O. Wheeler and Francis M. Sibley . Vermont Townscape . Norman Wiliams , Jr. , Edmund K. Kellogg and Peter M. Lavigne . 相似文献
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P. Guilizzoni A. Marchetto A. Lami N. G. Cameron P. G. Appleby N. L. Rose Ø. A. Schnell C. A. Belis A. Giorgis L. Guzzi 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1996,15(3):245-264
A palaeoecological study of an oligotrophic alpine lake, Paione Superiore (Italy), provided a record of historical changes in water quality. Historical trends in lake acidification were reconstructed by means of calibration and regression equations from diatoms, chrysophycean scales and pigment ratios. The historical pH was inferred by using two different diatom calibration data sets, one specific to the alpine region. These pH trends, together with the record of sedimentary carbonaceous particles and chironomid remains, indicate a recent acidification of this low alkalinity lake.Concentration of total organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, biogenic silica (BSiO2), chlorophyll derivatives (CD), fucoxanthin, diatom cell concentration and number of chironomid head capsules increased during the last 2–3 decades. When expressed as accumulation rates, most of these parameters tended to decrease from the past century to c. 1950, then all except P increased to the present day. A marked increase in sedimentary nitrogen may be related to atmospheric pollution and to the general increases in output of N in Europe. High C/N ratios indicate a prevailing allochthonous source of organic matter.Finally, the increase in measured air temperature from the mid-1800's appeared to be related to lake water pH before industrialization: cold periods generally led to lower pH and vice-versa. The more recent phenomenon of anthropogenic acidification has apparently decoupled this climatic-water chemistry relationship. 相似文献
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K. F. Walker I. G. Dunn D. Edwards T. Petr H. Z. Yang 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1995,4(3):169-222
Quinghai Hu is a large, high-altitude, saline lake in north-western China, and supports a fishery based on an endemic species of naked carp (snow trout). The fish take seven years to attain maturity and a marketable weight of 300 g, and have a lifespan of 14–21 years under the present fishery regime. They seasonally migrate from the lake to spawn over the gravel beds of inflowing rivers, but these areas have been reduced by weirs and irrigation diversions and recruitment may have declined. The population may have been affected also by a 1.85-m fall in the lake level over the past 30 years, and by associated changes in salinity. The fishery was opened to large-scale exploitation in 1958. Yields declined sharply (max. 28,523 tonnes, 1960) as the larger, older fish were removed, and then more slowly (min. 2523 tonnes, 1983). Since 1987 the fish factory has been limited to an annual quota of 1200 tonnes, taken by a fleet of four pair trawlers. Another 800 tonnes are taken by licensed fishermen, mainly using gill nets, and perhaps 1000 tonnes are taken illegally. The estimated total catch in 1992 was 3000 tonnes. New trawlers introduced in 1989–90 substantially increased the factory's catch per unit effort, and in 1990 the quota was virtually filled in one month in a zone within 20 km of the factory. Although this could suggest that the stocks will be conserved if the quota is retained, at least half of the catch in 1989–92 consisted of immature individuals. Trawling operations recently were suspended following a further decline in the catch after 1992. While the new trawlers are capable of a major increase in effort, neither the changing environment, the fish stocks or the present markets favour intensified pressure. Gillnets may provide better control over the minimum size limit and may cause less damage than trawling. Other options to improve the viability and profitability of the fishery include improvements in handling, processing and marketing. Failure to develop the fishery may encourage attempts to introduce exotic fish, at some risk to survival of the local species. 相似文献
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Chironomidae (Diptera) remains in surficial lake sediments from the Canadian Cordillera: analysis of the fauna across an altitudinal gradient 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The altitudinal distribution of Chironomidae (Diptera) in the southern Canadian Cordillera was analyzed by means of head capsules preserved in surficial sediments of 30 lakes. Taxa characteristic of late-glacial deposits of southern, coastal British Columbia are extant at high elevations, particularly in the Rocky Mountains, and in large, deep, low-elevation lakes. Many chironomid taxa common at low elevations in the southern Canadian Cordillera were not found in alpine and upper subalpine lakes. These faunal differences are probably climatically related. The differences in fauna between high and low-elevation lakes parallel differences between arctic and temperate lakes. 相似文献
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MATT K. MATSUDA 《Geographical review》2007,97(2):230-243
ABSTRACT. Narratives concerning Pacific Ocean territories are often historically derived from European and American mainland visions of great, empty oceans dotted with deserted and uninhabited islands. However, research by indigenous and outlander scholars, along with struggles for political and cultural autonomy in the Pacific, has brought attention to vital island communities and 6has raised questions about a Pacific‐island way of understanding the world. This understanding is traced through scholarly and artistic engagements with history, island‐community studies, and navigational philosophies and is framed by a growing theoretical literature on epistemologies of place from the disciplines of geography and oceanography. 相似文献
19.
Precipitation is an important component of global water and energy transport and a major aspect of climate change. Due to the scarcity of meteorological observations, the precipitation climate over Tibet has been insufficiently documented. In this study, the distribution of precipitation during the rainy season over Tibet from 1980 to 2013 is described on monthly to annual time scales with meteorological observations. Furthermore, four precipitation products are compared to observations over Tibet. These datasets include products derived from the Asian Precipitation-Highly-Resolved Observational Data(APHRO), the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC), the University of Delaware(UDel), and the China Meteorological Administration(CMA). The error, relative error, standard deviation, root-mean-square error, correlations and trends between these products for the same period are analyzed with in situ precipitation during the rainy season from May to September. The results indicate that these datasets can broadly capture the temporal and spatial precipitation distribution over Tibet. The precipitation gradually increases from northwest to southeast. The spatial precipitation in GPCC and CMA are similar and positively correlated to observations. Areas with the largest deviations are located in southwestern Tibet along the Himalayas. The APHRO product underestimates, while the UDel, GPCC, and CMA datasets overestimates precipitation on the basis of monthly and inter-annual variation. The biases in GPCC and CMA are smaller than those in APHRO and UDel with a mean relative error lower than 10% during the same periods. The linear trend of precipitation indicates that the increase in precipitation has accelerated extensively during the last 30 years in most regions of Tibet. The CMA generally achieves the best performance of these four precipitation products. Data uncertainty in Tibet might be caused by the low density of stations, complex topography between the grid points and stations, and the interpolation methods, which can also produce an obvious difference between the gridded data and observations. 相似文献
20.
Jean-Claude Plaziat 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1993,8(2):163-169
Potamids generally live in estuaries, lagoons, and along protected sea shores. However, their ability to colonize intracontinental lakes has been underestimated due to non- or misidentifications. Potamides conicus, the only present lacustrine Potamid currently found in North Africa, belongs to a lagoon-type (thalassoid) malacofauna, dominated by the Cardium Cerastoderma glaucum: this fauna occurs in association with Foraminifera (especially Ammonia beccarii) and Ostracoda (Cyprideis gr. Torosa). Potamids have been found 250 to 900 km from the nearest sea shore: passive dispersal (probably through birds) is the primary dispersal mechanism. Shell morphology and ornamentation can be used to characterize life environment (lacustrine versus marine) but not distance from sea shore. The presence of Potamid-Foraminifera fauna in the fossil record has been interpreted as providing evidence for a sea connection (e.g., gulfs, lagoons). However, more recent paleoecological studies have demonstrated that such assemblages span an ecological gradient from freshwater to hypersaline lacustrine environments. Thus, the occurrence of modern Potamids in lacustrine (in addition to maritime) environments has important implications for Quaternary and Tertiary paleogeographic investigations. Lacustrine Potamids have been recorded from the European Tertiary (France, Spain) and from the Sahara Holocene. More research is required for the better understanding of the distribution and ecology of Potamids in modern and fossil lakes of other continents.This publication is the fifth of a series of papers presented at the Conference on Sedimentary and Paleolimnological Records of Saline Lakes. This Conference was held August 13–16, 1991 at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. Dr Evans is serving as Guest Editor. 相似文献