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1.
A field trial on 3-year-old Prosopis alba growing on pH 8.5 soils in Argentina was conducted to identify mineral nutrients that were most limiting growth and to determine correlations among these nutrients. As applications of nutrients such as Zn, Cu and P would be soon rendered unavailable due to the high pH, combinations of elemental S to decrease the pH were examined along with macro and micronutrient soil additions. Thirty trees were selected with stem diameters ranging from 2.8 to 4.5 cm and divided into five treatments in a completely randomized design with 1 tree per replicate. The treatments were: (1) control, (2) addition of elemental S to lower the pH, (3) addition of S and triple superphosphate (P), (4) addition of S, P and a complete blend of micronutrients and (5) addition of S, P, micronutrients and K and Mg. Biomass increases were estimated using regression equations on stem diameter increases. A small non-significant decrease in pH of about 0.3 pH was obtained in the treatments with S, except for treatment which contained micronutrients in the form of strong base oxides. There was a significant increase in electrical conductivity due to the oxidation of the S. The best treatment containing S, P and micronutrients had a 42% increase significant biomass increase over the control. Growth was positively correlated with leaf levels (decreasing order of significance) of K, S, P, and Zn and negatively correlated with leaf Na and Ca. The leaf K, which had the highest positive correlation with growth, was highly significantly positively correlated with leaf S, P, N, and Zn and highly significantly but negatively correlated with leaf Ca, Mg and Mn. Leaf N was very highly correlated with leaf Zn, S and P concentrations. Indian workers have found that 20 years after establishment Prosopis juliflora changed the soil pH from 10.4 to 8.0. Since trees on 10 m×10 m spacings are suggested to be ultimate climax density for these ecosystems, apparently it will only necessary to add inexpensive small quantities of elemental S, Zn and K directly around 100 small trees ha−1 to effect a major soil reclamation over the entire ha.  相似文献   

2.
非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)在植物生长、繁殖、防御和生存等方面发挥着基础性作用。为探究黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)NSC积累的器官间规律及其对土壤氮磷供应水平的响应,以3年生黑果枸杞为对象,测定了3个氮磷比例和供应量条件下根茎叶NSC含量。结果表明:(1)黑果枸杞根、茎、叶NSC组成均以可溶性糖为主,淀粉约占37.3%;器官NSC含量粗根和细根>叶片>新梢>一二年生枝条,各器官可溶性糖含量粗根和细根>叶片>新梢>一年生枝>二年生枝;淀粉含量细根>粗根>二年生枝>一年生枝>叶片和新梢;糖淀比叶片>新梢>粗根>一年生枝>二年生枝>细根。(2)氮磷比和供应量对黑果枸杞根系可溶性糖含量无显著影响,对茎叶NSC含量的影响存在显著交互效应。氮磷比5∶1时,茎叶NSC含量随氮磷供应量升高而增加;氮磷比15∶1时,茎叶NSC含量随氮磷供应量增加显著降低;氮磷比45∶1时,茎叶NSC含量随供应量的增加而显著升高。(3)一年生枝NSC含量于萌芽前达到最大值(5.05%DW),于春梢旺盛生长期降至最低值(3.79%DW);二年生枝NSC含量在萌芽前最低(4.23%DW),于秋季落叶期达到最大值(4.33%DW)。(4)粗根和叶片NSC含量与一二年生枝NSC含量负相关;新梢NSC含量与叶片NSC、二年生枝淀粉含量正相关;一年生枝可溶性糖含量与二年生枝可溶性糖含量负相关;二年生枝淀粉含量与根系淀粉和NSC含量负相关。黑果枸杞通过调整各器官NSC积累及分配应对生长季各器官能量需求和环境氮磷供应变化,在氮磷限制环境中将更多NSC储存在根系,可平衡当前碳同化与未来能量需求的矛盾,增强个体生存能力,也为黑果枸杞应对非生物逆境胁迫提供更大的灵活性。  相似文献   

3.
We compared the distributions of 59 diatom species in surface sediments of 25 Costa Rican lakes with 21 environmental variables using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The distribution of taxa was related to the chemical and physical characteristics of the lakes. The most influential chemical variables were cation concentrations (especially magnesium) and related variables such as water hardness, pH, and temperature. Lake area and lake depth were among the most important physical variables.A number of taxa were identified as potential environmental indicators. The diatoms Brachysira serians var. brachysira and Frustulia rhomboides seem to be associated with low values of alkalinity, hardness, Ca, Mg, and SiO2. Cymbella minuta var. silesiaca is associated with low to moderate values of alkalinity, hardness, Ca, and Mg. Nitzschia cf. amphibia may be an indicator of moderate-to-high concentrations of Mg. Pinnularia braunii var. amphicephala seems to prefer low values of hardness, Ca, Mg, and SiO2.In many closed lakes, these environmental variables (Mg/Ca/hardness/alkalinity) increase with effective evaporation. Consequently, these diatoms may be indirectly tracking P:E ratios. Results from this initial, small data set indicate the potential of diatoms for inferring lake paleochemistry, and perhaps P:E ratios, in Costa Rica.  相似文献   

4.
Desert plants take on unique physiologically adaptive mechanisms in response to an adverse environment. In this study, we determined the concentrations of leaf nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and calcium(Ca) fraction for dominant species of Artemisia ordosica, A. frigida, Calligonum mongolicum, and Oxytropis aciphylla in the Alxa Desert and discussed seasonal changes of their leaf N:P ratio and Ca fraction. The results showed that, from May to September, the N:P ratios of A. ordosica and C. mongolicum gradually and significantly increased, while those of A. frigida, and O. aciphylla had an increase trend that was not significant; the physiologically active Ca of A. ordosica and A. frigida increased significantly,while that of C. mongolicum and O. aciphylla decreased significantly. The physiologically inert calcium of C. mongolicum increased extremely significantly, while that of others was not significant. There was a significantly positive correlation between the N:P ratio and physiologically active Ca for A. ordosica, and the N:P ratio was significantly and negatively correlated with physiologically active Ca for O. aciphylla. These findings revealed that the physiological regulation mechanism was different for the plants either in earlier stage or later stage of plant-community succession.  相似文献   

5.
In order to study the element contents and distribution of various mosses collected in the Antarctica, we analyzed the heavy elements of 3 species of Polytri-chum in the Fildes Peninsula, P. alpinum, P. juniperinum and P. alpestre, by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence ( SR-XRF). The result shows that the elements, such as K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Sr, are nearly the same in Potytrichum. The peak intensity of K is higher than that of Ca, and the peak intensity of Ca is higher than that of Fe in P. alpinum. In P. juniperinum, the peak intensity of K is higher than that of Ca, and the peak intensity of Ca is close to that of Fe. The peak intensity of K is nearly equal to those of Ca and Fe in P. alpestre. Therefore, the habitats of 3 species of Polytrichum are similar in the Fildes Peninsula. By XRF analyzing of different parts of P. alpestre, we found that the peak intensities of relative concentration of elements are obviously different. The peak intensity of K in apical-bud is the highest in orga  相似文献   

6.
测定了三亚活体珊瑚和其生长海域海水的Ca、Mg、B、Sr含量和B同位素组成,结果表明珊瑚中这些元素的浓度与对应海水的相同元素呈现出弱的正或负相关性,所有的相关系数均不大于0.3,这表明珊瑚的这些化学成分主要不是由对应海水所决定。Ca,Sr和B在珊瑚中均得到富集,其中Sr的富集程度最高,达3.08×103,而Mg在珊瑚中却是贫化的。珊瑚中Sr的掺入对B的掺入的影响要高于主成分Ca本身的影响,δ11B值与珊瑚的主成分Ca的浓度几乎无关,而与B、Sr和Mg浓度分别具有较弱的正相关和负相关关系,相关系数分别为0.343,0.309和0.276,珊瑚Sr浓度的增加引起B浓度的增加,同时会引起δ11B值的增加,而Mg的影响与此相反。  相似文献   

7.
Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 108(2):17–25, 2008

The rewetting of altered wetlands is becoming increasingly widespread. When flooding cultivated soils, the oxygen (O2) availability is reduced, subsequently, ferric hydroxides can dissolve and associated inorganic phosphorus (P) will be mobilized. This study shows the temporal and spatial dynamics of O2 depletion following flooding using planar optodes and the subsequent release of Fe and P in two depth intervals in an experimental column set-up. The column was kept flooded for 48 days and thereafter partly drained and flooded again. Results document that large amounts of P (0.2 t P ha-1) have accumulated in the present plough-layer (Ap) during the last 22 years, which represent roughly 15% of the present inorganic P stock in the Ap. As a result of flooding, fully anoxic conditions were observed within 3 days (within 10 h in Ap) and concentrations of dissolved Fe and P in the soil solution increased simultaneously after 7 days of flooding. Thus, P reaction kinetics was markedly delayed as compared to O2 availability. P concentrations in soil water afterflooding (up to 0.15 mg L?1) accounted for only 0.034% of the inorganic P stock in the Ap which is a significantly smaller fraction of the potential P-release as compared to previous investigations.

This is considered a result of only a minor fraction of the total inorganic P being directly associated with ferric hydroxides and thereby sensitive to short-term anoxic conditions as well as differences in the methodology used in this study (soil/water ratio). Finally, reactions releasing Fe and P were noted to be partly reversible upon draining.  相似文献   

8.
通过人工制冷的方法收集2013 年华南师范大学石牌校区大气冷凝水52 个样品,对其进行pH 值和阴阳离子分析。结果表明：2013 年春季石牌校区绝大多数冷凝水样品的pH 值分布范围为5.00~6.47,平均值为5.97,已不属于酸雨。冷凝水的阴阳离子总质量浓度（TDS）介于57.87~484.38 μeq/L 之间,平均值为154.53 μeq/L;各离子质量浓度高低依次为2-4 SO ＞Ca2+＞ -3 NO ＞Na+＞Cl-＞NO2-＞Mg2+≈K+＞F-。石牌校区冷凝水的这种离子质量浓度分布特征显示：其清洁程度较优于2011 年春季该校区和同期上海大气冷凝水,而较差于云南丽江的大气降水,与广东鹤山和青海瓦里关山等地的大气降水相当。其污染来源除部分属自然源外,还主要与建筑活动、工业生产、汽车尾气等人类活动等有密切关系。  相似文献   

9.
钟玉婷  刘新春  范子昂  何清 《中国沙漠》2012,32(4):1053-1061
 利用2009年塔里木盆地的塔中、铁干里克、喀什和民丰4个观测站采集的总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）观测资料,同时结合水溶性无机离子成分分析,研究了塔里木盆地TSP时空分布特征及无机离子浓度特征。结果表明:①塔中、铁干里克、喀什和民丰观测站TSP月平均质量浓度具有相同的变化趋势,峰值区都在4—5月,而低值区为11—12月,季平均质量浓度变化趋势为春季最高,夏季和秋季次之,冬季最低\.②TSP中水溶性无机离子年均总离子浓度为塔中>铁干里克>民丰>喀什;SO2-4浓度分别为总离子浓度的58％、50％、54％和51％;Ca2+浓度分别为总离子浓度的13％、16％、16％和11％;Na+浓度分别为总离子浓度的12％、13％、10％和12％;Cl-浓度分别为总离子浓度的12％、16％、11％和22％;所以硫酸盐、钙盐、钠盐及氯离子是塔里木盆地TSP中主要无机成分。③铁干里克、民丰、喀什和塔中的阴阳离子相关系数分别为0.99、0.99、0.25和0.91;阴离子平均浓度分别为阳离子平均浓度的2.57、2.12、2.15倍和3.02倍,说明4个观测站的阴阳离子都不平衡。④4个观测站SO2-4/NO-3比值远大于燃煤排放的SO2-4/NO-3的比值,所以4个观测站所在地区的固定排放源对大气环境的影响程度远大于移动排放源。  相似文献   

10.
自１９９２年４月１２日至１２月３０日对中山站附近内拉峡湾冰下水柱中浮游植物生物量以及环境因子的季节变化进行了测定。水中叶绿素ａ含量在０．０３－２１．４０ｍｇ／ｍ３之间波动，在覆冰期间，生物量基本上随深度的增加而下降；５－９月份各层次的生物量普遍低于０．５ｍｇ／ｍ３，８－９月份低于０．１ｍｇ／ｍ３。各层次中以水表含量的季节变化最为明显，成冰后在９月份形成低谷，于１２月中旬紧接着冰底水华的消失而形成单一峰值。生物量中微型浮游植物（＜２０μｍ）的比重在４－９月份的多数层次占有一半以上，１０月份后随着生物量的上升而下降，在水华期水表的比重最低，仅占总量的３．２％。其柱总生物量基本上与冰中生物量处于同一数量级，在冰藻水华期其量值甚至低于冰中生物量。营养盐（μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的波动范围为ＰＯ４－Ｐ：０．３２－０．７９，ＳｉＯ３－Ｓｉ：２６．４７－６９．９２，ＮＯ３－Ｎ：１．４１－３１．７５，尽管水华期水表营养盐含量降至观测期间的最低点，但仍能满足冰下浮游植物的生长所需。光辐照度由于在冰水界面的量值仅为冰表入射光的不足５．３％至低于１％，成为水中产量最为可能的限制因子。  相似文献   

11.
通过选取阿拉善地区3个典型霸王群落为研究对象,研究霸王器官间(根、茎、叶)生态化学计量比特征及非结构性碳水化合物(Non-structural carbohydrates,NSCs)的变化,以便加深对霸王生存策略的理解,更好的服务于荒漠生态系统的生态恢复。结果表明:霸王茎和叶中可溶性糖(Solu?ble sugar,SS)、淀粉(Starch,ST)和NSCs含量随干旱加剧均显著降低。根系中SS和NSCs在3个样点间差异不显著,ST先降低后增加,ST含量在Plot3中比在Plot1和Plot2中高19.3%和31.2%。干旱使霸王根、茎、叶中N、P含量显著下降,使根、茎、叶中C:N和C:P显著增高,叶片N:P<14。Plot1中霸王器官间SS、SS:ST和NSCs含量表现为叶片>根>茎,ST含量为茎>根>叶片;Plot2和Plot3中霸王器官间SS、ST和NSCs含量均为根>茎>叶片。3个样点中叶片相较于茎干和根系具有高的N、P含量和低的C:N和C:P。NSCs与C:N:P间的关系表明:根、茎、叶中的N含量与SS正相关,叶片N含量与根系ST负相关。以上结果表明霸王的茎干和根系可能扮演“营养库”的角色,霸王通过提高N、P利用效率来减缓水分亏缺使其生长受到N限制的影响。霸王通过调节器官间NSCs的积累及分配来适应干旱,采取将根系中ST转化为SS来调节渗透势的策略;并随干旱加剧将更多的碳水化合物投资分配到根部,以ST的形式存储,而N是影响霸王根系中ST与SS间转化和ST存储的关键元素。  相似文献   

12.
Historical phosphorus (P) dynamics were studied using sediment cores from three oligotrophic, acidic lakes in Maine, USA. Long-term oligotrophy of these lakes is consistent with high sediment aluminum (as Al(OH)3) concentrations, as Al inhibits internal P loading, even under reducing conditions. The role of microbially-mediated reactions in controlling redox conditions was evaluated by estimating microbial biomass and relative abundance of specific functional groups. Sediments were fractionated using a sequential chemical extraction technique and all lakes met criteria for P retention based on threshold sediment concentrations of Al, Fe, and P fractions as determined by (Kopáček et al. (2005) Limnol Oceanogr 52: 1147–1155). Sediment NaOH-extractable molybdate-reactive P (rP) and non-reactive P (nrP) represent P associated with non-reducible phases, and organic matter-related P, respectively. Total P (TP) does not decrease with sediment depth, as is typical of eutrophic lake sediments; however, nrP/TP decreases and rP/TP increases for all three lakes, indicating nrP mineralization without any significant upward diffusion and release into the hypolimnion; i.e. diagenesis of P is conservative within the sediment. Two diagenetic models were developed based on nrP and rP concentrations as a function of sediment age. The first model assumes a first-order decay of nrP, the rate coefficient being a function of time, and represents irreversible nrP mineralization, where the produced PO4 is permanently sequestered by the sediment. The second model assumes a first-order reversible transformation between nrP and rP, representing biotic mineralization of organic P followed by incorporation of inorganic P into microbial biomass. Both models reflect preservation of TP with no loss to overlying water. The rate coefficients give us insight into qualities of the sediment that have affected mineralization and sequestration of phosphorus throughout the 210Pb-dateable history of each lake. Similar models could be constructed for other lakes to help reconstruct their trophic histories. Paleolimnological reconstruction of the sediment P record in oligotrophic lakes shows mineralization of nrP to rP, but unlike the case in eutrophic lake sediments, sediment TP is preserved in these sediments.  相似文献   

13.
曾方明 《盐湖研究》2018,26(1):32-38
南方下蜀黄土和红土为研究亚热带地区的古风化强度提供了良好的地质记录。对九江两个下蜀黄土和红土剖面(JJ3和JJ4)的色度、磁化率和常量元素组成进行了研究。JJ3和JJ4剖面沉积物的磁化率和红度(a*)变化趋势较一致。与上地壳相比,九江下蜀黄土与红土的Ca、Na重度亏损,K轻度亏损。九江下蜀黄土的CIA值小于80,而红土的CIA值大于80。Rb/Sr比值和CIA值显著正相关(R2为0.95),二者可有效指示下蜀黄土和红土的化学风化程度。  相似文献   

14.
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15.
Stable isotopes and trace-element content of calcite ostracod valves and aragonite mollusc shells from the Pliocene lacustrine succession of Villarroya allow depicting the geochemical record of environmental changes and to compare our data to the paleoenvironmental reconstruction obtained from other proxies. The lower sequences (A and B) are characterized by relatively high isotopic and Me/Ca values in the biogenic carbonates. The recorded large variations of δ18O in these carbonates mainly reflect variations in the δ18Ow due to precipitation–evaporation processes and, to a lesser extent, variations in temperature of calcification. The δ13C data inform about changes in DIC although they are probably biased by the vital effects of the studied taxa. Minor and trace element contents in ostracod (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca) and mollusc shells (Sr/Ca) are mainly linked to the Me/Ca of the lake water (Me/Caw), and to a lesser extent to temperature and to uptake kinetic effects. Several possible mechanisms may make the Me/Caw to vary: long periods of Ca-carbonate (calcite, aragonite) deposition after charophyte development, and different inputs for Ca and Mg to the lake due to changes in drainage area configurations through time, including the changes in saline inputs (Na-Cl type) to the lake. The stable isotopes and the calculated Sr/Caw and Mg/Caw from sequence C display lower values than those from sequences A and B. The isotopic values from biogenic carbonates of unit C indicate isotopically diluted waters in a hydrologically open lacustrine environment. Distinct δ13C and δ18O plots for molluscs from unit C reflect the different biotopes and metabolism type. For several intervals of the Villarroya succession there is no direct relationships among: (i) salinity changes inferred from invertebrate paleoecology, (ii) paleoenvironmental slices based on isotopic signatures and Me/Caw calculations (from biogenic carbonate geochemistry) and (iii) climate in the hinterland deduced from pollen data. Lakes where geochemical behaviour is constrained by sporadic saline inputs and/or relative depletion in Ca due to long periods of Ca-carbonate precipitation or biomineralization, like the Pliocene Villarroya lake was, do not show clear correlation patterns between geochemical signals and climate proxies. In these lakes only major environmental trends display unambiguous geochemical signatures, and only some main shifts in the geochemical signature profiles may be correlated with significant global and/or regional environmental changes that have been reported from other paleoenvironmental records. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

16.
Soil calcium carbonate(CaCO_3) has a strong solid phosphorus effect, and high content of CaCO_3 can significantly reduce the effectiveness of soil phosphorus. To reveal the limiting effect of soil CaCO_3 on the growth of plants on sand land and its mechanism of plant physiology, we performed pot experiments with a two-factor randomized block design and a three-factor orthogonal design for different soil CaCO_3 content treatments using Artemisia ordosica seedlings. In the experiments, we surveyed plant height, aboveground biomass, root length and root weight and analyzed N, P concentrations and RNA content of the seedlings, and discussed the relationships between relative growth rate(RGR) of the seedlings and N:P ratio as well as RNA. Results show that, the RGRs of plant height and above-ground biomass of the seedlings decreased significantly with the increase of soil CaCO_3 content, and those for root length and root weight decreased. The RGRs of plant height and above-ground biomass of the seedlings were significantly negatively correlated with leaf N:P ratios, but significantly positively correlated with leaf RNA content and leaf P concentrations. It can be seen that soil CaCO_3 is a stress factor for the growth of A. ordosica seedlings, and the growth response of the seedlings under the influence of soil CaCO_3 is in line with the Growth Rate Hypothesis.  相似文献   

17.
何帅  尹飞虎  谢海霞 《干旱区地理》2017,40(5):1061-1069
选择新疆准噶尔盆地灰漠土作为研究对象,通过测定灰漠土中不同形态的无机磷素含量并进行土壤磷素等温吸附实验,研究灰漠土中各形态无机磷素的有效性和土壤磷吸附特征。结果表明,灰漠土中无机磷形态主要是Ca-P,占全磷含量75%以上,且以Ca10-P形式为主,其次为Ca8-P和Ca2-P,无机磷中Al-P、Fe-P和O-P含量较少。全剖面中随着土层深度增加,Ca2-P、Ca8-P和Al-P占全磷总量的比例减少,Ca10-P占全磷总量则有所增加,0~20 cm土层全磷和Olsen-P含量最高,分别平均为926 mg·kg-1和51.54 mg·kg-1。统计分析表明Ca2-P、Al-P是最有效的磷源,Ca8-P和Fe-P是第二有效磷源,O-P和Ca10-P则是作物的潜在磷源。利用Langmuir方程拟合灰漠土的磷等温吸附曲线,得出土壤最大吸磷量（Xm）为957±629 mg·kg-1,吸附参数（K）为149.285±89.225;灰漠土的粘粒含量对Xm影响最大,其次是有机质,pH值影响最小。  相似文献   

18.
We present a sedimentary geochemical record of human perturbation in the watershed and related changes in trace metals (Cr, Ni, Zn and Pb), phosphorus and abundant rock-forming elements (Al, Fe, K, Mg, etc.) in Chaohu Lake over the past 500 years, a period spanning historical agricultural expansion and modern economic development. The record exhibited a stable terrestrial detrital input to Chaohu Lake before ca. 1540 AD, a period with less human perturbation of the watershed, which resulted in low and constant values of trace metals and phosphorus (TP) concentrations as well as Al, Fe, K, Mg, fine silt (<16 μm), the chemical index of alteration (CIA) and K/Na ratio. Two periods of successive marked increases in Al, Fe, K, Mg, fine silt, chemical index of alteration (CIA) and K/Na ratio occurred after ca. 1540 AD and 1950 AD. The former period apparently resulted from enhanced well-weathered topsoil erosion in the watershed related to the expansion of arable land, and the latter resulted from further enhancement of human perturbation in the watershed during the modern period. Concentrations of trace metals and TP were positively correlated with that of the rock-forming elements and fine silt. Trace metal pollution was limited during 1540–1950 AD, according to the low enrichment factors (EFs = 0.8–1.1), when an increase in trace metal concentrations was also linked to changes in detrital input. In addition to detrital regulation, pollution also contributed to an increase in TP concentrations (average EF 1.4) during 1540–1950 AD and the average accumulation rate of anthropogenic phosphorus was 87.3 mg m−2 a−1. Anthropogenic phosphorus increased further and Pb and Zn pollution also occurred after 1950 AD, reaching maximum values after 1980 AD, when the average accumulation rates of anthropogenic Zn, Pb and phosphorus (mainly in the form of NaOH-P) were 242.2, 43.3 and 811.8 mg m−2 a−1, respectively. The increase in phosphorus pollution in recent decades is probably from the domestic sewage sources of Hefei City and non-point sources related to agricultural utilization of commercial fertilizer, whereas Zn and Pb pollution is probably derived mainly from industrial sources of Hefei City, as deduced from their spatial variations in the sediments of the river mouths.  相似文献   

19.
Aqueous calcium (Ca) concentrations are currently decreasing in many softwater lakes on the Boreal Shield. As the onset of these declines often pre-date direct monitoring programs, indirect techniques are required to examine the impacts of reduced Ca availability on aquatic communities with relatively high Ca demands such as the Cladocera (Class: Branchiopoda). Among the Cladocera, the family Daphniidae has been identified as a taxonomic group potentially useful for inferring past Ca concentrations due to their high Ca demands and preservation in lake sediments. Here, we use a ??top/bottom?? paleolimnological analysis to compare present-day cladoceran communities preserved in the surface sediments of 36 softwater lakes in south-central Ontario, Canada, which are potentially vulnerable to Ca decline (i.e. small headwater systems with present-day lakewater [Ca]?<?3?mg?L?1), with the communities present in lake sediments deposited prior to the onset of regional acid deposition. To distinguish the potential impacts of lake acidification from those of Ca availability (as Ca and pH trends are strongly correlated in this region), the study lakes were chosen to be evenly distributed about a present-day lakewater pH of 6 and Ca concentration of 1.5?mg?L?1 (threshold values). Despite the importance of pH as an explanatory variable for the present-day assemblages, a comparison of the sedimentary remains from the two time periods indicate there have been large declines since pre-industrial times in the relative abundances of Ca-rich Daphnia spp. (particularly of the Daphnia longispina species complex), regardless of present-day pH, accompanied by increases in the Ca-poor species Holopedium glacialis. These observations suggest that recent declines in Ca concentration may have already fallen below baseline conditions, with marked implications for ecosystem function due to the differential responses among cladoceran taxa.  相似文献   

20.
We propose a palaeolimnological method for inferring past total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in lake water from spectrophotometrically-measured sedimentary pigments, particularly total carotenoids (TC). Our approach is based on a highly significant statistical correlation (P < 0.0001) between pigment concentrations (total carotenoids) in the surface sediment of 28 Italian lakes (subalpine, large, deep, shallow, volcanic) and TP concentrations measured in these lakes at overturn when the core was collected. A transfer function was developed from this “training” set, and used to estimate past TP concentrations from pigment concentrations in sediment cores. The results generally agreed with TP values as measured by long-term water quality monitoring programs. Contrasting results were obtained by a comparison with diatom-inferred TP. While the diatom model showed a tendency to overestimate TP values higher than 100 μg l−1, the pigment model correctly estimated TP in lakes when TP was <100 μg l−1, but not when lakes were rich in macrophytes. In fact, lakes with extensive populations of aquatic submersed macrophytes and epiphytes are outliers in terms of the TC versus TP relationship. The root mean square error of prediction of the pigment model is lower than those derived from certain diatom—based inference models. The predicted and residual values are not related to the estimated values and their average is not statistically different from zero. Errors were estimated via a ‘leave-one-out’ re-sampling technique. The proposed method permits rapid and relatively inexpensive determination of reference trophic conditions.  相似文献   

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