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1.
基于二元水循环的河流生态需水水量与水质综合评价方法——以辽河流域为例 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
通过考虑水的自然循环与水在人类活动影响下的循环 (二元水循环),后者包括水资源开发利用率、耗水率、污水排放浓度影响,探讨了二元水循环下河流生态需水“质”与“量”的综合评价,以区别以往仅从自然水循环 (一元) 出发评价河流生态需水的缺陷。建立了二元水循环下的河流生态需水的水量与水质计算方法,并确定了河流生态需水的“质”与“量”的评价标准,实现了河流生态需水水量与水质的综合评价。以辽河流域为例进行实证分析,计算了一元水循环下西辽河、东辽河、辽河干流、浑太河、东北沿黄渤海诸河等水资源分区的河流生态需水,分别占径流的39.3%、63.0%、43.9%、43.3%、43.5%,采用Tennant推荐流量及等级进行评价,结果是：除西辽河属于“中”等级外,东辽河、浑太河、辽河干流、东北沿黄诸河等均在“好”等级以上,东辽河达到“极好”等级。与之对应的二元水循环下的河流生态需水比例分别是57.5%、74.1%、60.8%、60.3%、60.4%,综合评价结果显示：从水量角度评价,西辽河不能达到生态需水“量”的标准,其余能够达标,从水质角度评价,西辽河、浑太河、辽河干流、东北沿黄诸河等均不能够达到“质”的标准,东辽河可以达标。从“量”与“质”相结合的角度评价,仅有东辽河可以达标。因此,水质状况是决定辽河流域河流生态需水是否满足生态系统需求的主要问题。 相似文献
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水质恢复能力评价方法及其在黄河流域的应用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在探讨水体水质恢复途径的基础上,建立了水质恢复能力评价标准和方法。根据黄河干流1998年的纳污情况及河水中三类主要污染物 (BOD、氨氮和挥发酚) 的浓度对黄河干流的水质恢复能力进行了评价,发现对于单位河长,除潼关-三门峡河段水质恢复能力属中等以外,其余河段水质恢复能力均较弱。物理稀释作用对水相中污染物浓度降低的贡献相对较小;各河段的水质恢复能力与泥沙含量呈显著正相关,与水温呈一定程度的正相关。黄河干流这种较差的水质恢复能力表明黄河干流的环境功能较弱,且现有的污染物排放已经超过了其水质恢复的能力,从而致使水质恶化,影响水资源的可持续利用。 相似文献
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气候变化对水质与水生态的潜在影响已经成为当前必须面对的新问题和新挑战,这也引起了世界各国科学家和政府的高度关注。但是,由于它的复杂性和不确定性,目前针对该问题的科学研究和科学实践仍然十分有限。本文首先回顾了近年来国内外相关研究成果,并指出了研究现状与现实需要之间的差距。另外,基于作者在淮河和汉江的相关研究成果,我们认为,人类活动和经济发展所产生的排污是造成水质与水生态恶化的最重要的原因,同时,气候变化在此基础上具有推波助澜的增益作用,气候变化主要通过改变水温和水文情势进而影响水质和水生态。本文最后讨论了适应性对策的内涵,认为适应性对策应该包括适应方式和适应能力建设两个主要方面,适应性对策应该尽可能地具有针对性和可操作性。本文对今后的相关研究可起澄清概念和指明方向的作用。 相似文献
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The Yarlung Tsangpo River, the longest river in Tibet, houses most of the population and economy in Tibet Autonomous province. Under the rapid development of economy and society in Tibet, the pollution in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin has rapidly increased. Evaluating water quality and water environmental capacity is needed for water resource management in Tibet. This study used a single factor evaluation method to evaluate water quality of the Zhongba-Nyingchi section of the Yarlung Tsangpo River based on measured data of CODCr, NH3-N and TP in the study area. Based on these data, determinations of ideal water environmental capacity, emissions of pollutants and remaining water environmental capacity of the study area were made by a one-dimensional steady water quality model under either section-head control or cross-section control. The data indicate that most of the monitoring sections in the study area experienced good water quality. The three pollutants all had large remaining water environmental capacity generally, but TP exceeded state levels in the two upstream functional areas, and levels above state standards of CODCr and TP were found in several calculation cells of the two downstream functional areas. Therefore, emissions of pollutants need to be reduced to protect the water environment quality of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. 相似文献
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基于二元水循环的河流生态需水水量与水质综合评价方法——以辽河流域为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed,and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river re-quirements,the efficiency of water resource usage,the consumption coefficient,and the concentration of waste water elimination,the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed,and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established,and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized. Taking the Liaohe River as a model,the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River,Dongliao River,mainstream Liaohe River,Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated,each taking up 39.3%,63.0%,43.9%,43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow,the results show that: except Xiliao River is "median",the rest are all upon "good",the Dongliao River is even "very good". The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that,the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%,74.1%,60.8%,60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that: considering "quantity",except Xiliao River,the rest rivers can all achieve the "quantity" criteria of the en-vironmental flows of river requirements,but if considering the aspect of "quality",only Dongliao River can reach the "quality" standard. By water quantity-quality combined evalua-tion method,only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem de-mands. 相似文献
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Maija Taka Juha Aalto Miska Luoto 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2015,97(4):819-834
It is widely known that intensive land use generally decreases stream water quality, but the influence of watershed physiography is relatively poorly understood. Since management planning has to take into account the protection of water quality, the current status of stream water must be identified. The potential effects of land use and watershed physiography variables on water quality were studied in an extensive set of 83 watersheds in the Helsinki region, Finland, covering wide land‐use intensity gradient. The aims of this study were to test if the geographical information of watershed land‐use data can be used to model the stream water quality, and to examine whether the spatial water quality models are improved after including predictors of watershed physiography to the land‐use model. Water quality variables were related to watershed predictors by utilizing generalized additive models and linear mixed models, and the independent effect of the variables was investigated using a hierarchical partitioning approach. While land use turned out to be the most influential factor explaining water quality, all models improved significantly after incorporating the watershed characteristics, such as topography and soil. These results were consistent across three modelling techniques. This study, with its novel approach to examine the impacts of several watershed physiographic characteristics on urban stream water quality in northern Europe, demonstrates that spatial land use and watershed physiography data can be used as cost‐efficient predictors in stream water quality models. 相似文献
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In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed, and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river re-quirements, the efficiency of water resource usage, the consumption coefficient, and the concentration of waste water elimination, the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed, and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established, and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized. Taking the Liaohe River as a model, the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River, Dongliao River, mainstream Liaohe River, Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated, each taking up 39.3%, 63.0%, 43.9%, 43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow, the results show that: except Xiliao River is “median”, the rest are all upon “good”, the Dongliao River is even “very good”. The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that, the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%, 74.1%, 60.8%, 60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that: considering “quantity”, except Xiliao River, the rest rivers can all achieve the “quantity” criteria of the en-vironmental flows of river requirements, but if considering the aspect of “quality”, only Dongliao River can reach the “quality” standard. By water quantity-quality combined evalua-tion method, only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem de-mands. 相似文献
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WANG Xiqin ZHANG Yuan LIU Changming 《地理学报(英文版)》2007,17(3):304-316
In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed, and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river requirements, the efficiency of water resource usage, the consumption coefficient, and the concentration of waste water elimination, the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed, and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established, and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized Taking the Liaohe River as a model, the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River, Dongliao River, mainstream Liaohe River, Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated, each taking up 39.3%, 63.0%, 43.9%, 43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow, the results show that： except Xiliao River is ＂median＂, the rest are all upon ＂good＂, the Dongliao River is even ＂very good＂. The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that, the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%, 74.1%, 60.8%, 60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that： considering ＂quantity＂, except Xiliao River, the rest rivers can all achieve the ＂quantity＂ criteria of the en- vironmental flows of river requirements, but if considering the aspect of ＂quality＂, only Dongliao River can reach the ＂quality＂ standard. By water quantity-quality combined evaluation method, only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem demands. 相似文献
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呼伦湖是内蒙古第一大湖,在草原生态环境保护中举足轻重。在气候变化和人类活动的影响下,呼伦湖的水环境状况不容乐观。为了掌握呼伦湖水体的水质状况,在实地采样的基础上,基于地统计学半方差函数理论和GIS克立格空间插值方法,定量分析了呼伦湖水体溶解氧含量的空间变异特征及分布格局。结果表明：溶解氧的半方差拟合最优模型为球面模型,该水质参数具有强烈的空间自相关性;空间分布上,结合地表水环境质量标准,呼伦湖大部分水域的水质为IV类;考虑到鱼类等水生生物的生存需要,呼伦湖整体的溶解氧状况基本适合鱼类的生长,其中比较适合的区域分布在湖中部。 相似文献
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随着现代工业的发展,城市黑臭河道问题日趋严重,严重影响了城市形象、生态环境和居民身心健康。利用多水塘活水链人工湿地技术净化江苏常州永胜河河水水质。监测结果显示:该技术使水体总氮浓度削减了92.0%、总磷浓度削减了82.9%,处理后的水体总氮、总磷含量达到地表IV类水标准。项目年处理水量约30万t,每年以较低的成本(平均水处理费用约为0.03元/t),削减总氮、总磷和氨氮量分别为1496.6 kg、176.0 kg和1408.6 kg。通过引植多种浮叶植物、挺水植物、沉水植物,该湿地修复工程为当地营造了优美的湿地景观。多水塘活水链人工湿地是集经济效益、生态效益、环境效益于一体的新型水体生态治理技术,为我国城镇黑臭河道治理提供了一条新的途径。 相似文献
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根据水资源评价工作的基本任务和实际需求,充分利用计算机及地理信息系统技术,研究和探讨了塔里木河流域水资源分析系统(T-WRAS)的功能、结构、数据组织及其实现关键技术。同时介绍了降水量—高程量化模型(PEM)、自调节水量模拟模型(SRWQ)、基于“发展综合指标测度”的协调程度量化方法(DD)等一些模型和方法。该系统可对三源流汇流过程进行分析,对研究区进行数量、质量、开发利用及综合评价,评价结果以图、文、表等多种形式表达。系统的框架、建设思路及相关模型的研究有一定的理论和现实意义。 相似文献
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基于水利益共享的跨境流域水资源多目标分配研究——以澜沧江-湄公河为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以水利益共享代替分水的理念有利于充分发挥水资源效益和减少区域矛盾冲突,但由于缺乏具体可实施的分配模式一直停留在设想阶段。基于水利益共享理念,建立跨境流域水资源多目标分配指标体系,并结合澜沧江-湄公河流域跨境水资源利用现状及需求,提出澜沧江-湄公河流域跨境水资源多目标分配模型。为基于水利益共享的跨境水资源多目标分配提供了具有充分可操作性的指标体系和分配模型,有助于推进跨境流域水利益共享的实施,实现区域双边或多边在水资源利用上的共赢和发展目标。 相似文献
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珠江口东岸地区海水入侵三维溶质数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在建立水文地质概念模型的基础上,运用FEFLOW软件建立珠江口东岸地区海水入侵三维溶质模型,并利用研究区水位和水质的动态观测资料对模型进行识别和校正。运用模型进行情景模拟,预测现状开采条件下地下水的水质演化趋势。预测2010年,第四系含水层海水入侵面积为115.98km2,基岩裂隙含水层海水入侵面积为89.36km2,2020年,第四系含水层海水入侵面积为106.83km2,基岩裂隙含水层海水入侵面积为82.76km2。预测结果表明:在现状开采条件下,第四系和基岩裂隙含水层海水入侵程度有所缓解,海水入侵面积逐渐减少,Cl-高浓度区域逐渐变小。 相似文献
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水质评价对决策者决定水的使用功效尤为重要。水质综合评价系统中涉及到大量因子与指标,因子之间相互作用,致使水质的评价工作相对困难。主成分分析法可以消除因子间的相关性,因而被广泛应用于水质评价,但其忽略了数据离散程度的问题。熵值法则考虑了数据的离散特点。为更好地进行水质的综合评价,本文提出把主成分分析法和熵值法结合起来确定指标权重的方法,建立了水质评价模型,并采用该模型对郑州市金水河再生水2009年的水质情况进行评价,将评价结果与单独采用主成分分析或熵值法的结果进行了比较。结果表明了该方法的可行性与实用性,能够为非常规水资源利用提供理论依据和决策参考。 相似文献
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深圳石岩水库污染状况及综合防治对策 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采集石岩水库各来水支流和坝前共计8个样点3种不同深度的水样,由深圳市水质检测中心检测,检测地表水环境质量标准基本项目(除COD)和补充项目,共计28项.水质评价采用单项标准指数法和富营养化评价法.结果表明:根据单项标准指数法,全部采样点均检出超标污染物,共有12种污染物项目超标,其中总氮超标最严重;污染最严重的前3个样点分别是石岩河和深坑坜支流、麻布支流和石岩湖温泉度假村;根据富营养化评价法,水库的整体水质为中营养水平,个别样点已达到富营养化水平,磷是该水库富营养化的限制性营养元素;一些污染物有逐步沉积的现象,其含量随深度逐渐增加,如不加以控制,长期积累也会导致下层首先超标而影响水质.文中提出了对石岩水库污染水质的治理技术方法,并针对各个支流水质的污染特点提出了对应的防治措施. 相似文献
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以广东省东江流域2013年地表水功能区水质监测数据和Landsat8 OLI遥感影像为数据源,通过遥感信息提取、GIS空间分析和数理统计方法,对不同空间尺度河岸缓冲带土地利用结构与水体中的高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）、氨氮（NH3-N）和总磷（TP）进行相关性分析。结果表明：1）在水功能区中,开发利用区河岸带的城市化程度较高,水质状况相对较差;保护区、保留区、缓冲区河岸带用地类型以耕地和林地为主,水质状况明显优于开发利用区。2）耕地、林地和草地对水质具有正效应,水体和建设用地对水质具有负效应;同时,建设用地对水质影响作用最强,其次是水体和耕地。3）CODMn与耕地、林地、草地、建设用地的相关性远高于NH3-N和TP,3种水质指标与水体相关性都较大。4）耕地和草地与水质在小尺度范围内相关性最为显著;林地和建设用地与水质相关性随河岸缓冲带尺度增大而增大,水体与水质相关性随河岸缓冲带尺度不同呈波动性变化。 相似文献
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三峡与南水北调工程建设及海平面上升对上海城市供水水质的可能影响 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
上海城市供水水源地水质除受沿岸地区经济发展过程中大量污染物排放的影响外，主要受河水盐水入侵的危害，导致严重的水质型缺水问题，正在建设的三峡水利枢纽和拟议中的南水北调工程与全球变暖引起的海平面上升效应相叠架，无疑将影响长江河口段和黄埔江的盐水入侵强度，进而危及上海城市供水水质，着重探讨三峡与南水北调工程建设运营及海平面上升对上海城市供水水源地水质可能产生的综合影响，并提出适应和防范对策。 相似文献
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塔里木河干流水质评价及生态安全性研究 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
为保护塔里木河下游的生态安全,2000年至2005年,由塔里木河流域管理局等相关部门组织,相继实施了7次向塔河下游绿色走廊应急输水工作。通过对输水前的1998年和输水后的2002年数据进行对比分析塔里木河干流上、下游在输水前后的水质变化状况的分析认为塔河干流水体污染类型为农业污染型,塔河干流水体中的主要污染物是氯化物、硫酸盐和总硬度,塔河干流水体污染产生的主要原因为农业弃水,输水后塔河干流整体污染程度较输水前有所好转,但仍存在水质为五级重污染的断面,由此分析了水质污染对生态安全构成的风险并提出了几点控制塔河干流污染的途径。 相似文献