共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
Mark A. Riedesel Duncan Agnew Jon Berger Freeman Gilbert 《Geophysical Journal International》1980,62(2):457-471
Summary. Using nine IDA records for the Indonesian earthquake of 1977 August 19, we have formed an optimal linear combination of the records and have measured the frequency and Q of 0 S 0 and 1 S 0 . The frequency was measured using the moment ratio method. The attenuation was measured by the minimum width method and by the time-lapse method. The frequency and attenuation were measured simultaneously by varying them to obtain a best fit to the data. A 2000-hr stack, the sum of nine individual records, for 0 S 0 gave a frequency of 0.814664 mHz±4 ppm. The values for the Q of 0 S 0 for the three different methods of measurement were 5600,5833 and 5700, respectively. The error in the estimates of Q -1 is about 5 per cent for the minimum power method. For 1 S 0 a 300-hr stack yielded a frequency of 1.63151 mHz±30 ppm. The values of Q for this mode were 1960, 1800 and 1850, respectively, with an error in Q -1 of about 12 per cent for the minimum power method. 相似文献
4.
Nicolai S. Panikov 《Polar research》1999,18(2):237-244
This review covers selected aspects of recent international efforts to measure and model greenhouse gas emission from northern wetlands, to identify the environmental factors that control gas emission, and to investigate wetlands'responses (particularly with respect to gas emission) to global change. Both bottom-up and top-to-bottom approaches, based respectively on local observations plus inventory of gas fluxes and inverse modelling of global circulation, agree on the size of the high latitude (>60° N) contribution to global methane, which should be about 13% or 70 Tg/year. It has been shown that winter and spring fluxes are an essential part in the annual budget of CH4 and especially CO2 exchange (varying from 5 to 50%). Soil micro-organisms were shown to be able to respire during winter even at-16° C. In comparison to aerobically respiring organisms, anaerobic methanogenic bacteria were less active in frozen soil, although they are subjected to significant stimulation by soil freeze-thaw cycles. The absence of immediate coupling of methanogenesis with plant photosynthesis implies that substrates for methane formation are derived from peat decomposition rather than from root exudation. 相似文献
5.
硫酸镁亚型盐湖老卤是MgCl2、MgSO4的饱和溶液体系,富集了Mg、B、Li等元素。本文针对含硼水盐体系热力学难以表达的问题,开展了硼在水盐体系存在形态及其平衡关系的研究。利用易于水解的Mg(BO2)2作为硼源,借助拉曼光谱和X射线衍射(XRD)为检测手段,定量研究Mg(BO2)2在MgSO4-H2O、MgSO4-MgCl2-H2O体系中水解硼物种转化规律。结果表明:(1)Mg(BO2)2在MgSO4溶液中的水解固相为MgB2O(OH)6、MgB4O7·9H2O和Mg(OH)2;在MgSO4-MgCl2-H2O溶液中水解固相为Mg2B6O11·15H2O、MgB4O7·9H2O、Mg2Cl(OH)3·4H2O。(2)Mg(BO2)2在MgSO4溶液中水解,液相硼物种主要有B3O3(OH)-4、B3O3(OH)52-、B(OH)-4、B4O5(OH)42-、H3BO3,其分布受MgSO4浓度影响很大,MgSO4浓度从0增加至饱和,B3O3(OH)-4始终占总硼量的50.07%以上,B3O3(OH)52-占液相总硼从4.77%上升至37.16%为第2化学物种。(3)在MgSO4-MgCl2-H2O溶液中,硼物种的主要形态有B3O3(OH)-4、B3O3(OH)52-、B(OH)-4,其分布 随[Cl22-]/([Cl22-]+[SO42-])变化很大,在MgCl2和MgSO4的共饱溶液中,分别占液相总硼量的58.91%,14.62%和12.81%。(4)液相硼物种之间平衡关系的活度商lnQ,不仅与溶液pH、水活度有关,还与MgSO4、MgCl2摩尔浓度呈二元线性关系,这样就可将硼在H3BO3-NaOH体系物种分布关系的lnQ扩展到 (MgSO4,MgCl2,MgSO4-MgCl2)水溶液的多元体系。由此获得硼物种的量化关系,可为推算硼在水盐体系的物种分布,进而计算含硼电解质溶液热力学性质提供依据。 相似文献
6.
Mark J. Dekkers Hilde F. Passier & Martin A. A. Schoonen 《Geophysical Journal International》2000,141(3):809-819
The magnetic behaviour of hydrothermally synthesized greigite was analysed in the temperature range from 4 K to 700 °C. Below room temperature, hysteresis parameters were determined as a function of temperature, with emphasis on the temperature range below 50 K. Saturation magnetization and initial susceptibility were studied above room temperature, along with X-ray diffraction analysis of material heated to various temperatures. The magnetic behaviour of synthetic greigite on heating is determined by chemical alteration rather than by magnetic unblocking. Heating in air yields more discriminative behaviour than heating in argon. When heated in air, the amount of oxygen available for reaction with greigite determines the products and magnetic behaviour. In systems open to contact with air, haematite is the final reaction product. When the contact with air is restricted, magnetite is the final reaction product. When air is excluded, pyrrhotite and magnetite are the final reaction products; the amount of magnetite formed is determined by the purity of the starting greigite and the degree of its surficial oxidation. The saturation magnetization of synthetic greigite is virtually independent of temperature from room temperature down to 4 K. The saturation remanent magnetization increases slowly by 20–30 per cent on cooling from room temperature to 4 K. A broad maximum is observed at ~10 K which may be diagnostic of greigite. The coercive and remanent coercive force both increase smoothly with decreasing temperature to 4 K. The coercive force increases from ~50 mT at room temperature to approximately 100–120 mT at 4 K, and the remanent coercive force increases from approximately 50–80 mT at room temperature to approximately 110–180 mT at 4 K. 相似文献
7.
8.
S. Hu E. Appel V. Hoffmann W. W. Schmahl & S. Wang 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,134(3):831-842
A magnetic study was carried out on lacustrine sediments from the Zoigê basin, Tibetan Plateau, in order to obtain a better understanding of palaeoclimatic changes there. Gyromagnetic remanence (GRM) acquisition is unexpectedly observed during static three-axis alternating field (AF) demagnetization in about 20 per cent of a large number of samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis on a magnetic extract clearly shows that greigite is the dominant magnetic mineral carrier. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that the greigite particles are in the grain size range of 200–300 nm, possibly in the single-domain state. Greigite clumps of about 3 μm size are sealed by silicates. Fitting of XRD peaks yields a crystalline coherence length of about 15 nm, indicating that the particles seen in the SEM are polycrystalline.
GRM intensities of most samples are of the same order as the NRM, while others show much stronger GRM although their magnetic properties are similar. Variation of the demagnetization sequence confirms that GRM is mainly produced perpendicular to the AF direction. The anisotropy direction can be derived from GRM, but more systematic studies are needed for detailed conclusions. An attempt to correct for GRM failed due to high GRM intensities and because smaller GRM acquisition was also found along the demagnetization axis. Behaviours of acquisition and AF demagnetization of GRM are comparable with those of NRM, ARM, IRM, indicating fine grain sizes of remanence carriers. 相似文献
GRM intensities of most samples are of the same order as the NRM, while others show much stronger GRM although their magnetic properties are similar. Variation of the demagnetization sequence confirms that GRM is mainly produced perpendicular to the AF direction. The anisotropy direction can be derived from GRM, but more systematic studies are needed for detailed conclusions. An attempt to correct for GRM failed due to high GRM intensities and because smaller GRM acquisition was also found along the demagnetization axis. Behaviours of acquisition and AF demagnetization of GRM are comparable with those of NRM, ARM, IRM, indicating fine grain sizes of remanence carriers. 相似文献
9.
10.
11.
12.
对南极大气温室气体CO_2(含δ~(13)C-CO_2和δ~(18)O-CO_2)、CH_4和N_2O长期测值进行比较分析。结果表明,南极是全球大气温室气体浓度(CO_2稳定同位素丰度值)随纬度分布变化中的最低(高)区域。南极大气温室气体浓度值变化趋势、年增长率与全球整体上一致,但在具体数值上存在差异。南极CO_2平均年增长率(1958—2014年)为(1.43±0.59)mg·L~(–1)·a~(–1),低于同期赤道(1.51±0.72)mg·L~(–1)·a~(–1),但1980—2014年和2000—2014年年增长率均高于南半球中纬度地区。δ~(13)C-CO_2和δ~(18)O-CO_2丰度趋势揭示了化石燃料排放和全球尺度过程对CO_2的影响,但南极是受影响最小的区域。1983—2014年南极CH_4平均增长率为(6.2±4.9)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1),低于北半球中纬度(6.5±5.6)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1)而高于赤道(5.6±5.3)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1)和南半球中纬度(6.1±4.9)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1),这与CH_4人为排放增强主要在北半球中纬度地区而显著被OH氧化在赤道和中纬度地区的事实是吻合的。南极N_2O平均年增长率为(0.87±0.15)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1)(2005—2013年),与南半球中纬度地区接近但低于北半球而高于赤道地区。 相似文献
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Mammoth Mountain is a seismically active volcano 200 000 to 50 000 years old, situated on the southwestern rim of Long Valley caldera, California. Since 1989 it has shown evidence of unrest in the form of earthquake swarms (Hill et al. 1990), volcanic 'long-period' earthquakes (Pitt & Hill 1994), increased output of magmatic 3 He (Sorey et al. 1993) and the emission of about 500 tonnes day −1 of CO2 (Farrar et al. 1995; Hill 1996; M. Sorey, personal communication, 1997), which has killed trees and poses a threat to human safety. Local-earthquake tomography shows that in mid-1989 areas of subsequent tree-kill were underlain by extensive regions where the ratio of the compressional and shear elastic-wave speeds VP /VS was about 9 per cent lower than in the surrounding rocks. Theory (Mavko & Mukerji 1995), experiment (Ito, DeVilbiss & Nur 1979), and experience at other geothermal/volcanic areas (Julian et al. 1996) and at petroleum reservoirs (Harris et al. 1996) indicate that VP /VS is sensitive to pore-fluid compressibility, through its effect on VP . The observed VP /VS anomaly is probably caused directly by CO2 , and seismic VP /VS tomography is thus a promising tool for monitoring gas concentration and movement in volcanoes, which may in turn be related to volcanic activity. 相似文献
20.
Summary. The temperature dependence of single-crystal elastic constants of synthetic stoichiometric MgAl2 O4 spinel has been measured by the light-sound scattering technique in the Raman-Nath region. The crystal is set into forced vibration by a single crystal LiNbO3 transducer coupled to one crystal face. A He-Ne Laser beam is diffracted by the stress-induced birefringence inside the crystal. The diffraction angle is determined from the distance between two spots exposed on a photographic plate by the first order diffracted beams as measured by a microdensitometer. The sound wavelength inside the crystal is then inferred from the laser diffraction angle. Combining the sound wavelength with the measured transducer frequency, the velocity inside the crystal is determined typically to a precision of 0·05 per cent. In this method, the measurement of velocity is not dependent on either the determination of sample length or on phase shifts at sample-transducer interface. Velocities of four pure modes, L //[001], T //[001], L //[110], and T //[110]( P //[1 1 0] are measured in the temperature range between 293 and 423 °K. A linear temperature dependence is fit to the data by a least square method. Values obtained at 25 °C from this linear fit are
The temperature dependence of the adiabatic elastic constants and bulk and shear (VRH average) moduli is computed using the density and literature value of thermal expansion coefficient. Values obtained are:
A comparison with previous measurements by pulse superposition and ultrasonic interferometry methods is made. Disagreement, when present, is discussed in terms of the separate measuring techniques. Finally, the present method, with its possibility for further improvement, is evaluated as a new method to measure temperature and pressure dependence of elastic constants. 相似文献
The temperature dependence of the adiabatic elastic constants and bulk and shear (VRH average) moduli is computed using the density and literature value of thermal expansion coefficient. Values obtained are:
A comparison with previous measurements by pulse superposition and ultrasonic interferometry methods is made. Disagreement, when present, is discussed in terms of the separate measuring techniques. Finally, the present method, with its possibility for further improvement, is evaluated as a new method to measure temperature and pressure dependence of elastic constants. 相似文献