共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
缓坡坡面径流在土粒分散阶段的作用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过水文及水力理论 ,采用微积分方法推得超渗产流模式下 ,均匀降雨在平整坡面单位面积上产生的径流能量为(ρg/ 4)Lqsin2θ ;在 3°～ 15°坡面上 ,模拟黄土高原暴雨的特征雨强 (0 8mm/min～ 4 0mm/min) ,控制相同水量 ,分别以径流形式及降雨形式及降雨形式作用于 1m× 1m坡面小区 ,测量其产生的分散土粒量 ,发现坡度对分散量的影响远大于径流的影响 ,雨滴击溅产生的松散颗粒占总分散量的百分数随坡度增大呈下降趋势 ,径流产生的则恰相反 ,随坡度增大呈上升趋势 ,从6°时的 2 0 %上升为 15°时的 70 % ,说明其存在一个两者相等的临界坡度 (在实验条件下约为 2 1°) ,坡度大于这个值 ,径流的冲刷量将大于雨滴的击溅量 相似文献
2.
黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面产流能力及影响因素研究 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
坡面是黄土高原土壤侵蚀的重要来源,本文以团山沟流域的7个径流场9年的降雨－径流事件,对不同坡面和降雨特征下径流系数随坡面的变化进行了研究。结果表明,研究区存在降雨强度大、持续时间短的A型雨、降雨强度小持续时间长的C型雨以及居于二者之间的B型雨。不同雨型下坡面产流能力大小为A型雨>B型雨>C型雨,而产流尺度效应则为C型雨>B型雨>A型雨。坡度一定,A型雨下随着坡面长度增加产流能力先增加后减小,径流系数峰值出现在坡长为40m的坡面上,B型和C型雨坡面产流能力随坡面长度的增加而增加;坡长一定,峁坡区坡面产流能力随着坡度的增加而增加;A型雨下沟坡产流能力最小,而在B型和C型雨下,坡面产流能力相对有所提高。 相似文献
3.
燕山土石山区降雨和下垫面条件对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《山地学报》2016,(1)
为了揭示燕山土石山区水土流失规律,基于坡面径流小区定位观测资料,对坡面尺度一定降雨和下垫面条件下土壤侵蚀产沙状况进行了分析,拟为区域水土流失防治提供参考。研究结果表明:平均降雨强度和产流降雨量是引起坡面土壤侵蚀的主要因素,降雨历时和坡面土壤侵蚀产沙量之间的相关性不明显;坡面径流小区的土壤侵蚀模数随着坡度的增加呈指数增大趋势,当坡度超过20.42°后坡面土壤侵蚀模数呈快速增加趋势;坡面径流小区的侵蚀模数随着坡长的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,在坡长为22.26 m处达到最大值,说明该区域坡面侵蚀可能存在临界坡长,在22 m左右;坡面土壤侵蚀模数随着植被覆盖度的增加呈减小趋势,但是覆盖度为60%的草地和覆盖度为90%的草地的侵蚀模数差别不大,说明水土流失治理中存在着临界植被覆盖度;梯田、鱼鳞坑、水平阶等整地工程由于改变了下垫面条件,能够有效蓄水拦沙,减弱坡面土壤侵蚀。 相似文献
4.
沙层特性对沙盖黄土坡面产流产沙变化贡献的定量分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
沙盖黄土坡面产流产沙方式独特,侵蚀过程复杂,量化降雨过程中该类坡面产流产沙变化影响因素贡献的大小对揭示其侵蚀机理具有重要的意义。基于室内模拟降雨试验,定量分析沙层厚度（2 cm、5 cm和10 cm）和粒径组成（100%粒径≤ 0.25 mm、75%粒径≤ 0.25 mm +25%粒径> 0.25 mm、50%粒径≤ 0.25 mm+50%粒径> 0.25 mm、未处理原沙和100%粒径> 0.25 mm）在降雨过程中对产流产沙变化的影响和贡献。结果显示：沙层厚度增加能明显延长产流时间,减少总产流量,增加总产沙量,增大降雨过程中产流产沙的变异性;随沙层粒径组成变粗,初始产流时间和产沙量无明显变化规律,产流量有增大趋势。沙层厚度、粒径组成及二者交互作用对初始产流时间变化的贡献率分别为68.03%、15.77%和3.85%。沙层厚度对降雨不同时段15 min产流量和不同历时总产流量的贡献率分别在23.89%~52.22%和41.10%~48.94%之间,对相应产沙的贡献率分别在29.19%~62.01%和13.53%~30.31%之间。整体上沙层粒径组成变化对产流产沙量变化的贡献率小于沙层厚度,且无明显规律。沙层厚度和粒径组成交互作用对产流量和降雨中前期产沙量的影响显著（p < 0.05）,其对产流产沙变化的贡献率分别在13.12%~26.62%和3.22%~43.12%之间,不同降雨时段变化明显。研究结果说明,沙层厚度决定沙盖黄土坡面产流产沙过程,其和沙层粒径组成对产流产沙的影响和贡献随坡面沙层的侵蚀演化而动态变化,且二者的交互作用也不容忽视。 相似文献
5.
耕作侵蚀对不同坡度下紫色土侵蚀产沙的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《山地学报》2021,(4)
川中丘陵紫色土在长期耕作侵蚀与水蚀的交互作用下侵蚀严重,在不同地形条件下紫色土耕作侵蚀坡面在二者相互作用的内在机理,以及水力学特征随坡度的变化规律尚不明晰。本文选取四川盆地典型紫色土坡地土壤为研究对象,以10 m~2 土槽坡面坡顶裸露2 m~2母岩代表受耕作侵蚀严重的坡面(TE),以坡顶未发生母岩裸露作为对照坡面(CG),设计5种不同坡度(5°、10°、15°、20°和25°)坡面,在室内人工降雨大厅进行60 min强度为90 mm·h~(-1)的模拟降雨。试验结果表明:(1)当坡度从5°逐渐增加到25°时,TE坡面较CG坡面累计产沙量分别增加了 17.73%、49.91%、83.95%、57.70%、29.56%,在坡度为15°时增长比例最大。(2)TE和CG坡面平均流速和弗劳德数随着坡度增加而增加,阻力系数和雷诺数随着坡度增加而减小。与CG相比,TE坡面的流速、弗劳德数和雷诺数均显著增加,而阻力系数在10°～20°坡面显著减小。(3)在TE和CG坡面上,产沙速率和流速、弗劳德数均呈显著正相关关系,产沙速率和阻力系数呈显著负相关关系,产沙速率与雷诺数相关性不明显,拟合结果表明平均流速可以很好地预测坡面产沙速率和水力学变化趋势。研究显示不同坡度条件下耕作侵蚀均加剧了坡面水蚀的发生,15°可能是耕作-水复合侵蚀坡面产沙的临界坡度。本研究结果不仅丰富了耕作侵蚀对水蚀影响的理论,也为川中丘陵紫色土区土壤侵蚀防治提供了科学依据。 相似文献
6.
坡面侵蚀水沙流时间变化特征的模拟实验 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
多坡段实验模型以黄土丘陵沟壑区垂向上梁峁坡面与沟谷坡面构成的坡沟系统为原型,采用人工降雨模拟实验方法,对坡沟系统土壤侵蚀链内降雨径流产沙随时间变化的规律进行了系统的研究。结果表明:雨强29 7mm/h时36′40″开始产流,60 5mm/h时3′43″产流,90 2mm/h时2′30″产流。雨强29 7mm/h时侵蚀过程以面蚀为主,产沙起伏20min出现一次。60 5mm/h时以面蚀与细沟蚀为主,35°陡坡伴有崩塌、滑塌等重力侵蚀,产沙波动平均12min出现一次。雨强90 2mm/h时坡面上细沟发育充分,有细沟合并及出现浅沟侵蚀现象,35°坡崩塌、滑塌剧烈,产沙过程波动频繁,每10min一次。雨强29 7mm/h时单位流量的产沙量为0 10kg/L;雨强60 5mm/h时为0 30kg/L;雨强90 2mm/h时为0 41kg/L。流量的大小影响了侵蚀方式和形态分异的程度,使产沙过程出现强弱相间的波动性特点。 相似文献
7.
坡面侵蚀过程中细沟水流动力学参数估算探讨 总被引：17，自引：7，他引：10
细沟侵蚀是坡面侵蚀的主要方式 ,在坡面侵蚀产沙及其输移过程中占有重要的地位和作用。通过放水冲刷试验 ,测定并研究了坡面细沟中径流的水力要素特征及其相互关系。试验中坡度采用 6° ,10°,12°和 15°共 4级 ,径流流量变化控制在 40～ 5 0 0ml/s之间。结果表明 ,黄土陡坡上细沟径流的流速、过水断面宽度 ,以及径流深都能表示成径流量和坡度的函数。在确定坡面细沟流各水力要素间关系指数的基础上 ,探讨了用径流量和坡度因子估算细沟径流水力参数的方法。经用实测资料验证 ,在实验土壤及流量、坡度条件下 ,用文中提出的方法估算的细沟径流深具有一定的精度。 相似文献
8.
紫色土坡面降雨侵蚀试验研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
坡面水蚀的主要侵蚀动力来自降雨及其产生的地表径流,将坡面水蚀过程分为降雨侵蚀和径流侵蚀,可以从侵蚀动力、侵蚀特征差异与侵蚀规律等方面研究坡面水蚀过程与机理。应用人工模拟降雨及微小区测定技术,以大田紫色土为研究对象,模拟和测定不同雨强与不同坡度条件下降雨侵蚀过程和侵蚀量,揭示以降雨为主要动力的土壤降雨侵蚀特征和规律。研究结果表明：(1)小雨强(＜67．26 mm/h)下,紫色土坡面降雨侵蚀率具有稳定性,随着降雨历时的增加变化微小；大雨强(106．57 mm/h)下,降雨侵蚀率随降雨历时增加呈上下波动；(2)紫色土降雨侵蚀率与降雨强度呈线性相关,随降雨强度增加而直线增加；(3)降雨侵蚀率与坡度符合二次抛物线关系,随坡度的增加出现临界坡度,且临界坡度随雨强的变化而改变。在中小雨强(18．06～67．26 mm/h)条件下,临界坡度SK的变化范围在17°～19°。在大雨强条件下,临界坡度有逐渐增大的趋势；(4)当坡度与雨强共同影响产沙效应时,坡度对降雨侵蚀的影响较小,雨强能掩盖坡度对产沙的贡献。 相似文献
9.
黄土高原地区坡面土壤侵蚀具有明显的垂直分带性,溅蚀片蚀带是坡面侵蚀的最上方地带,研究片蚀过程含沙量变化有助于阐明坡面侵蚀规律。本文采用人工模拟降雨试验方法研究了黄土坡面片蚀稳定含沙量及其影响因素;试验处理包括2种质地的黄土(塿土和黑垆土),2个雨强(90和120 mm/h)和4个坡度(10°、15°、20°和25°)。结果表明：在不同质地黄土、降雨强度和坡度条件下,水流含沙量均呈现先减小后平稳的规律;稳定含沙量与土壤颗粒体积分形维数、降雨强度和坡度呈幂函数关系,稳定含沙量随土壤颗粒体积分形维数的增大而减小,随降雨强度和坡度的增大而增大,影响程度依次为土壤颗粒体积分形维数、降雨强度和坡度;所分析的水动力学指标中单位水流功率与稳定含沙量关系最密切,降雨强度对稳定含沙量的影响大于单位水流功率。 相似文献
10.
黄土坡面发育平稳的细沟流水动力学特性 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
由于天然降雨存在间歇性,常会出现前期降雨已经发育成型的细沟又经历了二次降雨的情况,但目前对这一条件下细沟流水动力学特性的研究还很少。本文采用室内人工模拟降雨的方法,通过间隔24 h两场不同雨强的降雨,研究黄土坡面经过第一场降雨形成比较稳定的细沟之后,在第二场较小雨强降雨过程中,细沟发育平稳时的流水动力学特性。研究结果表明:①细沟流速大小受坡长影响并不显著,相同坡度下不同坡长的细沟流平均流速差别不大;细沟流速受细沟形态影响较大,25°坡面比20°坡面细沟密度大,流速相对较小;②剪切力大小受流量和坡度共同作用;雷诺数与水流剪切力呈显著正相关关系,弗洛德数与水流剪切力则呈显著负相关关系;③随着距坡顶距离的增加,阻力系数呈增大趋势;第二次降雨强度相同,坡度大的坡面上阻力系数也较大,可见阻力系数与径流量和坡度的关系十分紧密;阻力系数与雷诺数之间呈显著正相关关系,雷诺数的增加意味着平均流速增大,水流强度增大导致细沟形态更为复杂,水流受到的阻力增大;虽然雷诺数增加同时也意味着水流深度增大,但从试验结果可见,陡坡条件下阻力系数受流速的影响较大。 相似文献
11.
为了明确土壤性质对坡面侵蚀方式作用机制的影响,本研究采用室内模拟降雨试验,选取黄土高原典型暴雨强度,在不同坡度条件下,对两种黄土的坡面侵蚀方式、形态特征、产流产沙过程及其相应径流流速的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,绥德土径流量明显高于安塞土,10º、15º和20º时前者的平均径流量分别比后者高出51.1%、55.5%和63.0%,且前者更易形成细沟,使得其平均含沙量和平均产沙率分别是后者的1.14~3.59倍和2.50~8.48倍。在片蚀阶段,与绥德土相比,安塞土的含沙量较高,后者的平均含沙量是前者的1.24~1.73倍,但两种土壤的含沙量和产沙规律相同,均表现为先快速增加到最大值,然后逐渐降低到相对稳定状态,该现象证明片蚀的初期阶段主要受控于径流输沙能力,后期受径流的剥蚀能力控制。在细沟侵蚀阶段,绥德土细沟发育以沟头溯源侵蚀为主,崩塌作用频繁,该侵蚀形式不仅控制着细沟形态的总体特征,也导致含沙量和产沙率均急剧增加,该阶段平均含沙量是相应片蚀阶段的3.25~4.34倍。细沟沟口下方坡面存在明显的泥沙沉积带,表明细沟集中水流的搬运能力远高于坡面漫流,细沟侵蚀主要受径流输沙能力控制。两种土壤的径流流速均表现为坡面下部高于坡面上部,径流稳定后高于径流稳定前,总体来看,绥德土和安塞土上坡和径流稳定后的平均流速分别是下坡和径流稳定前的1.4倍、1.25倍和1.75倍、1.29倍,此外细沟侵蚀或侵蚀强度与微地貌形态之间的互馈作用对径流流速也有较大影响。 相似文献
12.
坡地土壤氮素与降雨、径流的相互作用机理及模型 总被引：58，自引：0，他引：58
坡地土壤氮素径流损失表现为两种形式 ,溶解于径流中的矿质氮随径流液流失 ,吸附于泥沙颗粒表面以无机态和以有机质形式存在的氮素。坡地土壤氮素流失过程实际上是表层土壤氮素与降雨、径流相互作用的过程 ,土壤氮素流失的多少主要受相互作用的限制。从分析土壤与降雨、径流相互作用入手 ,分析了土壤氮素与降雨、径流相互作用过程及机理 ,并对相互作用模型进行探讨。 相似文献
13.
Soil erosion has become a serious environmental problem worldwide, and slope land is the main source of soil erosion. As a primary cover of slope land, crops have an important influence on the occurrence and development of runoff and soil erosion on slope land. This paper reviews the current understanding of runoff and soil erosion on slope cropland. Crops mainly impact splash detachment, slope runoff, and sediment yield. In this review paper, the effects of crop growth and rainfall on the splash detachment rate and the spatial distribution of splash detachment are summarized. Crop growth has a significant impact on runoff and sediment yield. Rainfall intensity and slope gradient can influence the level of erosive energy that causes soil erosion. Furthermore, other factors such as antecedent soil water content, soil properties, soil surface physical crust, and soil surface roughness can affect soil anti-erodibility. The varying effects of different crops and with different influence mechanisms on runoff and soil erosion, as well as changes in their ability to influence erosion under different external conditions should all remain focal points of future research. The effect of crop vegetation on runoff and soil erosion on slope land is a very important factor in understanding large-scale soil erosion systems, and in-depth study of this topic is highly significant for both theory and practice. 相似文献
14.
基于地块汇流网络的小流域水沙运移模拟方法研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
全流域逐地块水土流失计算,是目前水土保持定量评价的重要手段,其实现过程既需要有考虑地貌因子和上下游关系的土壤侵蚀模型,也需要建立全流域地块汇流网络,并与侵蚀模型有机连接。本文针对黄土高原特殊的地理条件和水土流失规律,对传统的基于栅格的小流域汇流技术进行了改进,考虑地块间上下游汇流关系,建立了基于地块的水沙汇流网络模型,模拟水沙在流域复杂下垫面的汇流过程,提取出流域各地块间的水沙汇流网络,并计算出3个重要参数:流域地块间水沙汇流的顺序、流域地块间水沙汇流数目的空间分配、水沙流经各地块的坡长。将土壤侵蚀模型按地貌部位与特征分为坡面模型、沟坡模型和沟道输移模型,与地块汇流网络有机集成,实现了水沙运移的全流域按地块沿程计算。 相似文献
15.
Relations between interrill erosion processes and sediment particle size distribution in a semiarid Mediterranean area of SE of Spain 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
Erosion and sediment characteristics were measured using simulated rainfall on two cultivated soils of contrasting lithology (Quaternary calcareous colluvium and Tertiary marls) in a semiarid Mediterranean area of SE Spain. Two rainfall intensities, high (56.0±2.4 mm h−1) and medium (31.4±1.4 mm h−1), were used in order to know the mechanisms involved in each selected condition. For each simulated event, runoff and sediment were sampled at 1-min intervals on a 1-m wide by 2-m long erosion plot. The erosion rate was calculated as the total amount of soil lost divided by the time period of the test. The duration of the test was that needed to reach steady state runoff, an average time of 24.5 min for Quaternary calcareous colluvium and 17.7 min for Tertiary marls. The size distribution of the transported sediment in the field (effective size distribution) was compared with equivalent measurements of the same samples after chemical and mechanical dispersion (ultimate size distribution) to investigate the detachment and transport mechanisms involved in sediment mobilisation. The results showed that the soil type determined the hydrological response, regardless of the rainfall intensity. The erosional response was, however, determined by the rainfall and soil surface characteristics.In Quaternary calcareous colluvial soils, the predominant erosion process depended on the rainfall intensity, with a prevailing detachment-limited condition in high-intensity events and prevailing transport-limited conditions in those events of medium intensity. These differences in the main erosion processes were reflected in the size of the transported material and in the change in sediment size within the storm. Thus, a time-dependent size distribution of the eroded material (decreasing coarse fractions and increasing fine fractions with runoff time) was observed for high-intensity events. In medium-intensity events, on the other hand, the time-independent size distribution of the eroded material indicated transport-limited erosion.Due to the rapid surface crusting on the Tertiary marl soil, no differences in the main erosion processes or in the sediment size distribution occurred for the different rainfall intensities tested. The erosion of marl soils was determined mainly by the limited quantity of available sediment.The effective size of material was a more sensitive parameter than the ultimate size of the sediment to study the way in which the sediment was transported. 相似文献
16.
《Geomorphology》1997,18(2):61-75
In badland areas of the Ebro Basin, in a semiarid climate, two erosion plots (257 m2; 5° slope and 128 m2; 23° slope) on exposed Tertiary clays were monitored over two years (Nov. 1991–Nov. 1993). This material is characterized by high sodium absorption ratios which lead to high soil dispersivity. The dominant erosion processes in both plots are rilling and sheet erosion. Rainfall intensity was recorded at a weather station, connected to a data-logger, sediment production for single events was collected in tanks, and ground lowering was measured every six months by erosion pins and microtopographic profile gauge techniques. Significant runoff was produced only by rainfall events above 5 mm. Another threshold at 20 mm rain was noted. For rainfalls higher than 20 mm, the 23° slope plot shows a greater runoff response than the 5° one. Rainfall events exceeding this threshold showed a higher sediment production for the steeper slope. In the relationship between precipitation and sediment concentration, an envelope curve can be drawn indicating that any rainfall event of a given amount and intensity has a maximum sediment concentration which we speculate to be a function of the runoff sediment transport capacity. Runoff response and sediment yield in the studied plots are controlled by the rainfall and soil characteristics and their seasonal variations. In both plots, the erosion pins show that erosion rates in rill areas are 25–50% higher than in the interrill areas. Sediment yield recorded by collector devices was higher than the rates measured by erosion pins. The erosion rates based on rill cross-sections by profilometers were higher than the ones recorded by collectors. 相似文献
17.
黄河中游小流域坡沟侵蚀关系研究 总被引：35，自引：5，他引：30
根据坡面水下沟时在沟坡（道）上“净产沙增量”的概念,探讨了沿程含沙水流侵蚀特性的变化和坡沟侵蚀关系及产沙机理,并采用成因分析法定量确定了典型小流域的泥沙来源。 相似文献
18.
Effectiveness of coir-based rolled erosion control systems in reducing sediment transport from hillslopes 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Accelerated soil erosion is ubiquitous on human-modified hillslopes. A variety of erosion control products have been developed to reduce on-site soil resource degradation, and off-site transport of sediment and sediment-associated contaminants to receiving water bodies. However, limited quantitative data are available to assess erosion reduction effectiveness, and to establish the salient properties of the erosion control products. A replicated field-based rainfall simulation study was conducted to compare the runoff and erosion effectiveness of three coir (coconut) fiber rolled erosion control systems (RECSs) with a bare (control) treatment. Detailed temporal measurements of runoff and sediment transport were made during two phases of each experiment: (1) a 110-min application of rainfall via a rainfall simulator at 35 mm h−1 after runoff initiation and (2) a 30-min period, at 3 times the flow rate of phase 1, applied via an overland flow generator. All coir treatments enhanced infiltration, delayed time to runoff generation, reduced intensity of rill incision, and reduced sediment output compared to bare treatments. More importantly, statistically significant differences were observed between coir RECSs of different architecture. For the two open weave coir systems tested, the most effective design had a higher mass per area, and less open space between the regularly aligned grid of fibers. The random fiber coir architecture was the most effective, having significantly lower runoff sediment concentrations, lower sediment yields, and a lower frequency of rill initiation. The differences in system architecture are examined in light of fundamental controls on runoff and erosion processes. 相似文献
19.
黄土丘陵区雨强对水流含沙量的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
以黄土丘陵区的3个典型小流域为重点对象,基于不同时期实测的1300多对雨强和含沙量数据,分析了不同空间尺度情况下的雨强—沙峰含沙量关系。结果表明：在峁坡尺度上,含沙量总体上随雨强的增大而增大;但在既有峁坡、也有沟坡的各级流域尺度上,无论流域层级高低或面积大小,雨强对含沙量的影响均存在明显的阈值现象,当雨强超过该阈值后,洪水含沙量不再随雨强增大而增大。雨强阈值随林草覆盖程度增大而增大,如研究区在1956-1969年下垫面情况下的雨强阈值为10~15 mm/h、1990-1997年为20 mm/h,目前估计达40 mm/h。由于流域尺度上雨强大于10~15 mm/h的降雨几乎每年都有发生、20世纪50-80年代的林草植被变化不大,加上黄土丘陵区产沙主要靠坡面水流对地表土壤的冲刷,而贴地表水流的流速不会随流量的增大而无限增加等原因,形成了20世纪90年代以前黄土区支流的年最大含沙量基本稳定的现象。 相似文献