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1.
流域生态补偿研究现状及关键问题剖析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在流域,因竞争性用水导致上下游之间、人类发展与生态环境之间的矛盾日益尖锐,急需建立健全流域生态补偿机制.通过对国内外流域生态补偿研究进展进行梳理,发现流域生态补偿研究主要集中在流域尺度的补偿计划实施评价、补偿尺度的选择、补偿标准的测算、生态补偿与减少贫困关系、流域生态补偿的空间差异性等方面,其关键问题在于生态补偿主体和对象的确定以及补偿标准的制定;研究认为通过流域断面水量水质及相关利益分析方法来确定补偿主体和对象;而补偿标准则以流域上下游生态损益、机会成本、居民支付意愿分别作为补偿上限、参考值和下限来综合确定.以此为基础,构建流域多种生态要素、多元主体间的流域生态补偿机制研究框架.最后,就流域生态补偿机制构建过程中有待解决的科学问题进行了讨论. 相似文献
2.
跨省流域生态补偿制度正面临府际治理难题,急需推动补偿制度顺利进行的解决方案。采用文献研究法、实证研究法和功能分析法,发现补偿制度实施过程中具有立法碎片化、政府责任缺失、府际行政协议效力弱以及补偿方式单一等问题。考察分析汀江-韩江、新安江-千岛湖生态补偿实践,借鉴其成熟的生态补偿经验。建议从构建跨省流域生态补偿法律体系,尝试多元化补偿机制,设立流域管理机构等方面入手,以期解决现有补偿制度的不足,保障跨省流域生态补偿制度的有序、高效运行。 相似文献
3.
我国湿地生态补偿制度实施以来,已经取得了一定的预期效果。通过系统梳理与总结国内外湿地生态补偿研究进展、我国湿地生态补偿政策与实施情况等内容,选取跨流域生态补偿—新安江、水生态补偿—三江源、移民安置补偿—长江十年禁渔等典型案例进行深入研究,分析得出我国湿地生态补偿制度实施过程中仍然面临补偿对象不确定、补偿标准难测算、补偿资金单一、补偿监管滞后、补偿方式单一等问题。为进一步加快推进生态文明建设,提出完善湿地生态补偿的政策建议。 相似文献
4.
洪泽湖是我国第四大淡水湖,目前洪泽湖的湿地保护主要由政府主导的生态补偿,但由于政府的财政支持缺口巨大,拓展洪泽湖湿地生态补偿资金的来源渠道是保障洪泽湖可持续发展的坚实基础。本研究聚焦洪泽湖生态补偿需求,提出协调多方保护主体以构建洪泽湖生态保护联盟,强化流域一体化治理,推动基于生态“洪泽湖”品牌的渔业产业升级,构建旅游生态补偿机制反哺洪泽湖湿地的保护策略,推进洪泽湖湿地碳汇潜力与湿地银行建设,自下而上推动洪泽湖生态补偿多元化。洪泽湖生态补偿模式的多元化发展依赖于顶层制度的建设与本土化策略的双向互动,共同实现洪泽湖湿地的生态价值的商品化与市场化。 相似文献
5.
《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2015,(6)
生态补偿的内涵在国际上指的是生态系统服务付费,在国内一般被认为是以保护生态服务功能、促进人与自然和谐相处为目的,根据生态系统服务价值、生态保护成本、发展机会成本等,运用财政、税费、市场等手段,调节生态保护者、受益者和破坏者经济利益关系的一种制度安排。建立生态补偿机制,是建设生态文明的重要制度保障。在综合考虑生态保护成本、发展机会成本和生态服务价值的基础上,采取财政转移支付或市场交易等方式,对生态保护者给予合理补偿,对于实施主体功能区战略、确保生态服务的有效供给具有重要意义。我国现行生态补偿的财税机制主要包括纵向财政转移支付、横向财政转移支付和市场化模式三大类。通过总结我国生态补偿现状可以看出,我国已经初步形成了由中央森林生态效益补偿基金制度、草原生态补偿制度、重点生态功能区转移支付制度等构成的生态补偿制度框架。在该制度框架下,各地区、各部门积极探索生态补偿机制建设,在森林、草原、湿地、流域和水资源、矿产资源开发、海洋以及重点生态功能区等领域取得了重要进展。但总体来看,我国的生态补偿机制还没有根本确立,谁开发谁保护、谁受益谁补偿的利益调节格局还没有真正形成,对生态环境保护还没有充分发挥作用。今后生态补偿的发展趋势有:(1)生态补偿投入力度的增强;(2)政府责任的强化;(3)补偿方式的多元化发展;(4)制度体系建立。 相似文献
6.
明确有关利益主体在特定区域和事物发展情境下的角色及互动关系,是界定各主体的权、责、利内容并构建相应补偿机制的基本前提。自然保护区作为自然-经济-社会复合的地域系统,存在生态保护的公益性与地方社会经济发展的私利性之间的矛盾运动,以及不同主体围绕生态资源利用和环境保护、以生态经济利益为基本内容的复杂利益关系。旅游发展相关要素注入将导致自然保护区原有利益主体关系格局的深刻变化。旅游生态补偿实施过程,是对旅游背景下利益主体之间权-责-利匹配关系的重构过程,也是形成不同主体间利益平衡和制约关系的重要途径。文章以尚处旅游生态补偿机制探索进程中的三亚珊瑚礁国家级自然保护区为案例,对旅游背景下该保护区利益关系主体及其基本利益诉求特征进行分析;借助Mitchel等提出的三要素评分法,界定该保护区旅游生态补偿所涉及利益相关者的基本属性特征,将补偿利益相关者划分为核心层、紧密层和外围层三个层次。在此基础上,分析核心层利益相关者的权责关系以及各自在旅游生态补偿合理实施后的利益变化情况;继而,以旅游生态补偿实施对各主体的相关利益影响为切入点,解析补偿实施过程中不同主体间的利益配置和影响制约关系,构建该保护区旅游生态补偿系统共生界面的利益关系结构模型。本研究可帮助人们进一步认知旅游生态补偿这种新型生态补偿途径的运作机理,并为自然保护区旅游背景下多方主体利益关系协调路径探寻提供有益参照。 相似文献
7.
基于尺度建构动态性和能动性,探讨潭门渔港城镇发展历程中高低阶尺度间的权力互动,并通过建构“依赖”和“粘性”的概念,解析琼海市、潭门镇等地方低阶主体能动策略的尺度效应及其与尺度重组机制的关系。研究发现：潭门镇由“前重组阶段”向“过渡阶段”和“后重组阶段”过程转变是其与高阶尺度逐渐建立联结和调适的过程;潭门尺度重组过程是国家-区域-地方等不同高、低阶尺度主体结构性互动的结果,其中权力、资本与空间之间的交互逻辑是其核心机制;潭门镇尺度重组过程中,地方主体通过国族认同、空间营造和合作联盟,创造并释放出尺度间的“依赖粘性”,不断推动着尺度重组的良性循环。作为介于陆地与海洋之间的空间单元,潭门镇转型发展研究丰富了渔港城镇发展和尺度重组之间的研究内容和分析框架,对海南省滨海城镇化及发展模式自主探索具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
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通过对滇池流域湖滨生态带建设的资料收集及实地调查研究,分析了滇池流域社会经济和生态环境现状,探索出滇池湖滨生态带建设管理的3种模式:政府管理、企业管理以及政府-企业共同管理,并比较了3种模式的优劣势。建议根据不同类型生态带建设的实际情况采取相应的管理模式,对滇池流域生态补偿政策及各类型区生态补偿现状进行了分析,总结出适合滇池湿地生态补偿的机制与政策。 相似文献
9.
文章运用利益主体理论（stakeholder）及协同共生理论（symbiosis）的分析方法,以“福建土楼”世界遗产旅游地为典型案例,探究跨界区域品牌共享型旅游地核心利益主体冲突格局、机理及其治理机制．研究表明：“福建土楼”世界遗产旅游地跨界冲突格局表现为横向层面的品牌共生体的冲突和纵向层面的利益共生体的冲突,其背后深层次的冲突机理主要在于行政分割运作、地方利益导向等因素导致跨县市利益冲突日趋激烈,加上内部强弱势利益主体间利益分配失衡引起纵向层面的利益冲突愈演愈烈．最后,针对利益主体的冲突博弈问题建立了多维度的跨界治理机制． 相似文献
10.
跨市轨道交通溢价回收策略与多层级管治：以珠三角为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
随着城市化和机动化的发展,跨市轨道交通建设成为应对交通拥堵,引导土地开发与通勤结构,促进区域一体化的策略。面对轨道交通巨额建设运营成本,多层级政府管治（Multi-level Governance）下的投融资模式和溢价回收（Value Capture）策略成为推动跨市轨道交通建设的基础。目前,对跨市交通设施的溢价回收和多层级管治还缺乏系统讨论。以珠三角为例,实证分析跨市轨道交通多层级政府的合作博弈、投融资模式与溢价回收策略,重点论述由“省部合作”向“省市合作”联合开发的溢价回收策略转变。研究发现,珠三角跨市轨道交通联合开发面临土地、规划和财税等制度约束以及政府间利益博弈,省政府主导的“省市合作”交通土地综合开发模式超越单个城市政府,实现区域层面的交通溢价回收,能为中国城际轨道交通融资和多层级管治提供参考。 相似文献
11.
China's policy on ecological compensation (eco-compensation) in watershed eco-systems is of economic,social and environmental significance for China's ecological gov-ernance and protection of natural areas.It involves balancing the interests of regional stakeholders,coordinating the development of regional environments and establishing effec-tive cooperation models,making it a classic topic for geographical research.This study in-troduces the concept of institutional "stickiness" to the theory of politics of scale to analyze the features and mechanisms of the game behavior of government entities in the process of im-plementing watershed eco-compensation in the Xin'an River Basin.Our results show the following:government entities at various levels,including the central,provincial and municipal governments,experienced the three stages of game strategy of competition,cooperation and"coopetition";building a government community of shared interests can promote watershed eco-compensation,and "appropriate intervention" by the central govemment is key to achieving inter-provincial watershed eco-compensation;there was clear institutional stickiness during the transition from a "vertical" model of watershed eco-compensation to a "vertical-horizontal"model,with government entities using policy innovations and social participation to limit and reduce stickiness so as to reshape the watershed eco-compensation system;scalar jumping is the core mechanism that promoted eco-compensation in the study basin,and government entities shaped the discourse on watershed eco-compensation by redistributing powers and capital and creating informal constraints,which promoted the transformation of eco-compensation from a "strong state-weak society" structural model,to a "strong state-strong society" model in the Xin'an River Basin.These results can provide theoretical support for the construction of inter-regional watershed eco-compensation mechanisms,pro-vide a scientific basis for the rational evaluation and guidance of watershed eco-compensation practices,and promote the coordinated and sustainable socioeconomic development of watersheds. 相似文献
12.
Regional ecotourism cooperation provides an institutional guarantee that brings together ecological resources development, protection of natural ecologies and regional economic growth, and also is one of the keys to improve the level of China’s ecotourism development. China’s administrative regions are divided by large areas of natural geography, such as vast tracts of land, mountainous areas and bodies of water. Given the structure of China’s administrative system, administrative areas make independent and uncoordinated decisions concerning the use of ecological resources, resulting in low-level ecotourism products and redundant construction projects undertaken by local governments, limiting the further improvement of China's ecotourism level. Therefore, it is necessary to construct a spatial system and a model of regional ecotourism cooperation in line with China's national conditions. This paper adopts an inductive deductive method analyze systematically the connotations and obstacles of China’s regional ecotourism cooperation, and proposes space development and cooperative model. Research shows that the inescapable choice is cross-regional ecotourism cooperation based on natural zonality, cultural similarity, coordinated regional economic development and policy integration. The key existing obstacles include administrative barriers, lack of motivation to cooperate and loose cooperation patterns. Future regional ecotourism cooperation should define the thematic function area, cooperation zones, scenic roads and ecotourist routes, to establish the cross-regional integration development system and realize systematic optimization. This study is of theoretical value for the development of regional ecotourism cooperation and the construction of spatial systems in China. 相似文献
13.
Guanting Reservoir (GR) is one of the most important water sources for Beijing and neighboring regions. Due to water pollution, it was withdrawn from the system to supply Beijing drinking water; however, after a thorough treatment process, GR was made a reserve water source since 2007. To develop a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of water yield and purification services in the GR watershed, this study selected two time periods: the period when GR was withdrawn from the system supplying local drinking water and the period that it has been designated a reserve water source. The InVEST model was used to evaluate the quantities of water yields, and total nitrogen and total phosphorus outputs from 1995 to 2010 Additionally, the spatiotemporal variations of water yield services and water quality purification services in the GR watershed were analyzed. The results showed that water yield services in the GR watershed first weakened and then became stronger, but weakened overall during the years 1995 to 2010. Water yield capacity in the basin decreased from 1.89×109 m3 in 1995 to 1.43×109 m3 in 2010 (a drop of 24.0% in total). Water quality purification services also showed the same tendency. Total nitrogen output decreased from 4028.7 t in 1995 to 3611.4 t in 2010, while total phosphorus decreased from 379.7 t in 1995 to 354.0 t in 2010. Nitrogen and phosphorus purification services were enhanced by 10.4% and 6.8%, respectively. Changes in the climate and land use were the main factors which lead to the changes in the water yield service in the GR watershed. Policies intended to protect water resource have matched the varying trends of water quality purification services during different periods. On one hand, the research results provide a foundation to identify key fields for eco-compensation in the Guanting Reservoir basin. On another hand, the ecosystem service value will increase on the basis of eco-compensation criteria through setting the scenarios of returning farmland to forest and ecological protection. This method directly reflects increases in ecosystem service values that have occurred since measures to protect the ecological environment have been implemented. This method is more persuasive and feasible than using eco-compensation criteria based on regional ecosystem service values determined by land use/ coverage type. It can provide a new way to assess eco-compensation in the Guanting Reservoir basin and other regions. 相似文献
14.
Eco-compensation, known as payment for ecosystem services, is defined in China as an institutional arrangement for regulating the relationship of economic interests among ecological protectors, beneficiaries and destructors in order to protect ecological service function and foster harmony between people and nature with non-market and market tools including transfer payment, taxes and fees. Reasonable compensation to ecological service providers significantly contributes to the protection of ecological assets and effective supply of ecological services by adopting transfer payments or market transactions on the basis of comprehensively considering the costs of ecological protection, costs of development opportunity and ecological service values. It is helpful for implementing a strategy for main functional areas. The building of eco-compensation mechanisms is therefore highly valued as the most important institutional guarantee for promoting the ecological civilization. Existing eco-compensation mechanisms mainly fall into three categories: exchequer based transfer payment, vertical and horizontal, and market based compensation in China. The institutional framework has been primarily established, inclusive of a forest ecological benefit compensation fund system, grassland eco-compensation system and transfer payment system of national key ecological function areas. Under the framework, various areas and departments have actively explored the building of an eco-compensation system and achieved important progress for forests, grassland, wetlands, river basins and water resources, exploitation of mineral resources, oceans and national key ecological functions areas. However, the eco-compensation system dominated by vertical transfer payments is still far from perfect in China. The interest regulation pattern of “developer to protect and beneficiary to compensate” has not been formed. Its role in the protection of the ecological environment has not been brought into full play. China should improve eco-compensation systems by intensifying eco-compensation inputs, strengthening government responsibility, diversifying eco-compensation tools, and establishing institutional systems. 相似文献
15.
选取《中国学术文献网络出版总库》文献,从文献作者、研究领域、支撑平台、研究方法、研究区域、研究层次6 个方面,对1987-2012 年国内生态补偿研究进行评析。在文献作者方面,国内生态补偿研究尚未形成强大的核心作者群;从年度文献数量看,可将研究领域划分为4 种类型,即急剧上升型、平缓上升型、平缓稳定型和下降型;从研究区域看,国内生态补偿研究以省域层面的研究成果较多,涉及到30 多个地域类型区;在研究方法上,早期研究生态补偿大多为定性描述,目前过渡到定性与定量研究相结合;在研究层次方面,最初生态补偿研究大多为自然科学类基础与应用基础研究,后转向技术指导与政策决策支撑方面的社会科学应用研究。最后,从研究领域、研究区域、研究方法、项目支撑以及研究挑战5个方面讨论了国内生态补偿研究的未来发展趋势。 相似文献
16.
目前,京张区域生态问题已引起社会的广泛关注,基于生态联系的京张区域整合是首都圈区域整合的重要内容。通过实地走访调查,发现由于京张所追求的目标不同,从而决定了对区域生态环境的价值观不同,即京张区域协调发展面临的主要问题：生态价值观的矛盾;生态补偿机制的不完善;生态价值难以量化;生态掠夺导致的社会道德问题。通过对这些问题的分析,提出如下建议：首先是转变政府职能,建立全新的新型的政府机构;其次是引入第三方监督体制;第三是京张放弃分歧,强化合作意识;第四是完善补偿机制,为京张区域协调发展作出应有的贡献。 相似文献
17.
流域一体化法制建设是流域资源与经济协调发展的重要途径,符合世界流域一体化法制管理的趋势。山西流域资源为经济的发展做出了巨大的贡献,但掠夺性的开发使流域出现了严重的生态问题,成为制约山西经济可持续发展的瓶颈。通过剖析全国及山西流域一体化法制建设中存在的问题,提出流域一体化法制建设是流域一体化管理的核心所在,是解决流域生态环境与经济发展这一矛盾最为有效的途径,是山西转型发展的最佳选择。以汾河流域为试点,制定《汾河流域一体化管理条例》,为我国流域一体化法制建设做出有益的探索。 相似文献
18.
借鉴生态补偿研究中生态价值当量的思路,构建森林、草地、农业用地、湿地、河流湖泊和荒地6类不同生态系统指标,对赣江流域的生态经济价值进行测算与分析。结合以生态服务功能价值为基本依据的生态补偿,引入经济学中的博弈论,以赣江流域上游的赣州市和下游的南昌市为例,建立流域生态补偿模型。结果表明:基于修正系数下赣江流域2013年的生态价值当量为730.16万,生态经济价值为46.85亿元,各县域的生态价值当量和生态经济价值差异均较大且二者表现高度一致。从生态价值当量看,最小值为赣州市区的2.87万,最大值为宁都县的31.36万;从生态经济价值来看,最大为宁都县的2.04亿元,最小为赣州市区的0.18亿元。空间上看,赣江流域的生态价值当量和生态经济价值存在一定的地域分异规律,上游明显优于中下游,高值区域集中分布在梅江流域的宁都县、兴国县等县域,低值中心分布在除宜春市区外流域内的各个地级市区,其中林地生态系统的贡献最大,比重达58.98%。利用2004—2013年赣州市的GDP数据和环保投入与南昌市的GDP数据,结合博弈论分析得到上下游的补偿额度在91.53亿~113.18亿元之间。 相似文献
19.
京津冀城市群协同发展的理论基础与规律性分析 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
推动京津冀城市群协同发展既是一项国家重大战略,又是一个复杂的长期博弈过程,需要遵循科学理论,尊重科学规律,推动京津冀城市群实现共同繁荣昌盛、共享蓝天白云、共担发展风险、共建世界都会的战略目标。本文从理论上提出了京津冀城市群协同发展的科学理论基础与科学规律。认为推进京津冀城市群协同发展应以协同论、博弈论、耗散结构理论和突变论作为科学理论基础,其中协同论为核心理论。京津冀城市群的协同发展过程是一个博弈、协同、突变、再博弈、再协同、再突变的非线性螺旋式上升过程,每一次博弈—协同—突变过程,都将城市群的协同发展推向更高级协同阶段,并呈现出阶段性规律。具体包括协助阶段、协作阶段、协调阶段、协合阶段、协同阶段、协振阶段、一体化阶段和同城化阶段共8大阶段。进一步分析认为,京津冀城市群协同发展的真正内涵是推动城市群实现规划协同、交通协同、产业协同、城乡协同、市场协同、科技协同、金融协同、信息协同、生态协同和环境协同,建设协同发展共同体。本文成果旨在为京津冀协同发展提供科学基础和理论依据。 相似文献
20.
新时期粤港澳大湾区协同发展的内涵与机制变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
区域协同发展是新时期粤港澳大湾区提升国际竞争力、建设国际一流湾区和世界级城市群的关键,也是一项复杂、系统、与时俱进的科学议题。特别是当前伴随全球化格局、区域治理体系以及技术革新的快速演进,粤港澳大湾区的协同发展将面临机制性的变化。文章通过对新时期粤港澳大湾区协同发展的内涵与机制的系统性分析,认为粤港澳大湾区协同发展经历了生产要素一体化、制度整合一体化和全方位融合一体化3个阶段的演变,新时期协同发展涵盖产业协同创新、环境协同治理、资源协同配置、服务协同共享和制度协同安排5个维度,并且在全球化、市场要素、政府治理和技术变革影响下产生了诸多机制性变化。 相似文献