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1.
青藏高原是全球高寒自然环境最为典型的地区,同时它又是人类最早进入高原的重要通道,也是高原史前人类活动较频繁的区域。分析了青藏高原史前人类活动的特点,即高原早期人类活动具有对极端环境适应的特殊性、其文化遗存保留的特殊性和高原人类活动与环境演变关系的密切性,将青藏高原史前人类活动分为两个阶段,第一阶段为旧石器与细石器阶段人类向青藏高原的扩张,其历程明显分为由高原东北缘向高原腹地深入,表现为由低海拔向高海拔、由东向西和由高原边缘向腹心的三级跳扩张过程;第二阶段为新石器—青铜时代人类在高原的活动,表现为农业活动在高原东部河谷地带的扩张,人类在高原定居聚落的诞生,调整种植结构、畜牧业的主导地位的确定等。 相似文献
2.
青藏高原是全球高寒自然环境最为显著的地区,同时它又是人类最早进入高原的重要通道,也是高原史前人类活动较频繁的区域。本文分析了青藏高原史前人类活动的特点,即高原早期人类活动具有对极端环境适应的特殊性、其文化遗存保留的特殊性和高原人类活动与环境演变关系密切;将青藏高原史前人类活动分为两个阶段,第一阶段为旧石器与细石器阶段人类向青藏高原的扩张,其历程明显分为由高原东北缘向高原腹地进行的,由低海拔向高海拔,由东向西,由高原边缘向腹心的三级跳扩张过程。第二阶段为新石器-青铜时代人类在高原的活动,表现为农业活动在高原东部河谷地带的扩张,人类在高原定居聚落的诞生,调整种植结构、畜牧业的主导地位的确定等。 相似文献
3.
闽江下游流域处于陆-海-气三者相互作用的场所,是对环境演变响应的敏感地带,是东南沿海考古研究的热点区域。探明古人类活动范围,土地利用格局的演化,对理解和把握人地关系发展具有重要意义。通过测算GIS成本距离,生成各遗址点的不同成本面,结合遗址域理论和方法,综合分析闽江下游流域新石器—青铜时期人类的活动范围及土地利用格局,重建区域各时期的潜在人口规模。研究表明：新石器时期壳丘头文化至青铜时期黄土仑文化,闽江下游流域聚落遗址的遗址域面积,可获取土地面积及实际利用土地面积不断增多。随着文化发展进程的递进,区内史前人类对涉足地域内的土地利用强度呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,不同遗址间古人类的交流频率与之相反,表现出先降低后升高,这与生产力的发展和进步有关。重建结果显示,区内人口规模不断扩大,其中较大增幅出现在昙石山下层-昙石山和黄瓜山-黄土仑转换期,推断人口压力与文化演替有一定关系。 相似文献
4.
青海东部史前人口-耕地变化及其对植被演变的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
集成青海东部考古数据和DEM,利用面积和墓葬相结合的估算法计算了区域史前人口数量,并利用GIS工具重建史前区域耕地面积的时空格局。结果表明:新石器马家窑文化时期区域人口、耕地迅速增加,并在晚期马厂时期达到新石器的顶峰,人口总数接近4万人,耕地面积达到462 km2,人口和耕地主要分布在黄河—湟水谷地内;齐家时期人口和耕地有一定幅度下降,在青铜时代人口和耕地有显著回升和增长,人口总数达61 000余人,耕地面积达到1 076 km2,约占区域适宜耕地总数的1/10。伴随人口与耕地的变化,人类活动的环境效应也逐步显现,5~4 ka B.P.人类活动导致研究区河谷地带乔木的减少,伴人植物增加,尤其是禾本科含量有较大幅度增加,与当时的粟作农业关系密切;4 ka B.P.后大范围的乔木减少是气候变化结果,其后人类活动加强,加速了乔木覆被面积的萎缩。 相似文献
5.
基于GIS的青藏高原史前交通路线与分区分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
青藏高原自然环境恶劣,但并非是生命的禁区。确切证据表明,末次冰消期人类已扩张至高原地区,并通过长期实践形成了较为稳定的交通路线格局。通过构建自然因子模拟—遗址分布校正方法,利用GIS得到青藏高原史前交通路线模拟结果,再结合考古证据对模拟路线进行印证。依据模拟结果将高原分为以下4个区：东北区、东南区、西南区以及西北无人区。其中东北区路线遗址点密度高,落入路线内的遗址点数量占总数的88.56%。路线形成于旧石器时期,其方向为东西向,密切联系东北区的内部,并向外沟通黄土高原与北方地区,其形成与发展为彩陶、粟黍、小麦的传播以及丝绸之路的形成奠定了基础。东南区路线为南北走向,北与黄河上游地区连接,南与四川盆地、云贵高原沟通,加强了南北方地区的文化交流,是民族融合与交流的大走廊。西南区位于高原的腹心地带,模拟的路线体现了人类对青藏高原主体的征服,其线路总长度4602.32 km为3个区域内最长,是人类向高原进军的第2条重要通道。西北无人区主要为高寒荒漠区,其自然环境极端恶劣不适宜人类生存,故无路线分布。 相似文献
6.
随着高铁网络建设全面展开,高铁这一新兴交通方式已在旅客运输中占据重要地位,极大地影响了人们对出行交通方式的选择.为研究高铁车站影响范围与结构,本文选取京广沿线14个高铁站为研究对象,引入“客流腹地”与“商务客流腹地”的概念,分别从总客流和商务客流的角度研究高铁站腹地的范围与结构,并结合相关理论深入探讨其影响因素.研究结果表明:京广沿线高铁站客流腹地的平均腹地半径约为151 km,大于其商务客流腹地(139 km);高铁站客流腹地范围大小与高铁站服务能力、乘客外部出行距离呈正相关,与乘客内部交通出行成本呈负相关;而高铁站商务客流腹地范围大小与高铁站服务能力、商务乘客外部出行距离呈正相关,与商务乘客内部交通出行成本呈负相关.高铁站客流腹地与商务客流腹地均具有明显的“核心—外围”结构,其中客流腹地的“核心—外围”结构与人口分布结构呈正相关,与乘客内部出行时间结构呈负相关,而商务客流腹地的“核心—外围”结构则与城市GDP结构呈正相关,与商务乘客内部出行时间结构呈负相关. 相似文献
7.
从史前考古论中国热带地理环境的相对稳定性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
参照60多处考古遗址的资料,认为史前时期古人类的活动及热带动物群的断续繁衍反映了中国热带自然地理环境的相对稳定性,因而生产力的发展比较迟缓,与北方地区相比,磨制石器的出现滞后约3 000a,青铜时代滞后约1 000a,农牧业滞后2 500～3 000a.无陶时代持续到新石器早期;彩陶和白陶的传入比北方迟2 000a.迁徒的采集渔猎生活方式延续到新石器中期,以农业为基础的定居生活比北方迟1 000～2 000a.新石器末期约5 000aBP才进入氏族社会,比北方迟约2 000a. 相似文献
8.
基于空间分析的史前郑洛地区连续文化聚落研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
运用空间分析方法,对郑洛地区的史前聚落位置与河流关系的距离进行分析,可知郑洛地区史前四个文化时期60%以上的聚落遗址都在水系4 km半径的缓冲区之内。对该地区四个文化时期聚落遗址的高程分析,发现大部分聚落遗址的高程位于100 m到400 m之间,而高程值小于100 m的遗址点不足10%,并且四个文化时期遗址的平均高程值都在280 m左右。对该地区史前四个文化时期的聚落数量进行增长分析,得出了郑洛地区聚落数量具有由早到晚呈几何状不断攀升的趋势。 相似文献
9.
通过生成遗址点的Thiessen多边形,结合应用小多边形的概念及理论,综合分析了安徽淮北平原地区史前文化遗址的聚集状况以及该地区在石山子文化时期、大汶口文化时期和龙山文化时期的农业状况、生存环境及交通等特征。结果表明:用Thiessen多边形空间分析方法可以有效确定聚落中心,并合理推测史前时期农业、生存环境和交通等人地关系状况。从石山子到龙山文化时期,小多边形数量不断增加反映出聚落聚集程度和文化交流水平的提高,大汶口和龙山文化时期淮北平原中部明显是区域内聚落的中心,且多边形中心到边的距离逐渐减小说明先民对农业的依赖程度及农业发展水平也在不断提高。淮北平原史前文化发展受环境变化影响,从石山子到龙山文化时期,气候条件逐渐趋于干旱,沼泽萎缩,气温变化不大,这种环境条件十分有利于先民的生产生活,不仅遗址和小多边形数量不断增多,而且在平原中部和淮河干流沿岸地区出现了多个遗址群和聚落中心,史前文化蓬勃发展,人类适应自然和改造自然的能力提高。从小多边形的分布方向也可以推断出西北—东南向古水系对淮北平原史前遗址之间的交通起控制作用。 相似文献
10.
青藏高原因其高寒、缺氧的自然地理环境,被称为地球“第三极”,史前人类在青藏高原高海拔地区(海拔＞3 000 m)生存适应过程及其驱动机制是当前学术界关注的热点科学问题。青藏高原东北部地区是史前人类迁移、扩散到高原腹地的重要通道,而青海湖盆地处于该通道的关键区域,是研究史前人类在高原生存适应过程的理想区域。畜牧业是维持青藏高原高海拔地区人类永久定居的最重要生产资料,对人类早期适应高原极端的自然环境具有十分重要的意义。然而,由于缺乏可靠的代用指标,对青藏高原畜牧业的起源和发展历史认识不足。粪生真菌孢子产量大、易保存,对畜牧活动具有直接指示作用,为研究高原畜牧活动历史提供了重要手段。该研究系统采集了青海湖盆地现代放牧家畜粪便和表土样品开展真菌孢子组合特征分析,评估确定对畜牧活动指示敏感的粪生真菌孢子种属类型。并对青海湖江西沟2号遗址(JXG2)地层剖面开展了真菌孢子记录研究。通过JXG2遗址剖面粪生真菌总浓度与炭屑浓度(＞50 μm)、石器、动物骨骼和陶片数量等遗址遗存综合对比分析,提出青海湖盆地早期的畜牧活动出现于~6.0~5.5 ka,并在全新世后期逐渐加强,在齐家文化—卡约文化期,农牧经济逐渐取代狩猎—采集经济成为区域主导生业模式。该结论得到青藏高原东北部花粉记录、考古遗址和历史文献资料的支持。 相似文献
11.
According to archaeological data from about sixty samples the relative stability of physical and human geographical environment
in the tropical zone of China is discussed in this paper. Because of the superior natural environment, sufficient food resources
and a sparse population resulting in the absence of social requirement to transform the productive forces, the advancement
of economy and society was stagnated during prehistorical period in China’s tropics. Compared with northern China, the appearance
of ground stone tool stagnated about 3,000 years, the beginning of Bronze Age, about 1,000 years, and the agriculture, 2,500–3,000
years. The no ceramics age continued till the early Neolithic Age and the appearance of colour or white ceramics was 2,000
years later than that in northern China. The life form of migration to gather and to hunt continued till the middle Neolithic
Age, and the fixed settlement based on agriculture 1,000–2,000 years stagnated. The clan commune just appeared at the end
of the Neolithic Age which was 2, 000–3,000 years later than that in northern China. 相似文献
12.
长江中游新石器时代遗址规模的分布特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
运用ArcGIS软件建立了长江中游地区9.0~4.0 ka BP文化遗址的空间数据库,采用叠加分析和统计学方法,对文化遗址的规模、海拔分布、坡度、距河流远近等特征进行了系统分析。结果表明：① 由新石器时代早期到晚期,遗址的数量、规模和分布范围等均呈现增长或扩大趋势,叠置型遗址个数增加;② 遗址一般具有低海拔、平缓地形和距河流较近的选址倾向,晚期的文化遗址大体保持该倾向,但对海拔、坡度及距河流远近等的选择开始出现分化。③ 新石器时代晚期不同规模的文化遗址在选址上存在一定分异。小型遗址多分布在坡度为6°~15°的缓坡地,中型及以上规模的遗址更倾向于坡度为2°~6°平缓地;中小型至大型遗址的海拔分布均以30~50 m为主,特大型遗址的海拔分布以50~100 m为主;特大型遗址在距河流1000 m以内的分布比例高于其他规模遗址;④ 新石器文化在早中期受气候、水源、地形等自然环境因素影响较大,晚期文化的适应能力有所增强。 相似文献
13.
According to archaeological data from about sixty samples the relative stability of physical and human geographical environment in the tropical zone of China is discussed in this paper. Because of the superior natural environment, sufficient food resources and a sparse population resulting in the absence of social requirement to transform the productive forces, the advancement of economy and society was stagnated during prehistorical period in China's tropics. Compared with northern China, the appearance of ground stone tool stagnated about 3,000 years, the beginning of Bronze Age, about 1,000 years, and the agriculture, 2,500-3,000 years. The no ceramics age continued till the early Neolithic Age and the appearance of colour or white ceramics was 2,000 years later than that in northern China. The life form of migration to gather and to hunt continued till the middle Neolithic Age, and the fixed settlement based on agriculture 1,000-2,000 years stagnated. The clan commune just appeared at the end of the Neolithic Age which was 2,000-3,000 years later than that in northern China. 相似文献
14.
江汉平原钟桥遗址地层揭示的史前洪水事件 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
通过野外考古调查研究,利用对钟桥遗址疑似古洪水层和研究区现代洪水沉积物的锆石微形态、粒度、磁化率、Rb/Sr等地球化学指标的比较、AMS14C技术和考古器物断代,发现钟桥遗址在4800~4597 cal. a BP、4479~4367 cal. a BP和4168~3850 cal. a BP分别经历了三次古洪水事件并相应堆积了古洪水沉积层;结合江汉平原及其周边地区众多遗址的古洪水沉积层时代对比证据,揭示了屈家岭文化中晚期（4900~4600 cal. a BP）和石家河文化末期至夏代（4100~3800 cal. a BP）两次大洪水事件在江汉平原地区非常普遍。对史前洪水发生环境背景的进一步分析,反映江汉平原在5000~4500 a BP及4000 a BP前后的时段气候表现得不稳定,古洪水事件与气候环境变化驱动的江汉平原湖群扩张存在一定的联系,并影响区域新石器文化兴衰过程。同时,其它证据也表明该区社会发展过程和环境变化过程特别是古水文过程的矛盾在石家河文化末期已特别突出,发现具有全球意义的4000 a BP前后气候异常引起的大洪水事件是江汉平原地区石家河文化消亡的重要环境因素;而石家河文化末期该区内部或同中原以及其它地区间的冲突,都加速了石家河文化的崩溃。这些研究成果,提供了可靠的大禹时代史前洪水证据来说明其对新石器文化兴衰的社会影响,对于揭示4000 a BP气候事件中区域气候水文变化的响应规律,亦具有重要的科学意义。 相似文献
15.
河北省南部新石器时代人地关系研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
该文通过考古及古环境资料,分析了河北省南部地区新石器时代文化分布特点、古环境演变规律和人地关系,认为环境对于人类活动及人类文化发展的制约是主要的,环境不仅影响遗址的数量及分布位置,而且影响文化的性质及存续时间。在气候温暖期,河北省南部地区较多受中原文化及山东文化区系的影响,而在气候变冷或变干期,形成具有自己特色的文化或受北方文化影响较大。但人类活动已在一定程度上影响环境变化,刀耕火种的农业生产方式,使得局部地区的原始植被,特别是森林植被遭到较大程度的破坏,使得先民们不得不频繁迁移,因此在河北省南部,多数遗址文化层较薄且少有叠压现象。太行山区植被的破坏可能在新石器时代即已出现。 相似文献
16.
Mark D. Green 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2012,32(2):335-349
Tourism accounts for 15% of Greece’s gross domestic product. In the wake of a struggling economy many of Greece’s coastal villages have turned to tourism to supplement local economies. Preliminary analysis of structural and cultural materials recovered from an excavation on Mitrou, a small islet near the coastal village Tragana located 140 km north of Athens has established the site’s contribution to a fuller understanding of settlement practices in Central Greece from the end of the Bronze Age through the Early Iron Age. The site’s historic importance combined with its scenic coastal setting has considerable potential to be developed into an important tourist site. The physical geography of the region is the product of the complex interaction of coastal, alluvial, fluvial, and seismic processes. This investigation integrates the archaeological material with a geographical analysis employing a variety of geographical techniques (soil and sediment analysis, past climatic data, environmental surveys, and geospatial modeling) to reconstruct the geomorphological history of the site and to evaluate the area as a potential tourist site. 相似文献
17.
Despite the present hyper-aridity, archaeological investigations in South-east Arabia have demonstrated that the region supported extensive human communities throughout the Neolithic and Bronze Age. These early populations utilised the region’s natural environment in a variety of ways, ranging from the exploitation of coastal resources to practicing pastoral and agrarian lifestyles in the interior. Palaeoclimate data suggests the corresponding period was characterised by considerable climatic variability yet, to date, few studies have attempted to investigate the relationship between climate, the environment and early human populations in the region. This paper combines new high-resolution palaeoclimate data from Awafi palaeolake, United Arab Emirates (UAE), with the region’s archaeological record from the Neolithic through to the onset of the Bronze Age. The evidence presented in this paper suggests that the environment of South-east Arabia offered different constraints and opportunities for early human occupation and subsistence. In particular, abrupt phases of aridity are demonstrated to have had a profound impact. Most notable is the change which occurred following the onset of climatic aridity at 5900 cal yr BP, when the region’s semi-nomadic, herder-gatherer populations abandoned much of the landscape and concentrated in selected environmental refugia, such as along the northern Omani coast. Human repopulation during the Bronze Age coincided with a return to more pluvial conditions under which a network of oasis agricultural settlements appeared along the piedmont zone of the northern Hajar Mountains. 相似文献
18.
Karen J. Taylor Aaron P. Potito David W. Beilman Beatrice Ghilardi Michael O’Connell 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2017,57(3):227-244
This study explored the utility and performance of chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) autecology in the investigation of prehistoric farming impacts on freshwater lake systems. Chironomid subfossils, lake sediment geochemistry (δ13C, δ15N and C:N), pollen and macroscopic charcoal analyses were used in a comparative limnological assessment of three archaeologically rich study sites in northwest Ireland. At all three study sites, pastoral farming and its associated nutrient inputs, as represented by non-arboreal pollen indicative of grassland/pasture (NAPp) and lake sediment geochemistry, are concomitant with increases in eutrophic chironomid taxa. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and partial RDAs established that δ15N and NAPp were controlling factors of chironomid community compositional change during the Neolithic (4000–2500 BC) and Bronze Age (2500–600 BC). Bronze Age farming had a considerably greater impact on the lake systems than Neolithic farming, as indicated by a higher proportion of eutrophic taxa and increases in δ15N, C:N and δ13C values, consistent with increased erosion and agricultural inputs. Findings emphasise the importance of identifying the natural, pre-impacted state of a lake system to determine the extent of agricultural impact accurately. The timing and magnitude of change show that Neolithic and Bronze Age farming exhibited a strong control over chironomid communities at all three sites. 相似文献
19.
The temporal-spatial geographic distribution of archaeological sites and its feature between 10.0–2.8 ka BP(ka BP= thousands of years before 0 BP, where "0 BP" is defined as the year AD 1950) were determined, based on GIS spatial analysis in the Poyang Lake Basin. The relationship between geographic distribution of sites of different periods under subsistence existence of ancient civilizations, climate and environmental change was investigated. The results revealed numerous archaeological sites of the Neolithic Age(10.0–3.6 ka BP). The sites were mainly located in the northern part of the Poyang Lake Basin, a hilly and mountainous area with many river terraces suitable for the development of human civilization. The number of archaeological sites rapidly increased during the Shang and Zhou dynasties(3.6–2.8 ka BP) and spread widely on the floodplains of the middle and lower reaches of Ganjiang River and onto the west, south, and southeast beach areas of the Poyang Lake. Holocene records of climate change suggested that it was possible that climate fluctuations had a great impact on human evolution in the study area. Before 3.6 ka BP, westward and northward expansion of Neolithic cultures in the Poyang Lake watershed occurred under the background of climate amelioration(becoming warmer and wetter). The ancient people lived in the hilly areas with high elevation. The simple mode of a fishing and gathering economy was mostly suited to this area in the early Neolithic Age. The scope of human activities was expanded and cultural diversity developed in the late Neolithic Age. However, with population growth and increasing survival pressure in a dry-cold climatic stage after 3.6 ka BP, this simple living mode had to be abandoned, and various forms of economy, the majority being agriculture, were developed on flood plains of the lower reaches of numerous rivers around Poyang Lake. This promoted flourishing of the Bronze culture of South China. 相似文献