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如何充分利用离散的观测数据,通过对维管植物物种分布丰富度及其与生境因子之间的相互作用和影响机理的定量分析,实现维管植物物种丰富度的空间分布及其情景模拟,是目前生物多样性研究前沿和核心内容之一。针对这一问题,在实现青藏高原37个国家自然保护区的维管植物物种数量收集和边界数据矢量化的基础上,分别进行维管植物物种数量与土地覆盖类型、环境因子和景观生态指数等三大类生境因子之间的相关关系的定量计算和对比分析,筛选和确定最佳相关分析方程,进而构建青藏高原维管植物物种丰富度的空间模拟分析模型。该模型中,维管植物物种丰富度与生境因子之间的复相关系数为0.94,模型验证结果表明,青藏高原的维管植物物种的平均丰富度为496.79种/100 km2,其空间分布格局整体上呈东南向西北逐渐减少趋势;另外,除柴达木盆地荒漠区域以外,维管植物物种的空间分布随海拔的升高而减少。基于CMIP5 RCP 2.6、RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5三种气候情景模拟获得的青藏高原维管植物物种丰富度未来情景结果显示,在T0-T4（2010-2100）时段内,青藏高原维管植物物种丰富度整体将呈减少趋势。RCP 8.5情景下青藏高原维管植物物种丰富度的变化幅度最大,而RCP 2.6情景下的维管植物物种丰富度的变化幅度最小。研究表明,本文构建的模型能够对青藏高原维管植物物种丰富度的空间分布格局及其未来情景进行模拟分析,模拟结果可为青藏高原生物多样性及其对气候变化响应的综合评估和情景模拟提供方法和技术支持。 相似文献
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《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2018,(6)
遗传多样性对植物响应全球气候变化至关重要,研究遗传多样性和气候因子之间的关系有利于预测未来全球气候变化对植物遗传多样性的影响。然而,到目前为止,气候因子对植物遗传多样性影响的范围和程度目前并不清楚。从68篇已发表的文献中,我们收集了79种维管植物的两种常用的种群遗传多样性指标(平均期望杂合度和平均观测杂合度)及种群坐标数据,并从WorldClim提取了19种气候因子数据。然后,利用线性回归分析了遗传多样性与气候因子之间的关系。在用平均期望杂合度来度量遗传多样性的75种植物中,58.7%(44种)植物的种群平均期望杂合度与某种气候因子显著相关,而在用平均观测杂合度来度量遗传多样性的63种植物中,65.1%(41种)植物的平均观测杂合度与某种气候因子显著相关。其中,最湿季均温、降水季节性、最干季降水量和温度季节性对平均期望杂合度的影响最为广泛,而平均观测杂合度则与最暖季降水量、最湿季均温、最干季降水量和最干月降水量的相关性最为广泛。木本植物种群遗传多样性与气候因子之间的显著相关比例高于草本植物,不同气候因子对这两种生长型植物遗传多样性的影响不同。这些研究结果表明,气候可能在植物种群遗传多样性的形成过程中起着重要的作用,未来气候变化可能改变植物的遗传多样性,以及不同类型植物的遗传多样性可能对气候变化有不同的响应。 相似文献
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南极生物群起源与演化国际学术讨论会,于1988年5月24—26日在伦敦举行.会议由英国地质学会、古生物学会、南极调查所和国家科学基金会极地项目部联合举办.会议内容涉及生物的起源;冈瓦纳古陆分裂、气候变冷、冰川作用、火山活动、极地长夜、洋流温度与生物演化和发展之间的关系. 相似文献
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随着全球气候变化的加剧和极地人类活动的增多,南极及其生态系统正面临前所未有的变化。国际社会对减轻和适应这些变化的持续关注,促使人们不断呼吁采用基于生态系统的方法来管理南极地区的人类活动。在世界诸多区域,海洋空间规划已成为将这一概念转化为管理实践的重要途径,并被认为是实现极地空间综合管理的新工具。南极菲尔德斯半岛是南极海域最大的无冰区,该地区具有科考站密度高、人类活动多、生物多样性丰富等特点,是研究南极生态环境保护、人类活动与空间管理的理想区域。结合中国第36次南极科学考察,系统梳理了菲尔德斯半岛自然环境、生物分布与区域保护等环境特征,简要分析了科学考察站基活动、南极旅游、海上与空中交通、商业捕捞等主要人类活动及其环境影响,在此基础上,开展了海洋空间规划在菲尔德斯半岛的实践研究,初步建议提出了由3个“一级功能区”与10个“二级功能区”构成的分区体系,以实现对南极脆弱生态环境的有效保护与人类活动的科学管理,为海洋空间规划在南极地区更大尺度、更广范围的应用提供借鉴参考。 相似文献
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《中国沙漠》2016,(2)
沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum),又名沙蓬,是广布于中国温带沙漠流动沙丘、半流动沙丘或河岸沙地的固沙先锋植物,具有重要的生态农业价值,也是研究适应性进化的理想材料。为了探讨沙米适应沙漠环境异质性的遗传基础,通过同质园实验,比较分析了采自分布区南部和北部的16个群体的沙米个体的数量性状表型分化、基于ITS序列变异的遗传分化及基于worldclim环境异质性之间的关系。结果发现:与北部群组相比,南部群组表型性状内部差异大,多样性高;通过数量性状差异(QST)与分子遗传差异(FST)组间和组内比较发现,组间和南部群组组内的FST值均高于QST值,表明群体处于稳定的一致选择之中;而北部群组组内QST值均大于FST值,表明存在明显的地方适应性,群体间个体的混合存在远交衰退的风险,因而可以将南部群体移植到北部群体来进行沙米群体的遗传复壮。此外,在南北群组间种子大小和基部枝长的QST值均高于环境异质性分化,说明该表型的本地适应性不能完全被基于温度和降雨量的环境异质性所解释。通过对风力大小与性状的相关性分析发现,冬季最大风速显著影响沙米种子大小,而基部枝长则与7、8月最大风速正相关,说明沙米的表型分化是适应不同风沙环境的结果。这一研究不仅探索出一种评估野生资源对气候变化适应潜力的新方法,同时可为理解潜在粮食作物沙米的表型结构对气候变化的响应提供重要数据,并为野生资源植物的生态适应性遗传机理研究提供范例。 相似文献
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研究陨石 ,对于研究太阳系的形成和演化、生命的起源、空间技术等具有重要科学价值。尤其采集自南极冰盖的陨石标本 ,由于其处于最少地球污染的环境和低温条件下 ,最能反映地球之外物质的原始状态 ,研究价值更有可贵之处。2 0 0 0年 1 2月 4日 ,国家海洋局极地考察办公室在中国极地研究所召开了南极陨石研究讨论会 ,来自国家自然科学基金委、南京大学、中国科学院等单位的 1 4名陨石、地质等专家出席了会议。会上由中国科学院广州新技术研究所的林扬挺研究员介绍了国际南极陨石岩研究现状 ,王道德教授介绍了与国外进行陨石协作研究的情况 ,… 相似文献
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新疆贝母具较高的药学利用价值,但现存量稀少,被列为新疆Ⅲ级保护植物。为了探明其天然居群的遗传多样性,本研究选取3个叶绿体基因片段对18个居群的235个个体进行测序。结果表明:新疆贝母总的遗传多样性较高;居群间发生了明显的遗传分化;遗传距离与地理距离呈显著的相关性;昭苏县及新源县的居群具有较高的遗传多样性。居群间的地理障碍及自身的有限传播距离可能导致了居群间的遗传分化。较高的遗传灭绝风险提示应该及时对新疆贝母的天然居群进行保护,尤其在遗传多样性较高的昭苏、新源地区。 相似文献
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The genetic diversity of Artemisia halodendron(Asteraceae), a constructive and dominant species in Horqin Sandy Land,was investigated to examine the genetic relationships with different hydrothermal regions in Horqin Sandy Land. We sequenced chloroplast DNA(cp DNA) fragments(trn L–F) of 243 plants from 10 populations across the Horqin Sandy Land.The analyses of cp DNA variation identified seven haplotypes. A low level of haplotype diversity(H_d=0.706) and nucleotide diversity(π=0.0013) was detected. Haplotypes clustered into two tentative clades. Low genetic differentiation among regions was consistently indicated by hierarchical analyses of molecular variance(AMOVA). Across the sampled populations, the haplotype distributions were differentiated with hydrothermal gradients. 相似文献
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Genetic diversity is crucial for plants to respond to global climate change, and exploring relationships between genetic diversity and climatic factors may help predict how global climate change will shape the genetic diversity of plants in the future. So far, however, the extent and magnitude of the impact of climatic factors on the genetic diversity of plants has not been clarified. We collected data from 68 published papers on two widely used measures of genetic diversity of populations (average expected heterozygosity (He) and average observed heterozygosity (Ho)) and on localities of populations of 79 vascular plants, and extracted data on 19 climatic factors from WorldClim. We then explored the relationships between measures of genetic diversity and climatic factors using linear regressions. He of plant populations was significantly correlated with climatic factors in 58.7% (44) of the 75 species that used He as a measure of genetic diversity, and Ho was correlated with climatic factors in 65.1% (41) of the 63 species that used this genetic diversity measure. In general, Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter, Precipitation Seasonality, Precipitation of Driest Quarter and Temperature Seasonality played a vital role in shaping He, and Ho was mostly correlated with Precipitation of Warmest Quarter, Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter, Precipitation of Driest Quarter and Precipitation of Driest Month. Also, the proportion of the significant correlations between genetic diversity of populations and climatic factors was higher for woody than for herbaceous species, and different climatic factors played different roles in shaping genetic diversity of these two growth forms. Our results suggest that climate may play an important role in shaping genetic diversity of plant populations, that climatic change in the future may alter genetic diversity of plants, and that genetic diversity of different plant forms may respond to climatic change differently. 相似文献
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FaradinaMerican WanMaznahWO WanAsmadiWA MashhorMansor 《湿地科学》2007,5(3):243-252
Researches on the Antarctic microalgal diversityand distributions in the freshwater environment ran-ging from snow to large lakes and well-definedstreams are extensive.For instance,studies on thestream microalgal community have been conducted onthe Pervay… 相似文献
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沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus）是蒙新砾质荒漠中唯一常绿阔叶灌木孑遗,且已陷入濒临灭绝的境地。沙冬青属内分类争论已久。利用分子手段对国内沙冬青居群进行了遗传结构分析,以对其保护提供准确的遗传学信息。核序列和叶绿体间隔数据均表明,沙冬青属包含两个明显不同的分支,分别分布于塔里木荒漠与阿拉善荒漠,我们据此建议恢复分布于新疆的沙冬青居群的物种地位,即新疆沙冬青（A.nunas）。沙冬青属属下两个种遗传多样性均比较低,可能由于先天遗传不足及破碎化小居群的遗传漂变与近交作用。新疆沙冬青无明显的遗传结构。蒙古沙冬青（A.mongolicus）在阿拉善荒漠北部与南部出现了明显的遗传分歧,这可能是由于南北部居群由不同的避难所扩张而来。也为沙冬青的保护提出了建议。 相似文献
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In order to provide a theoretical basis for the protection and development of T. ciliata germplasm resources, we studied the genetic diversity of T. ciliata by using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) primers to evaluate the genetic diversity of 192 T. ciliata germplasm samples from 24 populations of 5 provinces. DataFormater, Popgene, NTSYS, TFPGA and other software were used for genetic data conversion, genetic parameter estimation, dendrogram construction and genetic variation analysis. The results showed that: 1) a total of 17 alleles (Na) were detected in seven pairs of primers, with an average of 2.260 for each primer. Among them, the highest numbers of alleles (4) were detected in primers S11 and S422.The mean value of Nei’s genetic diversity index (H) was 0.4909, the mean value of Shannon information index (I) was 0.7321, and the mean value of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.5182. The mean expected heterozygosity (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) were 0.1055 and 0.4956, respectively. The Nei°s genetic distances of the populations ranged between 0.0002 and 2.6346, and the mean was 0.5477. The average genetic diversity level (H=0.1044) of the 24 populations was lower than that of the species (H=0.4909). 2) The genetic differentiation coefficients (Fst) varied from 0.2374 to 0.9148, with an average value of 0.7727. The mean of population gene flow (Nm) was 0.0735, indicating a low level of genetic exchange between populations, and suggesting that the genetic variation mainly came from within populations. 3) With the UPGMA method, the 24 populations were clustered into 3 groups at Nei’s genetic identity (0.99): the populations from Guizhou Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were clustered into one group, the populations from Hunan Province were in another group, and the populations from Hubei Province were in the third group. The Mantel test analysis showed a significant correlation between Nei’s genetic distance and geographic distance (r=0.6318, P=0.009?0.05). The genetic diversity of the 24 populations of T. ciliata was at a low level. Geographic isolation was the main reason for genetic differentiation among T. ciliata provenances. In the protection of germplasm resources of T. ciliata, emphasis should be placed on breeding genetic resources from the populations with higher genetic diversity (P14, for example). As for the populations with low genetic diversity, an ex-situ protection strategy as well as ecological and timber objectives, should be taken into account to maximize the conservation and utilization of the diversity of T. ciliata. 相似文献
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Photosynthetic responses of selected Antarctic plants to solar radiation in the southern maritime Antarctic 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The effects of UV-B exclusion and enhancement of solar radiation on photosynthesis of the two phanerogams which occur in the maritime Antarctic, Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis , and the moss Sanionia uncinats were investigated. Data on air temperature and solar radiation illustrate a drastic seasonal variation. Daily O3 column mean values and UV-B measured at ground level document the occurrence of the O3 "hole" in the spring of 1997, with a concomitant increase in UV-B. The grass, D. antarctica , exhibited a broad temperature optimum for photosynthesis between 10–25°C while photosynthesis did not saturate even at high irradiance. The high water use efficiencies measured in the grass may be one of the features explaining the presence of this species in the maritime Antarctic. The net photosynthesis response to intercellular CO2 (A/ci ) for D. antarctica was typical of a C3 plant. Exposure to a biologically effective UV-B irradiance of 0.74 W M-2 did not result in any significant change in either the maximum rate of photosynthesis at saturating CO2 and light, or in the initial carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco. (Vc,max ). Furthermore while ambient (or enhanced) solar UV-B did not affect photochemical yield, measured in the field, of C. quitensis and D. antarctica , UV-B enhancement did affect negatively photochemical yield in S. uncinata . In D. antarctica plants, exposure to UV-B at low irradiances elicited increased flavonoid synthesis. The observed effects of UV-B enhancement on the moss (decreased photochemical yield) and the grass (increase in flavonoids) require further, separate investigation. 相似文献
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Initial plant colonization is critical in determining subsequent ecosystem development. In a High-Arctic oasis showing atypical “directional primary succession”, we quantified the microhabitat characteristics associated with colonization by pioneer vascular plants of a bare moraine. The study moraine, formed during the Little Ice Age, is located within the proglacial area at the southern front of Arklio Glacier, Ellesmere Island, Canada. We established two line-transects on this moraine to quantify microhabitats for vascular species. Microsites favorable for plants were concave depressions, probably increasing the likelihood of colonization. At microsites distant from stable boulders, which probably protect seeds/seedlings from wind desiccation, plant colonization was less likely. Furthermore, favorable microhabitat properties differed depending on topographical location within the moraine, suggesting that, even within a single moraine, microhabitats favorable for plant colonization are heterogeneously-distributed. This moraine was characterized by two major pioneer species, Epilobium latifolium and Salix arctica. Their species-specific microhabitat requirements highlight the importance of biotic factors in colonization processes. Favorable sites for plants are generally distributed at random in harsh environments. However, we showed that initial plant colonization is a deterministic process rather than random, indicating the possibility of non-stochastic processes even during the early phase of ecosystem development in High-Arctic ecosystems. 相似文献
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通过对塔里木河下游自然和人工植物群落中的15种主要建群种植物根系菌根的定殖状况的调查及对菌根侵染部位、菌根中的泡囊、丛枝和菌丝的观察,其结果显示:其中11种植物可被AM真菌侵染,占所调查植物种总数的73.33%,野生乡土植物表现出较高的菌根侵染率和侵染强度,其中有84.62%的植物为菌根植物,且乔木、多年生草本和灌木类植物全部为菌根植物,一年生草本植物未见AM真菌侵染;人工引入种蓼科的泡果沙拐枣(Calligonum junceum)和藜科的梭梭柴(Haloxylon ammodendron)均未见有AM真菌侵染。丛枝菌根真菌侵染率、侵染强度与植物所属的科属关系较密切,也与真菌群落所处时空环境及土壤深度有关。 相似文献
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从北极斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川流域的上、中、下游采集了5种代表性土壤和冰川融水样品(MT、AT、TN、BT、MS),采用常规LB和严格无氮培养基低温培养方法,对其中的可培养细菌和潜在固氮细菌进行了总菌计数以及菌株的富集、分离与纯化。经菌落菌体形态观察、16S r RNA基因初步测序排重、固氮基因nif H的PCR检测,分别选取48株可培养分离细菌和31株潜在固氮菌进行了基于16S r RNA基因全序列测定的系统发育分析。目的是初步了解该特殊生境中可培养细菌(包括潜在固氮菌)的多样性及其分布状况,为进一步研究它们在此生境中的生态功能奠定基础。实验结果表明,可培养细菌在5个采集样品中的总菌数为BTTNATMT=MS,严格无氮培养基分离菌总菌数为BTATMTTNMS。48株可培养代表菌分属于Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes 4个门的7纲、14属之中,它们在5个样品中的多样性程度为BT(6纲、6属)MT(4纲、6属)AT、MS(均为3纲、3属)TN(2纲、3属),优势菌群主要分布在γ-proteobacteria纲的Pseudomonas属(20.8%,集中在AT、BT、MS样品中)和β-proteobacteria纲的Janthinobacterium属(35.4%,集中在MS样品中),表现出一定程度的系统发育多样性。潜在固氮菌实验结果表明,能在严格无氮培养基上生长且可检测到nif H的31株代表菌具有极为单一的系统发育多样性。其中90.32%菌株集中在γ-proteobacteria纲的Pseudomonas属,仅在MT和MS样品中有3株菌分布在α-proteobacteria纲的Rhizobium属、β-proteobacteria纲的Janthinobacterium属和Actinobacteria纲的Arthrobacter属,它们与分离自其他极端环境的相关标准菌株具有高度16S r RNA基因同源性。另外,本实验还发现有8株菌的16S r RNA基因序列与相关标准菌株的相似度低于98.50%,推测它们具有成为该特殊生境下新种的潜质。 相似文献