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1.
This paper proposes a method on analyzing the asynchronism-synchronism of precipitation of different hydrological regions regarding the S-to-N water transfer areas of eastern China. The general process of the analysis includes three steps. Firstly, we created the rainfall series of the region concerned by calculating the regional average rainfall of the stations in the area with the help of the classical Thiessen Polygon method. Secondly, the standards of assessment indices for wetness or dryness are set according to Gamma distribution function with a certain probability P 37.5% or 62.5% given respectively. Finally, the frequency of nine combinations are counted as the quantitative feature of asynchronism and synchronism in three time scales, that is the yearly, seasonal and monthly scales. The asynchronism-synchronism of two region pairs has been estimated. The results show that the frequency of precipitation asynchronism in 1957-1998 is larger than the synchronism frequency for both the North China-middle and lower Yangtze River pair and for the North China-upper Hanjiang River pair. As for the synchronism phenomena, the frequency of Nd-Sd is rather low. As the combinations that are suitable for water transfers are Nd-Sw, Nn-Sw, Nd-Sn and Nn-Sn, the total frequency of these combinations for North China-middle and lower Yangtze River is 40% on an annual basis, but only 28% in spring when water shortages are most likely to occur. The total frequency of these combinations for North China-upper Hanjiang River is about 24% on an annual basis, but 35% in spring and winter. It should be noted that if future precipitation patterns are similar to that of the period 1957-1998, it is very important to change the natural character of asynchronism-synchronism by enhancing the capability of hydro-projects regulation and improving management of the water transfer project. 相似文献
2.
本文以农田需水量作为供水余缺的标准,分析长江、淮河、海河流域降水的年内年际变化与季节需水的关系,论证了南水北调的必要性和引江济海的合理性。 相似文献
3.
Changing features of extreme precipitation in the Yangtze River basin during 1961-2002 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The total precipitation of the highest 1 day, 3 day, 5 day and 7 day precipitation amount (R1D, R3D, R5D and R7D) in the Yangtze River basin was analyzed with the help of linear trend analysis and continuous wavelet transform method. The research results indi-cated that: 1) Spatial distribution of R1D is similar in comparison with that of R3D, R5D and R7D. The Jialingjiang and Hanjiang river basins are dominated by decreasing trend, which is significant at >95% confidence level in Jialingjiang River basin and insignificant at >95% con-fidence level in Hanjiang River basin. The southern part of the Yangtze River basin and the western part of the upper Yangtze River basin are dominated by significant increasing trend of R1D extreme precipitation at >95% confidence level. 2) As for the R3D, R5D and R7D, the western part of the upper Yangtze River basin is dominated by significant increasing trend at >95% confidence level. The eastern part of the upper Yangtze River basin is dominated by decreasing trend, but is insignificant at >95% confidence level. The middle and lower Yangtze River basin is dominated by increasing trend, but insignificant at >95% confidence level. 3) The frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events are intensified over time. Pre-cipitation anomalies indicated that the southeastern part, southern part and southwestern part of the Yangtze River basin are dominated by positive extreme precipitation anomalies be-tween 1993–2002 and 1961–1992. The research results of this text indicate that the occurrence probability of flash flood is higher in the western part of the upper Yangtze River basin and the middle and lower Yangtze River 相似文献
4.
东亚夏季风推进过程的气候特征及其年代际变化 总被引：33，自引：0，他引：33
利用1951~2001年NECP的逐日再分析资料及中国东部366站1957~2000年逐日降水资料,提出东亚夏季风推进过程的定量指标,分析东亚夏季风推进过程的年代际变化。结果表明：标准降水指数为1.5的等值线较好反映了中国东部夏季雨带的南北移动,以及雨带推进过程中呈现的阶段性与突变性特征。东亚夏季风的推进过程具有显著年代际变化,与夏季风前沿位置有关的指标在20世纪60年代中期前后发生显著变化,与夏季风推进强度有关的指标则在70年代末出现突变。60年代中期前,南海夏季风的建立时间较迟,但北推较快,夏季风前沿到达华北地区时间较早,在华北地区维持时间长,夏季风的北界位置偏北,华北雨季、淮河梅雨明显。70年代末以后南海夏季风的建立时间较早,夏季风前沿附近南风强度明显偏弱,降水主要集中在长江流域及其以南地区,华北雨季不明显。 相似文献
5.
The total precipitation of the highest 1 day, 3 day, 5 day and 7 day precipitation amount （R1 D, R3D, R5D and R7D） in the Yangtze River basin was analyzed with the help of linear trend analysis and continuous wavelet transform method. The research results indicated that： 1） Spatial distribution of RID is similar in comparison with that of R3D, R5D and R7D. The Jialingjiang and Hanjiang river basins are dominated by decreasing trend, which is significant at 〉95% confidence level in Jialingjiang River basin and insignificant at 〉95% confidence level in Hanjiang River basin. The southern part of the Yangtze River basin and the western part of the upper Yangtze River basin are dominated by significant increasing trend of RID extreme precipitation at 〉95% confidence level. 2） As for the R3D, R5D and R7D, the western part of the upper Yangtze River basin is dominated by significant increasing trend at 〉95% confidence level. The eastern part of the upper Yangtze River basin is dominated by decreasing trend, but is insignificant at 〉95% confidence level. The middle and lower Yangtze River basin is dominated by increasing trend, but insignificant at 〉95% confidence level. 3） The frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events are intensified over time. Precipitation anomalies indicated that the southeastern part, southern part and southwestern part of the Yangtze River basin are dominated by positive extreme precipitation anomalies between 1993-2002 and 1961-1992. The research results of this text indicate that the occurrence probability of flash flood is higher in the western part of the upper Yangtze River basin and the middle and lower Yangtze River basin, esp. in the southwestern and southeastern parts of the Yangtze River basin. 相似文献
6.
1960-2015年青海三江源地区降水时空特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
青海三江源地区是中国生态系统最为敏感和脆弱的地区,其降水特别是生长季降水的波动,是影响本区及江河中下游水资源安全、生态系统可持续发展的关键因素。综合线性趋势、Mann-Kendall检验、BG分割算法、R/S、EEMD等多方法细致辨识了1960-2015年研究区降水量序列的时空特征。结果显示：① 三江源降水量总体呈现弱增趋势,21世纪以来降水量显著增加,各子源区气候倾向率不尽相同;② 年、季降水量自东南向西北递减,澜沧江源区夏季降水和黄河源区秋季降水呈弱减趋势,雨量弱减区在空间上呈斑块状分布;③ 年、季降水量年代际变化和增湿率的空间差异较明显,春夏季降水气候倾向率与经纬度、海拔的复相关性显著高于冬季;④ 20世纪90年代中后期,各子源区降水总体显现增强信号,并于2002年前后发生突变;⑤ 年际和低值年代际显著周期是造成降水量变动的主要因素;⑥ 除澜沧江源区夏季降水趋于减少外,其他年、季降水量变化呈现增幅不一的转湿趋势;⑦ 横向比较各子源区可见,长江源区降水变化更能表征高原气候变化。研究结果显示,研究区降水时空序列变化具有明显的区域和季节差异性特征,与以往类似研究存在些许差异,可见为有效提高气候序列演变过程及突变诊断的准确性,仍需进一步融合多方法实施集成分析。 相似文献
7.
甘肃省小麦水分平衡及其时空分布模式 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以县域为基本单元,采用农田水量平衡模型,对甘肃省1961至2001年冬、春小麦自然降水条件下的水分平衡进行了逐月计算,并对其时空分布模式进行了研究。结果表明:甘肃省多年平均冬小麦需水量为464.47mm,亏水量144.42mm,盈水量3.75mm;春小麦需水量为443.83mm,亏水量262.87mm,盈水量0.00mm。降水不能满足小麦生长的需求,亏水是其水分平衡的首要特征;5～6月是甘肃省冬、春小麦的亏水高峰期,且冬小麦盈亏水量的稳定性低于春小麦;全生育期冬小麦以中度水分亏缺频率为最高,春小麦则以重度为主;甘肃省冬、春小麦的需水量、亏水量与水分亏缺率均呈由东南向西北递增的趋势。 相似文献
8.
1951-2012年渭河流域降水频次变化特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用渭河流域26个气象站点1951-2012年的逐日及逐年降水数据,分析流域降水频次的变化特征及其相关影响。结果表明：（1）年降水频次在空间上表现出由北向南逐渐递增的趋势,最高年降水频次为111.39 d·a-1,最低年降水频次为67.77 d·a-1。强降水频次在空间上表现出由西北向东南逐渐递增的趋势,高值区最高年强降水频次为8.10 d·a-1,低值区最低年强降水频次为1.99 d·a-1。（2）年降水量与强降水频次Pearson相关系数>0的区域占到总流域面积的96.59%,>0.6～<1的区域占到了总面积的74.14%,呈现为强相关或者极强相关,Pearson相关系数为负数,且呈现强相关或极强相关的区域只占到了总面积的0.8%。（3）强降水频次在一定阶段符合幂律分布。在拟合趋势线中间会发生转折点,强降水频次的规模较大时,拟合方程为y=198.9x-1.199（R2=0.901 8,P<0.01）,强降水频次较小时拟合方程为y=113 466x-5.402（R2=0.983,P<0.01）。幂律分布规律可以深层次的解释强降水是引发渭河流域洪灾的重要影响因素。 相似文献
9.
1960-2009年中国降雨侵蚀力的时空变化趋势 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
降雨侵蚀力反映了降雨对土壤侵蚀的潜在能力,因此降雨侵蚀力已经成为土壤侵蚀、产沙和水环境建模的主要参数之一。利用中国590个气象站1960-2009年逐日降雨量资料估算了中国每个气象站的降雨侵蚀力,并使用趋势系数、气候倾向率和Kriging空间插值方法分析了中国降雨侵蚀力的时空变化趋势。结果表明:我国年均降雨侵蚀力从东南沿海向西北内陆逐渐递减,与年均降水量空间分布基本一致;近50年来我国大部分地区年降雨侵蚀力呈现不显著的上升趋势,存在四个明显的上升区域和两个明显的下降区域;59个气象站年降雨侵蚀力变化趋势通过了0.05显著水平的置信度检验,年降雨侵蚀力显著增加的气象站主要分布在青藏高原中东部、东缘、天山山脉以及东南沿海区域。青海省的诺木洪-都兰-曲麻莱-伍道梁一带近50年来年降雨侵蚀力增加趋势最为显著,有可能加剧长江、黄河源头土壤侵蚀的风险。 相似文献
10.
鄱阳湖流域水文变化特征成因及旱涝规律 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
本研究分析了1960-2008年鄱阳湖流域的气候和水文变化特征,用水量和能量平衡关系解释和印证了这些特征,并由此揭示了鄱阳湖流域水文变化特征的成因及干旱和洪涝发生的规律.得到以下主要结论:1)正常或偏湿年份鄱阳湖流域6月份容纳水量能力已达到饱和,若6-7月降水量超出正常年份,则流域超饱和,洪涝发生.长江中上游降水量7月份的异常偏多会对鄱阳湖流域的洪涝起触发和强化作用.2)鄱阳湖流域7-10月蒸发量大于降水量,特别是7-8月蒸发量大于降水量的一倍以上,所以若4-6月流域降水量少于平均年同期量的20％以上,则累积效应使秋旱发生.当初冬(11月)降水偏少时,秋旱可持续到来年的初春,形成严重的春旱.长江中上游降水量对鄱阳湖流域的春旱没有直接影响,但7-8月降水量偏少时则对秋旱起重要的强化作用.3)长江对鄱阳湖流域的水文过程和旱涝的发生、发展的影响主要在7-8月的“长江与鄱阳湖耦合作用”时期和9-10月的“弱长江作用”期. 相似文献
11.
南水北调中线工程不同调水规模对汉江中下游影响分析 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16
南水北调中线工程是解决我国北方地区水资源紧缺的重大战略措施。但调水将给汉江中下游的水文情势及用水带来一定的影响。文章分析了丹江口水库不同调水方案对汉江中下游水位、流量及灌溉和航运的影响,并提出补偿工程措施。调水６０×１０８ｍ３对汉江中下游的影响较小,可基本不予补偿;调水１５０×１０８ｍ３的影响稍重,但对航运和灌溉用水的影响不大,适当补偿可以解决;调水２３０×１０８ｍ３对汉江中下游水位流量及用水的影响十分严重,必须全部渠化并修建江汉运河。 相似文献
12.
1982-2006 年中国东部春季植被变化的区域差异 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
分析了中国东部1982-2006 年4-5 月归一化差值植被指数(NDVI) 的空间格局和变化趋势空间分布,通过聚类分析辨识了植被活动变化过程的主要模态,并探讨了他们与温度和降水变化的相关关系。结果表明：(1) 多年平均的春季植被活动呈现南强北弱的分布特征,由强到弱的过渡带大约位于34°~39°N;(2) 1982-2006 年,华北平原、呼伦贝尔草原和洞庭湖平原的春季植被活动呈显著增强的趋势,其中华北平原NDVI 增速高达0.03/10 年(r2 = 0.52;p <0.001),长三角和珠三角地区则呈显著减弱的趋势,其中长三角地区NDVI减速达-0.016/10 年(r2 = 0.24;p = 0.014);(3) 1982-2006 年春季植被活动变化过程的区域差异鲜明,并呈现层次性特征,首先是长三角和珠三角与其他地区的差异,前者呈减弱趋势,后者呈增强趋势,其次是呼伦贝尔草地、华北以及江南—华南地区与东北地区、内蒙古东部和东南部及长江下游地区的差异,前者持续增强,后者以1998 年为分界点先增强后减弱,再次是各个模态年际变率的差异;(4) 半湿润—半干旱的草地和农田区植被活动与降水量变化显著正相关,半湿润—湿润的森林区植被活动与温度变化显著正相关,温度或者降水最高能解释NDVI 60%的方差。 相似文献
13.
Acid rain has been recognized as a serious environmental problem in China since the 1980s, but little is known about the effects of the climatic change in regional precipitation on the temporal and spatial variability of severe acid rain. We present the effects of the re-gional precipitation trend change on the area and intensity of severe acid rain in southern China, and the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of SO2 and NO2 concentrations are analyzed on the basis of SO2 and NO2 column concentration data. The results are as follows. (1) The emission levels of SO2 and NO2 have reached or passed the precipitation scavenging capacity in parts of southern China owing to the emission totals of SO2 and NO2 increasing from 1993 to 2004. (2) Notable changes in the proportion of cities subject to severe acid rain occurred mainly in the south of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River during 1993-2004. With an abrupt change in 1999, the severe acid rain regions were mainly located in central and western China during 1993-1999 and moved obviously eastward to the south of the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River with the proportion of cities subject to se-vere acid rain increasing significantly from 2000 to 2004. (3) The spatial distribution and variation in the seasonal precipitation change rate of more than 10 mm/10a are similar to those of severe acid rain in southern China. An abrupt change in 1999 is seen for winter and summer precipitation, the same as for the proportion of cities subject to severe acid rain in southern China. The significant increase in summer storm precipitation from 1991 to 1999 mitigated the annual precipitation acidity in the south of the Yangtze River and reduced the area of severe acid rainfall. On the other hand, the decrease in storm rainfall in summer ex-panded the area of severe acid rainfall in the south of the Yangtze River in 2000-2006. Therefore, the change in seasonal precipitation is an important factor in the severe acid rain regions moving eastward and expanding in southern China. 相似文献
14.
Snowmelt water is an essential runoff source of some alpine rivers in China. This study selected the Upper Burqin River(UBR), a typical snow-fed river, to quantitatively assess the runoff contributions of different components, as well as the causes of runoff variations under the background of cryosphere change and global warming. Based on the spatial-temporal distributions of snow and glaciers during a year, as well as the altitudinal variations of 0 ℃ isotherm, the high flow hydrographs in UBR was separated into two parts: seasonal snowmelt flood of lower altitudes(3,000 m) and glacier-snow melt flow in high altitudes(3,000-4,296 m). The daily baseflow hydrograph of UBR was separated by the digital filtering technique. It is concluded that the contributions of snowmelt flow, glacier melt flow, and baseflow(includes rainfall runoff component) to total annual flow volumes are 27.2%(±2.7%), 8.5%(±1.7%), and 64.3%(±3.0%), respectively. The speed of air temperature rise in spring may be the controlling factor for monthly snowmelt flow distributions in the snow-fed river. The volume of snowmelt was determined by spring precipitation(SP) and previous winter's precipitation(PWP). The PWP changes can explain 43.7% of snowmelt changes during 1981-2010 in UBR, while snowmelt change in 1957-1980 is more impacted by SP. The determining factor of snowmelt variation was changed from SP to PAP during the recent decades. Precipitation in current year, excluding previous year's rainfall and snowfall, can only explain 32%-70% of the variability in total runoff. 相似文献
15.
基于72个气象站点1970—2017年逐日降水和气温数据,面向极端降水过程,对秦岭南北4种极端降水类型（偏前型、偏后型、均衡型和单日型）时空变化特征进行分析,进而探讨不同分区、不同类型极端降水与区域增温的响应关系。结果表明：① 从长期气候角度分析,秦岭南北降水格局稳定,3个分区降水变化空间响应具有一致性,共同表现出“降水以波动为主,降水量近期增加,降水日数下降,整体呈现极端化”的特征;② 在极端降水主导类型上,以累计降水量为判断标准,秦岭以北为均衡型主导,兼有偏后型;秦岭南坡类型组合关系较弱,为单一均衡型,汉江谷地西侧为“均衡型+偏后型”,东侧为“均衡型+偏前型”组合;以累积降水频次为判断标准,秦岭南北主导类型为偏前型,其次是偏后型,汉江谷地“偏前型+偏后型”组合形态更突出;③ 秦岭南北极端降水与区域变暖关系密切。当气温升高时,持续性极端降水呈下降趋势,单日型极端降水呈增加趋势。其中,秦岭以北偏前型和均衡型极端降水在下降,秦岭南坡响应密切的为偏后型,汉江谷地为均衡型和偏后型;④ 面向极端降水事件过程,将极端降水事件细化,可有效验证极端降水对气候变暖响应的结论,对未来研究方法完善和研究思路设计具有启示性。 相似文献
16.
我国汛期降水与ENSO不同位相的联系 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
利用本世纪以来较长年代的降水资源，分析了ＥＮＳＯ与我国各地汛期降水间的联系。结果表，不仅ＥＮＳＯ暖位相与冷位相我国汛期降水距平百分率的分布存在明显差异，而且ＥｌＮｉｎｏ年与其次年、ＬａＮｉｎｏ年与其次年降水距平面分率的分布均存在显差异。 相似文献
17.
Characteristics of dry-wet abrupt alternation events in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin and the relationship with ENSO 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
During recent decades, more frequent flood-drought alternations have been seen in China as a result of global climate change and intensive human activities, which have significant implications on water and food security. To better identify the characteristics of flood-drought alternations, we proposed a modified dry-wet abrupt alternation index (DWAAI) and applied the new method in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin (YRB-ML) to analyze the long-term spatio-temporal characteristics of dry-wet abrupt alternation (DWAA) events based on the daily precipitation observations at 75 rainfall stations in summer from 1960 to 2015. We found that the DWAA events have been spreading in the study area with higher frequency and intensity since 1960. In particular, the DWAA events mainly occurred in May and June in the northwest of the YRB-ML, including Hanjiang River Basin, the middle reaches of the YRB, north of Dongting Lake and northwest of Poyang Lake. In addition, we also analyzed the impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on DWAA events in the YRB-ML. The results showed that around 41.04% of DWAA events occurred during the declining stages of La Niña or within the subsequent 8 months after La Niña, which implies that La Niña events could be predictive signals of DWAA events. Besides, significant negative correlations have been found between the modified DWAAI values of all the rainfall stations and the sea surface temperature anomalies in the Nino3.4 region within the 6 months prior to the DWAA events, particularly for the Poyang Lake watershed and the middle reaches of the YRB. This study has significant implications on the flood and drought control and water resources management in the YRB-ML under the challenge of future climate change. 相似文献
18.
祁连山讨赖河流域1957—2012年极端气候变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
全球气候变化背景下,极端气候事件发生的频率逐年增大,由此引发的气象灾害事件也随之增加。鉴此,本文利用祁连山讨赖河流域1957—2012年的气象观测资料,对该流域23个极端气候指数的时空变化特征做了研究。结果表明：（1）极端气温升高趋势明显,夜间和白天极端低温日数显著减少,极端气温昼指数显著增大;气温日较差变化幅度很小,霜冻日数显著减少,生长季长度明显加长,冰冻日数2000年后增加;夜指数增大幅度大于昼指数,秋、冬季极端气温升高幅度大于春、夏季。（2）极端降水指数增大趋势明显,雨日降水总量、连续五日降水总量和中雨天数均展现出增大态势,反映出连续降水事件的增加;极端降水量事件增大显著,但雨日降水强度变化不大;除最多连续无降水日数外,极端降水日数指数展现出增大趋势;降水日数夏、秋季节分配趋向均匀化;降水量的增加主要是单次降水时间持续加长和中雨日数增加的贡献;高海拔区极端降水事件发生的频次较大。 相似文献
19.
50年来秦岭金钱河流域水文特征及其对降水变化的响应 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
运用集中度和集中期、Kendall秩相关系数、R/S分析法、降水—径流双累积曲线模型及其他数理统计方法,分析了金钱河流域径流的变化特征,探讨了年际、季节及月尺度上径流变化的趋势并预测了未来趋势,用集中期指标反映了径流对降水响应的滞后效应,并定量分析了降水变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明:50 a来径流量呈现出显著的递减趋势(p<0.05),递减率为34.33 m3(/s 10a),Hurst指数H=0.669>0.5,表明未来的一段时间内变化趋势与现在相同;1~12月各月径流均表现为下降趋势。流域内径流对降水的响应存在滞后效应,50 a径流对降水平均每年滞后23.6 d,且滞后天数具有明显上升趋势。50 a来径流系数呈极显著减小趋势,降水量转化为径流的部分在逐年减少,被植物截留、填洼、入渗和蒸发的部分增加;径流发生突变后比突变前径流系数降低了35.2%。50 a来降水变化对径流变化的影响率为53.4%,高于人类活动影响率46.6%,是导致径流变化的主要原因,人类活动为次要原因。 相似文献
20.
对全球气候模式（GCM）数据进行偏差校正是气候影响评估的前提和基础。通过在等比分布映射（ERCDFm）校正法中引入对降水频率的校正,增补了降水日数偏少情况下的小雨日数,保留了降水频率的长期变化信号,提高降水日数及总降水量的模拟效果。以长江流域1961—2005年的格点化日降水资料作为观测数据,对5个GCM模式历史期以及RCP4.5情景下未来日降水进行校正。结果表明：改进后的ERCDFm校正方法明显改善了降水频率及降水量的模拟。降水频率与年降水量的RMSE分别较改进前降低了83%和58%,偏差值小于50 mm/a的格点占比由改进前31%提高至49%,解决了由于降水频率模拟偏低导致的降水量低估。校正后的预估结果表明：RCP4.5情景下,相对于1986—2005年,2030—2050年长江流域降水呈增加趋势（平均增幅为6.1%）,春、夏、秋、冬各季节降水量的平均增幅为8.2%、6.4%、4.7%和0.7%。 相似文献