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用１９７８─１９８７年多通过微波扫描辐射计（ＳＭＭＲ）所获取的地表微波亮温及亮温－雪深区域订正反演算式，计算了１００°Ｅ以西中国境内年与季的平均雪量和雪盖率，以及它们的年际变化，阐明了积雪时空的变化。所取得的高原及高山低山积雪监测结果，为当地积雪资源的开发利用提供了可靠依据。 相似文献
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积雪是冰冻圈中较为活跃的因子,对气候环境变化敏感,其变化影响着全球气候和水文的变化。积雪覆盖日数(SCD)、降雪开始时间(SCOD)和融雪开始时间(SCMD)是影响地表物质和能量平衡的主要因素。使用MODIS无云积雪产品提取了叶尔羌河流域2002年7月-2018年6月逐日积雪覆盖率(SCP),基于像元计算了SCD、SCOD和SCMD,系统地分析了其空间分布与变化特征,并探讨了其变化的原因及积雪面积的异常变化与ENSO的联系。结果表明:(1)研究时段内,流域的积雪覆盖面积呈微弱减少趋势,与气温呈显著负相关,与降水呈显著正相关;2002-2018年,SCP随海拔的升高呈明显的线性增加趋势(R2=0.92、P<0.01));各海拔高度带最大SCP出现的月份大致随海拔的上升往后推迟,最小SCP出现月份无显著变化(集中在8月),海拔4000 m以下,春季的SCP小于冬季,海拔4000 m以上,春季的SCP大于冬季。(2)SCD、SCOD和SCMD有明显的海拔梯度,在流域内,从东北至西南,呈现出SCD增加,SCOD提前,SCMD推迟的特征;变化趋势上,流域91.9%的区域SCD表现为减少,65.6%的区域SCOD有往后推迟的趋势,77.4%的区域SCMD表现出提前的趋势。(3)2006、2008年和2017年积雪覆盖面积异常偏大,而在2010年则异常偏小,其原因可能是ENSO影响了积雪的变化。(4)以喀喇昆仑为主的高海拔地区,包括帕米尔高原东部的部分地区,其SCD、SCOD和SCMD分别表现出增加、提前和推迟的趋势,这种变化与其春秋温度的持续走低以及降水量的增加有关。 相似文献
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By using the observational snow data of more than 700 weather stations,the interannual temporal and spatial characteristics of seasonal snow cover in China were analyzed.The results show that northern Xinjiang,northeastern China-Inner Mongolia,and the southwestern and southern portions of Tibetan Plateau are three regions in China with high seasonal snow cover and also an interannual anomaly of snow cover.According to the trend of both the snow depth and snow cover days,there are three changing patterns for the seasonal snow cover:The first type is that both snow depth and snow cover days simultaneously increase or decrease;this includes northern Xinjiang,middle and eastern Inner Mongolia,and so on.The second is that snow depth increases but snow cover days decrease;this type mainly locates in the eastern parts of the northeastern plain of China and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.The last type is that snow depth decreases but snow cover days increase at the same time such as that in middle parts of Tibetan Plateau.Snow cover in China appears to have been having a slow increasing trend during the last 40 years.On the decadal scale,snow depth and snow cover days slightly increased in the 1960s and then decreased in the 1970s;they again turn to increasing in the 1980s and persist into 1990s. 相似文献
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中国西北地区季节性积雪的性质与结构 总被引：17，自引：2，他引：17
中国内陆地区积雪分布十分广泛。根据西北地区大陆性气候条件下形成的“干寒型”积雪的特征 ,对中国天山和阿尔泰山山区的季节性积雪进行了观测与分析。结果表明 ,该区最大积雪深度达 15 2cm(1997) ,积雪层一般由新雪 (或表层凝结霜 )、细粒雪、中粒雪、粗粒雪、松散深霜、聚合深霜层和薄融冻冰层组成。与“湿暖型”积雪相比 ,“干寒型”积雪的性质具有密度小 (新雪的最小密度为 0 .0 4 g/cm3 )、含水率少 (隆冬期 <1% )、温度梯度大(最大可达 - 0 .5 2℃ /cm)、深霜发育层厚等特点 ,并且变质作用以热量交换和雪层压力变质作用为主。据中国科学院天山积雪与雪崩研究站 (43°2 0N ,84°2 9E ,海拔 1776m)的观测资料 ,中国内陆干旱区冬季积雪期雪面太阳辐射通量以负平衡为主 ,新雪雪面反射率达 96 % ,短波辐射在干寒型积雪中的穿透厚度达 2 8cm。春季积雪消融期 ,深霜层厚度可占整个积雪层厚度的 80 %。随着气温的升高 ,雪粒间的键链首先融化 ,使积雪变得松散 ,内聚力、抗压、抗拉和抗剪强度降低 ,积雪含水率也随之增大 ,整个积雪层趋于接近 0℃的等温现象 ,因此 ,春季天山、阿尔泰山等山地全层性湿雪崩频繁发生 相似文献
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Using observed snow cover data from Chinese meteorological stations, this study indicated that annual mean snow depth, Snow Water Equivalent (SWE), and snow density during 1957–2009 were 0.49 cm, 0.7 mm, and 0.14 g/cm3 over China as a whole, respectively. On average, they were all the smallest in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), and were greater in northwestern China (NW). Spatially, the regions with greater annual mean snow depth and SWE were located in northeastern China including eastern Inner Mongolia (NE), northern Xinjiang municipality, and a small fraction of southwestern QTP. Annual mean snow density was below 0.14 g/cm3 in most of China, and was higher in the QTP, NE, and NW. The trend analyses revealed that both annual mean snow depth and SWE presented increasing trends in NE, NW, the QTP, and China as a whole during 1957–2009. Although the trend in China as a whole was not significant, the amplitude of variation became increasingly greater in the second half of the 20th century. Spatially, the statistically significant (95%-level) positive trends for annual mean snow depth were located in western and northern NE, northwestern Xinjiang municipality, and northeastern QTP. The distribution of positive and negative trends for annual mean SWE were similar to that of snow depth in position, but not in range. The range with positive trends of SWE was not as large as that of snow depth, but the range with negative trends was larger. 相似文献
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积雪覆盖度对沙尘暴的影响分析 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
采用遥感监测内蒙古中西部地区积雪覆盖度数据以及地面气象观测站1961—2005年沙尘天气观测资料,以沙尘暴、扬沙发生日数为定量指标,分析了内蒙古中西部地区积雪覆盖度与沙尘暴、扬沙发生日数的关系。研究结果表明,在内蒙古中西部地区,积雪覆盖度与沙尘天气的发生有负相关关系,但地表积雪覆盖对沙尘暴的抑制作用要小于对扬沙的抑制作用,这种负相关关系在1—3月较11—12月更为显著。积雪覆盖度决定了积雪的影响范围,而积雪日数则决定了这种影响持续的时间,综合考虑这两种因素,构建了积雪指数用以反映积雪的这种空间和时间的共同作用。积雪指数能较好地反映积雪日数与积雪覆盖度对沙尘天气的综合作用。 相似文献
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青藏高原东南部海拔高,地形复杂,云量大,准确掌握该地区的积雪分布特征对于积雪灾害防治非常重要。论文以2013—2019年冬季积雪积累期云量符合要求的35景高分一号(GF-1)影像为基础,将全色影像和多光谱影像融合为2 m分辨率影像,通过目视解译获取了研究区积雪的空间分布特征,结合改进后的30 m分辨率SRTM DEM,探讨了地形对积雪分布的影响。结果表明：积雪像元在研究区范围内占比为33.1%。积雪的垂直分布特征明显：积雪在高程带4000~5000 m(高海拔)处分布较集中,积雪面积占比为18.1%;在高程带0~2000 m、2000~3000 m和6000~7000 m处积雪面积占比均不到0.1%。积雪在北坡、东北坡的分布比例较高,均为15%以上;在南坡、西坡、西南坡、东南坡分布比例较低,均为10%左右。将基于GF-1影像获取的积雪分布分别与同日获取的根据MODIS V6积雪产品计算的积雪比例(MODIS FSC)和积雪分布的对比表明,64.4%的MODIS FSC像元绝对误差不超过10%,MODIS积雪分布产品对含雪像元的漏分率和误分率平均为33.8%和32.7%,说明MODIS积雪产品在研究区的精度还具有较高的不确定性,其对低覆盖积雪反演的精度较差。这表明利用MODIS积雪产品研究青藏高原东南部积雪的时空变化特征时还需要对其积雪反演算法进行改进,同时亟需加强地面观测和基于多源遥感数据的积雪研究。研究结果可为青藏高原东南部雪冰灾害防治提供支撑。 相似文献
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中国西部积雪变化特征 总被引：52，自引：3，他引：52
综合中国西部175个地面气象台站1957—1987年逐日积雪深度、密度和月积雪日数资料,1978年-1987年SMMR周积雪深度资料,1973—1987年NOAA周积雪面积资料,以及50余幅DMSP影像图,本文阐述中国西部积雪空间分布、季节变化及年际波动特征,并对中国西部积雪大尺度气候效应和青藏高原第四纪冰期问题作了初步讨论。 相似文献
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乌鲁木齐河流域的季节积雪分布状况受冷期内连续降水过程的降雪量和气温所控制。水汽来向、山坡朝向、海拔高度和下垫面性质是影响积雪的主要因素。一般有瞬时积雪,不稳定积雪,稳定积雪和永久积雪之分。季节积雪的分布界限,在秋末冬初随海拔高度的降低而逐渐下移,春末夏初则随海拔高度增加而逐渐上移。到7月下旬或8月初移至海拔4000—4200m的雪线附近。由于风的再搬运作用,使本来不厚的自然积雪在公路的局部地段形成影响车辆通行的雪阻现象。 相似文献
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新疆天山和北疆地区是我国三大稳定积雪区之一，积雪反照率的变化显著地影响其地表吸收的太阳辐射能量。2018年1~3月，在新疆天山和北疆地区进行了积雪反照率观测，发现研究区的积雪反照率存在明显的时空差异。时间上，由于受到气温变化的影响，研究区的积雪反照率整体呈现下降的趋势，而且不同时期的下降幅度有差异，1月末~3月初反照率的降低相比1月初~1月末反照率降低更加明显。空间上，由于受到污化物的影响，各区域（阿勒泰地区、塔城地区、天山北坡和伊犁河谷）的积雪反照率之间存在差异，其中天山地区（天山北坡和伊犁河谷）的积雪反照率低于北疆地区（阿勒泰地区和塔城地区），天山北坡的反照率最低；在积雪稳定期及消融期，污化物对积雪反照率的影响最为明显。 相似文献
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In order to analyze the differences between the two snow cover data, the snow cover data of 884 meteorological stations in China from 1951 to 2005 are counted. The data include days of visual snow observation, snow depth, and snow cover durations, which vary according to different definitions of snow cover days. Two series of data, as defined by "snow depth" and by "weather observation," are investigated here. Our results show that there is no apparent difference between them in east China and the Xinjiang region, but in northeast China and the Tibetan Plateau the "weather observation" data vary by more than 10 days and the "snow depth" data vary by 0.4 cm. Especially in the Tibetan Plateau, there are at least 15 more days of "weather observation" snow in most areas (sometimes more than 30 days). There is an obvious difference in the snow cover data due to bimodal snowfall data in the Tibetan Plateau, which has peak snowfalls from September to October and from April to May. At those times the temperature is too high for snow cover formation and only a few days have trace snow cover. Also, the characteristics and changing trends of snow cover are analyzed here based on the snow cover data of nine weather stations in the northeast region of the Tibetan Plateau, by the Mann-Kendall test. The results show significantly fewer days of snow cover and shorter snow durations as defined by "snow depth" compared to that as defined by "weather observation." Mann-Kendall tests of both series of snow cover durations show an abrupt change in 1987. 相似文献
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Erythemally weighted UV-B irradiance was measured between sea level and 4,205 m in several midday altitudinal transects and continuously for several months at sea level and 3,400 m on the Island of Hawai'i. Between sea level and 4,205 m, standardized UV-B increased 25% and 29% for solar zenith angles of 10° and 45°, respectively, under clear-sky conditions. The standardized diffuse component constituted 28% to 58% of the total as a function of optical path length. Under all sky conditions, the monthly average UV-B irradiance increased 50% in summer and 103% in winter from a cloudy, windward, sea-level location to a site at 3,400 m in generally clear skies above the trade-wind inversion. [Key words: solar radiation, ultraviolet-B irradiance, Hawai'i.] 相似文献
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Li Peiji 《地理学报(英文版)》1995,(3)
I.foroductionSnowcoverisahiguysensitiveelementtoclimatevariationandclilnatechange.TrendsonsnowcoverofthelaopscaledimensionsarecriticalforidentifvingglobalwanhingandfordiagnosinginteraedonsbetWeenclimateandsnowcover.Alth0ughitisgenerallybelievedthatdecreas… 相似文献
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Johnathan W. Sugg Christopher M. Fuhrmann L. Baker Perry Dorothy K. Hall Charles E. Konrad II 《自然地理学》2017,38(2):105-123
AbstractSnowfall in the Southern Appalachian Mountain region of the eastern US is characterized by much spatiotemporal variability. Annual snowfall totals vary by up to 75 cm, and variations in snowfall intensity can lead to large differences in the local snowfall distribution. Research has shown that the synoptic pattern associated with the snowfall strongly influences the regional-scale distribution of snow cover. However, topographic variability results in locally complex snow cover patterns that are not well understood or documented. In this study, we characterize the snow covered area (SCA) and fractional snow cover associated with different synoptic patterns in 14 individual sub-regions. We analyze 63 snow events using Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer standard snow cover products to ascertain both qualitative and quantitative differences in snow cover across sub-regions. Among sub-regions, there is significant variation in the snow cover pattern from individual synoptic classes. Furthermore, the percent SCA follows the regional snowfall climatology, and sub-regions with the highest elevations and northerly latitudes exhibit the greatest variability. Results of the sub-regional analysis provide valuable guidance to forecasters by contributing a deeper understanding of local snow cover patterns and their relationship to synoptic-scale circulation features. 相似文献
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季节性雪被覆盖对植物群落的影响 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
对雪被覆盖下光照、温度、水分状况、雪化学与养分特点,不同雪被厚度梯度下植物群落的物种组成和分布特点,雪生植物的生长发育和物候特征等方面的研究工作进行了综述,从植物生态学的角度,阐述了雪被生态学研究的发展方向。 相似文献
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青藏高原积雪对全球变暖的响应 总被引：36，自引：0，他引：36
根据６０个地面基本气象台站１９５７－１９９２年逐日雪深观测记录，用统计模式检验了青藏高原积雪变化趋势，证明近３６年来高原积雪变化呈普遍增加趋势，并且与北球冬季气温呈正相关，高原积雪的增加与北半球温带低地春季积雪面积自８０年代后期的减少形成了鲜明的对比，与两个大陆冰盖雪积累率的增加相一致。 相似文献
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冬春季积雪与沙尘天气发生日数关系的探讨——以内蒙古中部地区为例 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
利用地面气象观测数据,以日积雪深度≥1.0 cm日数和沙尘天气（包括浮尘、扬沙及沙尘暴）发生日数为指标,从不同的空间尺度,分析了内蒙古中部地区冬季与初春积雪日数与沙尘天气发生日数的关系。研究结果表明,在内蒙古中部地区,冬季与初春沙尘天气发生日数与积雪日数之间均呈现负的相关关系,这种相关关系在不同区域和不同季节有所差异,冬季积雪日数与沙尘天气发生日数之间的负相关较初春积雪日数与沙尘天气发生日数之间的负相关更为显著;在中温带温凉半干旱气候区初春积雪日数与沙尘天气发生日数间的负相关较其他两个气候区更为显著。 相似文献
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积雪是影响气候变化的重要因子,准确、及时的获取积雪覆盖范围,进行动态变化监测意义重大。利用MODIS数据进行土库曼斯坦积雪监测,提取积雪信息的研究较少。利用MODIS L1B 500 m分辨率数据,通过几何校正、去云预处理,应用归一化差分积雪指数（NDSI）算法和综合阈值判别法,获取了土库曼斯坦2011年11月～2012年4月山区积雪覆盖范围和面积等数据信息,揭示了土库曼斯坦山区积雪发生的时空特征。土库曼斯坦南部的科佩特山区是该国降雪的核心地区,积雪面积均在1月达到最大值,随后积雪面积随温度的升高而减少。山区积雪面积、月均气温、月降雨量之间存在着显著的相关性,其相关系数分别为0.742 9和0.568 4。结果表明,在监测时段积雪面积随气温的降低、降雨量的减少而增加。 相似文献