共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 368 毫秒
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基于粒子图像测速仪(Particle Image Velocimetry, 简称PIV)测速度原理以及测量颗粒粒径原理,分析了经过一个激光脉冲时间前后CCD拍摄到的两帧沙粒二维图像,计算了沙粒因旋转而导致的沙粒质心位移与成像中点位移的差别以及不同时刻成像面的大小,导出PIV测量不规则旋转沙粒速度和粒径的测量误差公式。结果表明,PIV测速误差与沙粒速度有关,速度越大测速误差越小,最大测速误差不超过10％,可通过增大激光脉冲时间间隔以减小PIV的测速误差;由于沙粒旋转,使得不同时刻PIV测量到的同一个不规则沙粒的粒径也可能不同,其差别由沙粒形状的不规则程度决定,并指出PIV测量风沙流中不规则沙粒的粒径的可行性与可靠性需要进一步论证。 相似文献
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PIV技术及其在风沙边界层研究中的应用 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了考察粒子图像测速度技术在风沙环境风洞中的测量精度及在风沙边界层研究中的应用潜力,通过筛选适当的示踪颗粒,借助PIV测量系统重新测量了风沙环境风洞中的风廓线,并获得了风沙边界层内跃移沙粒的速度和浓度分布规律。实验结果表明：PIV测得的风速廓线与标准风速廓线仪所测结果相当吻合(R2≥0.99);沙粒跃移的平均水平速度和相对浓度（灰度）沿距离沙面高度分别呈幂函数和负指数分布,沙粒速度随高度和自由风速的增加而增大,相对浓度随高度的增加而快速衰减,风速越小衰减越快,风速越大衰减越慢,这一结果与前人的结论一致。PIV系统为将来能够进行更加精确的风沙运动微观机理研究提供了技术保证。 相似文献
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基于湍流结构的风沙颗粒起动动态演化的概念模式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从驱动沙粒群起动的湍流结构入手,提出了基于气固两相流自调节机制的风沙颗粒起动的概念模式。受风沙边界层湍流相干结构的产生、消亡、湍流的随机脉动和运动沙粒群碰撞过程的动量损失等因素的控制和影响,风沙两相流始终处于不平衡—平衡—不平衡的动态演化之中,在此过程中,存在着普通的空气动力学起动、典型的冲击起动、湍流猝发起动等多种起动方式的循环交替的动态演化。上述多种的沙粒起动方式能够根据风沙边界层边壁区的湍流运动应力和沙粒群碰撞过程的动量损失来界定。该概念模式需要综合利用相位多普勒粒子动态分析测速技术、粒子图像测速技术和高速数字摄影技术等手段来进一步验证。该概念模式的提出,将为深入理解沙粒起动的力学机制提供新的思路。 相似文献
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稳态风沙流中瞬态输沙特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
风沙流中沙粒运动在来流风速不变时也会表现出非稳态特征。在风洞内利用粒子图像测速系统（PIV）测量了风沙运动的时间序列，并基于PIV测量技术提出风沙流中沙粒平均直径、数密度、平均水平速度和输沙通量等参数在某一时刻的计算方法，其中输沙通量的计算考虑沙粒大小垂向分布的影响。结果表明：来流风速不变时，沙粒平均直径、数密度、平均水平速度和输沙通量随时间具有明显的波动性；沙粒平均直径和平均水平速度的标准偏差一般随高度增加而增加，沙粒数密度和输沙通量标准偏差随高度增大而减小；这些参数的相对标准偏差均随高度增加而增大。 相似文献
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风沙研究者非常重视对输沙通量随高度变化特征的研究,并为寻找可靠的测量手段付出了不懈的努力。基于高速摄影技术获得的沙粒平均水平速度与沙粒数的垂直剖面,推导了较低风速下环境风洞内输沙通量的垂直剖面。结果表明：沙粒平均水平速度随高度呈幂函数增加,颗粒浓度随高度的算数平方根呈指数衰减。由颗粒平均水平速度剖面与浓度剖面的乘积可获得输沙通量剖面。所获得的输沙通量随高度变化曲线在距床面1~3 mm处均有一个明显的拐点,拐点上方输沙通量随高度呈指数衰减。在床面与拐点之间输沙通量没有明显的变化趋势,这可能是由于气流中颗粒间的碰撞以及颗粒与床面碰撞的影响。平均跃移高度和相对衰减系数是描述输沙通量随高度变化的两个重要参数,两者有着很好的相关性,表明了随着风速增加和沙粒粒径减小跃移颗粒可以达到更大的高度,随着风速减小与粒径增大,输沙通量迅速衰减。 相似文献
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近地表跃移沙粒速度和角度概率分布是连接风沙运动宏观研究和微观研究的桥梁，对沙粒跃移轨迹和输沙率分布有很大影响。但是，目前跃移沙粒冲击速度概率分布和角度概率分布之间的关系还不明确。使用相位多普勒粒子分析仪（PDPA）测量了风洞沙床面1 mm高度处的跃移沙粒速度，通过分析各冲击速度对应的冲击角度的概率分布研究了沙粒冲击速度和角度的联合概率分布。结果表明：沙粒冲击速度概率分布可用对数正态函数描述，冲击角度概率分布可用指数函数描述；各冲击速度对应的冲击角度都符合指数函数分布，且其衰减速度随冲击速度增加而加快。这表明，冲击速度概率分布和冲击角度概率分布之间具有很强的相关性。最后分别给出了沙粒冲击速度和角度的独立假设概率分布和条件联合概率分布。 相似文献
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风沙流中沙粒随机运动的数值模拟研究 总被引：15，自引：8，他引：7
通过对描述沙粒垂向运动速度脉动分量的随机微分方程的直接求解,获得了风沙流中沙粒运动的随机轨迹。结果表明,由于沙粒垂向脉动速度的影响,沙粒的轨迹与不考虑其垂向脉动速度的情形存在明显不同。在此基础上,通过对大量轨迹的统计计算,得到了沙粒浓度的分布规律。 相似文献
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风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒的 输沙量垂向分布实验研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
在非均匀沙床面上, 风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒的输沙量垂向分布, 是非均匀风沙运动研究的重点。研究首先通过风洞实验, 收集了风洞中垂线垂向输沙量分布沙样, 然后对集沙沙样进行了沙粒粒度分析实验, 实验分析结果得出了不同粒径组沙粒的输沙量垂向分布规律, 基于稳定平衡风沙跃移运动模型和本文实验结果, 最后数值模拟研究了不同粒径组沙粒输沙量垂向分布, 与沙粒起跳速度和角度之间的关系。本文研究结果得出, 在非均匀风沙流中, 粗粒径组沙粒垂向输沙量上部符合指数递减分布但近床面区偏离指数分布, 呈现为偏大型分布, 粗粒径组对应的沙粒起跳速度和角度分布均为指数函数; 细粒径组沙粒垂向输沙量在整 个高度上均符合指数递减规律, 细粒径组沙粒对应的起跳速度分布为指数函数, 起跳角度分布为高斯函数。沙粒的平均起跳速度, 在0.4u*~2.2u* 之间变化, 随着气流风速(u*) 和沙粒粒径的增加而减小。 相似文献
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通过相邻图像减法获得了清晰的沙粒运动图像。在此基础上,分别提出了通过人工目视解译与计算机追踪相结合进行跃移颗粒数字轨迹追踪的多帧图像匹配算法以及更适用于计算跃移沙粒群运动瞬时速度场的两帧图像匹配算法。结果表明：与前人研究采用的单纯的人工匹配计算相比,多帧图像匹配算法在保证数据准确性的同时,极大的提高了工作效率。两帧图像匹配算法克服了传统的PTV匹配算法对流场内粒子群运动特征的要求,更加适宜于跃移沙粒群的速度测量,不仅拥有较高的匹配率,而且全过程实现全自动计算,具有较高的计算速度,能够为跃移相整体运动特性研究提供具有代表性的数据。因此,此方法有助于高速摄影技术在研究跃移沙粒运动中的优势更加明显。 相似文献
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The velocity of blown sand particles is an important parameter in aeolian movement （a special case of gas particle two-phase flow） and has ever been a topic of interest. At present, several techniques have been applied in measuring velocity of the blown sand particles. This paper reviews the measurement results of several commonly used methods： photoelectric cell method, high-speed photographic method, Particle Dynamics Analyzer （PDA） method and Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV） method. Photoelectric cell method, high-speed photograph method and PDA method are useful in studying the velocity distribution of particles. PIV is a whole-flow-field technique and a useful tool to study the average velocity field in a target area. These methods got some similar results but considerable differences also exist. They have come to similar conclusions on the velocity distributions at a single height but direct measurement results with respect to the velocity distribution very close to the surface are still scarce except some PDA results. The magnitude of measured mean particle velocity differs greatly. The relationship obtained by different methods between mean particle velocity and wind velocity, particle size and possibly other influencing factors also differs considerably. Although several authors have proposed similar power functions to describe the variation with height of the mean particle velocity, the predicted results have wide differences. Each technique is based on some unique principles, and has its advantages and disad- vantages. To make full use of different techniques, a lot of work needs be done to validate them. Developing a reliable technique to measure the velocity of blown particles is still a necessary task in aeolian research. 相似文献
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Height profile of the mean velocity of an aeolian saltating cloud: Wind tunnel measurements by Particle Image Velocimetry 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The velocity of saltating particles is an important parameter in studying the aeolian sand movement. We used Particle Image Velocimetry to measure the variation with height of the mean particle velocity of a saltating cloud over a loose sand surface in a wind tunnel. The results suggest that both the horizontal and vertical particle velocities fit the Gaussian distribution well, and that the mean particle velocity of a saltating cloud varies with wind velocity, particle size and the height above bed. The mean horizontal velocity is mainly the result of acceleration by the wind and increases with an increase in friction wind velocity but decreases with an increase in grain size because greater wind velocity causes more acceleration and finer particles are more easily accelerated at a given wind velocity. It also increases with an increase in height by a power function, in agreement with previous results obtained by other methods such as the high-speed multi-flash photographic method and Particle Dynamics Analyzer (PDA), reflecting, first, the increase in wind velocity with height through the boundary layer, and second, the longer trajectory-particle path length increases with height and affords a longer time for acceleration by the wind. An empirical model relating the mean horizontal particle velocity and height, friction wind velocity as well as particle size is developed. The ratio of the mean horizontal particle velocity to the clean wind velocity at the same height increases with height but decreases with grain size. The magnitude of mean vertical velocity is much less (one or two orders less) compared with the mean horizontal velocity. The average movement in the vertical direction of a saltating cloud is upward (the mean vertical velocity is positive). Although the upward velocity of a saltating particle should decrease with height due to gravity the mean vertical (upward) velocity (the average of both ascending and descending particles) generally shows a tendency to increase with height. It seems that at higher elevations the data are more and more dominated by the ‘high-flyers’. The underlying mechanism for the mean vertical velocity distribution patterns needs to be clarified by further study. 相似文献
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Velocity profile of a sand cloud blowing over a gravel surface 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Particle dynamic analyzer (PDA) measurement technology was used to study the turbulent characteristics and the variation with height of the mean horizontal (in the downwind direction) and vertical (in the upward direction) particle velocity of a sand cloud blowing over a gravel surface. The results show that the mean horizontal particle velocity of the cloud increases with height, while the mean vertical velocity decreases with height. The variation of the mean horizontal velocity with height is, to some extent, similar to the wind profile that increases logarithmically with height in the turbulent boundary layer. The variation of the mean vertical velocity with height is much more complex than that of the mean horizontal velocity. The increase of the resultant mean velocity with height can be expressed by a modified power function. Particle turbulence in the downwind direction decreases with height, while that in the vertical direction is complex. For fine sands (0.2–0.3 mm and 0.3–0.4 mm), there is a tendency for the particle turbulence to increase with height. In the very near-surface layer (<4 mm), the movement of blown sand particles is very complex due to the rebound of particles on the bed and the interparticle collisions in the air. Wind starts to accelerate particle movement about 4 mm from the surface. The initial rebound on the bed and the interparticle collisions in the air have a profound effect on particle movement below that height, where particle concentration is very high and wind velocity is very low. 相似文献
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Sand velocity in aeolian sand transport was measured using the laser Doppler technique of PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) in a wind tunnel. The sand velocity profile, probability distribution of particle velocity, particle velocity fluctuation and particle turbulence were analyzed in detail. The experimental results verified that the sand horizontal velocity profile can be expressed by a logarithmic function above 0.01 m, while a deviation occurs below 0.01 m. The mean vertical velocity of grains generally ranges from − 0.2 m/s to 0.2 m/s, and is downward at the lower height, upward at the higher height. The probability distributions of the horizontal velocity of ascending and descending particles have a typical peak and are right-skewed at a height of 4 mm in the lower part of saltation layer. The vertical profile of the horizontal RMS velocity fluctuation of particles shows a single peak. The horizontal RMS velocity fluctuation of sand particles is generally larger than the vertical RMS velocity fluctuation. The RMS velocity fluctuations of grains in both horizontal and vertical directions increase with wind velocity. The particle turbulence intensity decreases with height. The present investigation is helpful in understanding the sand movement mechanism in windblown sand transport and also provides a reference for the study of blowing sand velocity. 相似文献
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跃移砂粒起跳的受力机制 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
根据作者拍摄的高速电影摄影实验发现, 沙粒起跳后垂直加速度均为负值, 亦即沙粒跳离地面后再无大于重力的、向上的外力作用于其上, 从而排除了八种起跳学说中的五种有关非接触力的起动学说, 即: 升力起动说、压差起动说、湍流起动说, 负压起动说和涡旋起动说。在余下的三种有关接触力的起动学说中, 作者估算后认为: 跃移起跳是斜面飞升与冲击碰撞相结合作用的结果。在凸凹不平的地面上滚动的沙粒只需很小的速度(厘米/秒量级)就可离地而去, 并从风中获取更多的能量。在地面上滚动或在空中飞行的沙粒, 以不同的角度冲击其它颗粒, 能以锐角和钝角反弹飞开。运动沙粒的动能只需有1/10转换为转动动能, 就可使沙粒获得数百以至上千转/秒的转速。 相似文献
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Detailed wind tunnel tests were carried out to establish the mean downwind velocity and transport rate of different-sized loose dry sand at different free-stream wind velocities and heights, as well as to investigate the vertical variation in the concentration of blowing sand in a cloud. Particle dynamic analyzer (PDA) technology was used to measure the vertical variation in mean downwind velocity of a sand cloud in a wind tunnel. The results reveal that within the near-surface layer, the decay of blown sand flux with height can be expressed using an exponential function. In general, the mean downwind velocity increases with height and free-stream wind velocity, but decreases with grain size. The vertical variation in mean downwind velocity can be expressed by a power function. The concentration profile of sand within the saltation layer, calculated according to its flux profile and mean downwind profile, can be expressed using the exponential function: cz=ae−bz, where cz is the blown sand concentration at height z, and a and bare parameters changing regularly with wind velocity and sand size. The concentration profiles are converted to rays of straight lines by plotting logarithmic concentration values against height. The slope of the straight lines, representing the relative decay rate of concentration with height, decreases with an increase in free-stream wind velocity and grain size, implying that more blown sand is transported to greater heights as grain size and wind speed increase. 相似文献