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1.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of moderate (14 cm) vs. severe (7 cm) defoliation on tiller recruitment and mortality within the interior and on the perimeter of weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula) tussocks. Tiller number per marked shoot within the interior was significantly greater in plants defoliated at 14-cm stubble height than at 7-cm stubble height (2·37 vs. 0·43, p<0·05) 28 weeks after defoliation; likewise, tiller number per marked shoot was also greater on the perimeter of tussocks in the higher stubble than the lower stubble defoliation treatment (5·10 vs. 2·03, p<0·05). Tiller natality increased significantly 4 weeks after defoliation except for tillers cut to 7-cm stubble height within the interior of tussocks where tiller natality reached a peak at 4·5 weeks after defoliation. During the later stages of canopy development, tiller numbers per marked shoot gradually declined as tiller mortality increased. Tillers began senescing 13 weeks after defoliation, and the senescence rate was 52% greater in the 7-cm stubble height treatment than in the 14-cm stubble height treatment (2·33 vs. 1·53, p<0·0001). Within the interior of tussocks, number of the marked tillers more than doubled under the 14-cm stubble height treatment, whereas the plants lost 57% of the monitored tillers under the 7-cm stubble height treatment. We concluded that the central dieback process in weeping lovegrass is accelerated by severe defoliation.  相似文献   

2.
为掌握人工种植条件下肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)个体质量特征,在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地咸水滴灌人工梭梭林内,采用统一的开沟、撒种接种方式,对不同林龄、不同深度接种肉苁蓉以及造林当年接种连年采收肉苁蓉的质量进行了调查和分析。结果表明:(1)所有样地出土肉苁蓉个体间质量差异大,分布离散程度高。(2)接种时林龄越大,出土肉苁蓉个体平均质量、质量品质较好的比率以及质量分布离散程度都越高;不同林龄间肉苁蓉个体质量有极显著差异。造林当年接种、连年出土肉苁蓉个体质量的特征与不同林龄的相似,但质量品质较好的比率相对较低。(3)在40~120cm深度,随种植深度增加,出土2年生以上肉苁蓉个体的数量以及质量品质较好的比率总体呈现增加趋势,并可以分为3个层面:40cm、50~80cm、100~120cm。其中40cm深度质量指标明显较低,其他深度间没有表现出明显的差异和规律,100~120cm深度的肉苁蓉个体相对细长、品相差。  相似文献   

3.
长白山金川泥炭地圆叶茅膏菜的生态可塑性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
圆叶茅膏菜（Drosera rotundifolia）是营养贫乏型泥炭地的典型食虫植物。于2006年9月,应用“固有年际标记”确定长白山金川泥炭地边缘（A）和中心（B）圆叶茅膏菜种群的年龄结构,研究其生态可塑性。结果表明,两种群植株分别由5个龄级和4个龄级组成,年龄结构分别呈衰退型和稳定型。两个种群平均高度相差35．9％（nA=80,nB=110,P〈0．01）,泥炭地边缘的生境更有利于植株高度的生长。各龄植株的平均高度均随龄级增加而呈相似线性增长规律（nA=80,nB=110,P〈0．05）。泥炭地边缘植株平均叶长、叶宽、叶柄长均高于中心（nA=74,nB=104,P〈0．01）,而叶片表面的触毛密度则相反,泥炭地边缘植株的触毛密度显著低于中心（nA=74,nB=104,P〈0．01）。由于泥炭地边缘较中心生境土壤养分丰富,昆虫数量多,光竞争强烈,导致圆叶茅膏菜在植株高度、叶片形态、触毛密度方面表现出很高的生态可塑性,高生态可塑性应是圆叶茅膏菜种群适应泥炭地异质环境的重要手段。  相似文献   

4.
The effect of fire on growth of Piptochaetium napostaense, Stipa tenuis, and Stipa gynerioides, three important native perennial grasses in the semi-arid region of central Argentina, was evaluated under different fire temperature regimes: 300–400°C (low temperature regime), 500–600°C (high temperature regime) and no fire (control). Fire treatments were applied with a portable propane plant burner in April and December 1994, May 1995, and January 1996. Overall results indicate that during the first months after fire occurrence, average total green length of S. tenuis, P. napostaense and S. gynerioides tillers was severely reduced (p<0.05) by fire. This effect was more pronounced in plants burned with the high temperature treatment. The observed patterns of response to fire for height of tillers were very similar to those already reported for total green length of tillers. Towards the end of each growth cycle, the number of green leaves per tiller of burned plants of P. napostaense, S. tenuis, and S. gynerioides were similar or greater (p<0.05) than the number of green leaves on tillers of control plants. Relative growth rates for total green length and for height in tillers of burned plants of S. tenuis, P. napostaense and S. gynerioides were greater than in tillers of control plants. Our results indicate that fire affected differentially the growth of the studied species; S. gynerioides was more affected by fire than P. napostaense and S. tenuis. The species most tolerant to fire was P. napostaense.  相似文献   

5.
The alleviative effects of exogenous salicylic acid(SA) on plants against drought stress were assessed in Gardenia jasminoides seedlings treated with different concentrations of SA.Drought stress was simulated to a moderate level by 15% polyethylene glycol(PEG) 6000 treatment.Seedlings exposed to 15% PEG for 14 days exhibited a decrease in aboveground and underground dry mass,seedling height,root length,relative water content,photosynthetic pigment content,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),stomatal conductance(Gs),and water use efficiency.In PEG-stressed plants,the levels of proline,malondialdehyde(MDA),hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2),and electrolyte leakage rose significantly,whereas antioxidative activity,including superoxide,peroxidase,and catalase activities,declined in leaves.However,the presence of SA provided an effective method of mitigating PEG-caused physiological stresses on G.jasminoides seedlings,which depended on SA levels.PEG-treated plants exposed to SA at 0.5–1.0 mmol/L significantly eased PEG-induced growth inhibition.Application of SA,especially at concentrations of 0.5–1.0 mmol/L,considerably improved photosynthetic pigments,photosynthesis,antioxidative activity,relative water content,and proline accumulation,and decreased MDA content,H_2O_2 content,and electrolyte leakage.By contrast,the positive effects were not evident,or even more severe,in PEG+SA4 treatment.Based on these physiological and biochemical data,a suitable concentration of SA,potential growth regulators,could be applied to enhance the drought tolerance of G.jasminoides.  相似文献   

6.
Recent drought has led to unprecedented levels of plant mortality across the Southwestern US. An unaddressed feature of this drought's impact is how soil characteristics and soil hydrological behavior affect desert plant canopy die-back and mortality. Here, we present a multi-year study in the Mojave Desert assessing canopy die-back and whole-plant mortality of white bursage (Ambrosia dumosa) and creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) in soils varying in surface and sub-surface horizon development, and topographic (hillslope vs. channel) positions. Canopy die-back and mortality was more widespread A. dumosa than in L. tridentata, and dead plants tended to be smaller than surviving plants, especially in channel and hillslope locations. This suggests that juveniles were particularly vulnerable where plants depended heavily on augmentation of incident precipitation by runoff. Canopy die-back was greater in young, weakly developed soils that fostered extensive plant growth, while plants growing in older, well-developed soils showed markedly lower branch and plant mortality, especially in A. dumosa. We attributed these differences in plant response in part to variation in distributions of large rocks within soil profiles, which might affect soil hydrological heterogeneity and intensity of plant competition for water.  相似文献   

7.
一年生草本植物是荒漠绿洲过渡带人工固沙植物群落草本层的优势植物类群,由于风沙活动剧烈,风蚀和沙埋成为一年生草本植物生存的关键选择动力因素。以河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带典型一年生草本植物狗尾草（Setaria viridis）、虎尾草（Chloris virgata）、白茎盐生草（Halogeton arachnoideus）和雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla）为研究对象,通过0（对照）、1、2、3、5、10、15 cm深度沙埋试验,探寻沙埋对一年生草本植物的影响。结果表明：（1）4种一年生草本植物在0—1 cm埋深出苗率最高,狗尾草最大出苗深度为10 cm,虎尾草和雾冰藜为5 cm,白茎盐生草为3 cm;（2）不同沙埋深度下,4种一年生草本植物的生长（株高和总生物量）和繁殖（种子数量和百粒重）高值区位于2—3 cm埋深,3 cm往下虎尾草和雾冰藜存活率显著下降,而狗尾草仍保持较高存活率;（3）不同沙埋深度下,4种一年生草本植物的渗透调节物质（可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸）含量在2—3 cm埋深达到最高,丙二醛（MDA）含量高值主要位于3—5 cm埋深,叶绿素含量在1—2 cm埋深最高,2 cm往下开始降低;（4）一年生草本植物的生长存活与游离脯氨酸和叶绿素含量呈极显著相关关系,表明二者对保持植物叶片水分平衡和保证光合作用、维持植物正常生长起着更关键的作用。研究可为荒漠绿洲过渡带一年生草本植物恢复提供科学依据。  相似文献   

8.
The content of the secondary metabolites anthrone C-glycosides (barbaloin, homonataloin and nataloin) inAloe mutabilisleaves are the highest in the upper third of each leaf. The content of these phenolic metabolites is also higher in young leaves than in older leaves, and higher in plants grown in shade than in direct sunlight. There are also significant monthly differences in the content of these metabolites, which are more pronounced in young leaves than in old leaves. We hypothesize that the higher content of these compounds in the periphery of the leaves and plants is a defense strategy against leaf-eaters.  相似文献   

9.
Factors affecting temporal and spatial variations of growth were studied in cirio, a succulent often surpassing 10 m in height. Measurements were obtained for intervals of 3–93 years at 14 sites in Baja California. Height tended to be asymptotic but total plant length (i.e. including all succulent stems) increased in linear relation to trunk diameter. Growth in length showed an overall average of 4·6 cm year−1 but ranged from 0·3–16·7 cm year−1 (annualized from data for intervals >34 year). Most of the variation was among individuals, but some differences between sites were also significant. Growth was clearly and strongly related to size only for individuals less than 1 m in height. Repeated measures on the same individuals showed that the autocorrelation of growth was about 0·8 between intervals of 3 or more years. Differences among individuals were related to physiographic position, the presence of caliche and the density of neighboring plants, which together explained 43% of the variation. We discuss the implications of these results for age estimates, indicators of site quality and studies of similar plants.  相似文献   

10.
Nonstructural carbohydrates(NSC) and nitrogen metabolism strongly influence growth and development in plants. The biosynthesis of cellulose and lignin(structural carbohydrates, SC) depends largely on the supply of NSC. We desire to examine which hypothesis, carbon limitation or growth limitation, best fits the alpine plant response between NSC, SC, carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and altitude. We compared the foliar concentrations of carbohydrates, C and N between the leaves of Picea crassifolia(lower-elevation tree-line species) and Sabina przewalskii(high-elevation tree-line species) in their response to changing elevation. Our site was located in the mid-northern area of Qilian Mountains, China. We found that foliar soluble sugar(SG) concentrations were significantly higher in P. crassifolia than in S. przewalskii at the 2,700–3,400 m level. Foliar NSC levels in P. crassifolia increased at the 2,700–3,100 m level, indicating that growth was limited gradually resulting in a surplus of NSC(to conform to GLH), subsequently decreasing at the 3,100–3,400 m level, the assimilation declined leading to C deficit(to conform to CLH). SC(SC metabolism disorders at 3,100–3,400 m), C, N and starch were significantly lower in P. crassifolia than in S. przewalskii. Conversely, foliar SG concentration shows a fall-rise trend with increasing elevation for S. przewalskii. SC concentration in S. przewalskii leaves decreased with an increase of elevation and has a significantly positive correlation to N concentration marking the assimilation of plants. Therefore, the high-elevation tree-line species(S. przewalskii) utilize or store more foliar SG leading to a decrease of SG concentration for survival and growth/regrowth in an adverse environment, higher total C, N, SC, starch contents and lower NSC level. Also, their change trends along the elevational gradient in leaves of S. przewalskii indicate better assimilation strategies for SG use under environmental stress compared to P. crassifolia. This indicates that foliar C metabolism along the elevation follows the principle of the growth-limitation hypothesis(GLH) or carbon limitation hypothesis(CLH), which depends on the acclimation of different alpine life-forms to the environment.  相似文献   

11.
General responses to salt stress have been investigated in the halophyte Plantago crassifolia. Seed germination was strongly inhibited by NaCl, although seed viability and germination capacity were not affected by salt pre-treatments. A concentration-dependent inhibition of plant growth was observed in the presence of NaCl, which was accompanied by the accumulation of Na+ ions in the leaves, as determined by cation exchange HPLC. A 20-fold increase of proline content in leaves was observed when plants were treated with 500 m NaCl, suggesting a protective role against high salinity stress for this amino acid, whose possible mechanism of action is discussed.  相似文献   

12.
Domestication of wild plants needs efforts focused particularly on the development of the theoretical basis of plant responses to environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of radiation on seedling growth and physiology of Prosopis alba, P. chilensis, P. flexuosa and P. glandulosa. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse and randomly assigned to three light environments: full-sun, 52% sun, and 38% sun. No significant differences were found in the rate of leaf appearance and plant height 60 days after the light treatments began. Instantaneous CO2uptake was not affected by the light environment during leaf development and did not differ among species. Variations in radiation availability resulted in significant differences in biomass accumulation, shoot/root ratio, protein and total non-structural carbohydrates contents. The practice of shading seedlings reduces the chances of survival ofProsopis due to an increase of the shoot/root ratio and a reduction of total biomass, stored carbohydrates, and the C:N balance.  相似文献   

13.
准噶尔荒漠小山蒜的形态与生物量特征及其相互关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
陶冶  张元明  全永威  侯建秀 《中国沙漠》2012,32(5):1328-1334
小山蒜(Allium pallasii)是中国新疆特有的类短命植物。调查了准噶尔荒漠16个20 m×20 m样地内小山蒜种群的分布概况,研究了小山蒜盛花期的生物学特征、器官生物量分配及其相互关系。结果表明:①小山蒜多生于沙丘中下部,密度为0.187株·m–2;平均株高为(22.93±5.15)cm,多为3片叶;花序近球形,平均半径(2.44±0.37)cm,纵断面角度211.39°±60.4°,表面积和体积分别为(50.95±34.19)cm2和(43.37±29.45)cm3。②其形态指标(平均叶长、4个花球指标及鳞茎直径)间、生物量指标(根生物量除外)间,及二者之间多为显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关,协同生长关系较强。③小山蒜生物量分配呈鳞茎>花葶>花球>叶片>根的格局,根冠比为0.873,生殖分配占49.66%。④形态指标与生物量间均呈α<1的异速生长关系,而生物量指标间多为等速关系,其中地上、地下生物量间符合α=3/4的异速关系。⑤生物量估测表明,小山蒜单株地上生物量平均为0.312 g,单株地下生物量平均为0.264 g,种群总生物量密度仅为0.106 g·m-2,其生物量在整个荒漠生态系统中可忽略不计,但它作为准噶尔荒漠重要而独特的种质资源,应从多个方面深入研究,同时进行适当保护。  相似文献   

14.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of post-fire defoliation on axillary bud viability and mortality of Piptochaetium napostaense (Speg.) Hack. and Poa ligularis Nees. at different phenological stages. Both species are cool-season perennial native grasses highly preferred by cattle in the semi-arid region of central Argentina. The following treatments were established for each species: no defoliation (control), early-season defoliation (vegetative stage) and late-season defoliation (internode elongation stage). Ten plants were assigned randomly to each treatment. Fire treatment was applied at the end of the annual growing cycle of both species.Our results would suggest that early-season defoliation during the first year after fire might reduce axillary bud viability in P. napostaense and P. ligularis. In addition, P. napostaense was more susceptible to early-season defoliation than P. ligularis. Post-fire defoliation, principally early-season defoliation, might increase plant mortality in P. napostaense, but it does not seem to affect P. ligularis. Therefore, a period with no grazing after fire might be the key factor to protect axillary buds, and subsequently permit the re-establishment of the photosynthetic canopy through the production of new tillers, favouring mainly the persistence of P. napostaense in the community.  相似文献   

15.
The succulent shrubZygophyllum qatarensepossesses a high degree of tolerance to both drought and high temperature, and in its desert environment adapts to stress by seasonal changes in leaf morphology, anatomy and physiology. At the onset of the dry season, the plant responds to water stress by leaf polymorphism in which it develops unifoliate xeromorphic leaves. As the dry season progresses, the plant tends to reduce its transpiring surface area by means of substantial leaf loss. As the desert environment become drier and hotter, the plant responds further to the existing double stress of drought and high temperature by adopting a bimodal stomatal behaviour.  相似文献   

16.
Enclosure is one of the most widely used management tools for degraded alpine grassland on the northern Tibetan Plateau, but the responses of different types of grassland to enclosure may vary, and research on these responses can provide a scientific basis for improving ecological conservation. This study took one site for each of three grassland types (alpine meadow, alpine steppe and alpine desert) on the northern Tibetan Plateau as examples, and explored the effects of enclosure on plant and soil nutrients by comparing differences in plant community biomass, leaf-soil nutrient content and their stoichiometry between samples from inside and outside the fence. The results showed that enclosure can significantly increase all aboveground biomass in these three grassland types, but it only increased the 10-20 cm underground biomass in the alpine desert. Enclosure also significantly increased the leaf nutrient content of the dominant plants and contents of total nitrogen (N), total potassium (K), and organic carbon (C) in 10-20 cm soil in alpine desert, thus changing the stoichiometry between C, N and P (phosphorus). However, enclosure significantly increased only the N content of dominant plant leaves in alpine steppe, while other nutrients and stoichiometries of both plant leaves and soil did not show significant differences in alpine meadow and alpine steppe. These results suggested that enclosure has differential effects on these three types of alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau, and the alpine desert showed the most active ecological conservation in the responses of its soil and plant nutrients.  相似文献   

17.
The low elevation Mojave Desert cryptobiotic crust is dominated by the mossSyntrichia caninervis. In 16 populations of this moss, stem height and population were significantly associated with sex expression, with longer stems expressing sex more frequently and producing more perichaetia. The above-ground age of stems ranged up to 10 years, with a mean growth rate across populations of 0.36 mm year−1. The overall stem sex ratio, as a proportion of the total number of stems, was 0.30♀: 0♂: 0.70 non-expressing. The probability of expressing sex in a given season was 0.09. The absence of sexual reproduction (no sporophytes) and likely absence of the male sex from the area indicate that the non-expressing plants are female individuals. The slow growth rates, low rates of sex expression, absence of male plants, and absence of sexual reproduction in this crustal species may help explain why re-establishment of mosses on desert soils can take decades.  相似文献   

18.
The desert plant Hedysarum scoparium uses leaflets and rachises as its photosynthetic organs. The abundance of leaflets was lower under unfavorable environmental conditions and higher with improved water conditions. To examine the characteristics associated with the adaptation of H. scoparium to its environment, we selected plants with both compound leaves and rachis without leaflets to study the anatomical structures and gas exchange characteristics of the two organs. The results show that the water storage tissues in rachises were more developed compared with the leaflets. The diurnal courses of the net photosynthetic rate for the rachis and the leaflet were both in a bimodal pattern. Meanwhile, both two peak values of the rachis were significantly higher than those of the leaflet. The daily average transpiration rate was significantly higher in the rachis than in the leaflet in order to lower the temperature of the rachises. It was concluded that under desert drought conditions, the leaflets of H. scoparium were partially or completely degraded to reduce the transpiration area as an adaptive response to water deficit, and only the rachises were retained as photosynthetic organ. The rachises were found to be better suited to a desert habitat than the leaflets.  相似文献   

19.
Acacia senegal, Guiera senegalensis and Pterocarpus lucens, browse species important in the Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso were studied by the estimation of their phenological variation over time and the evaluation of edible biomass production, total and accessible directly to animals. Biomass production was also estimated using dendrometric parameters. All the three species started the foliation phase as soon as the rains started. A. senegal and P. lucens flowered before G. senegalensis and A. senegal lost leaves earlier. The fruiting phase lasted 6–7 months for all species. Accessible edible biomass varied according to the animal species, the plant species and the height of plants. G. senegalensis showed the highest proportion of accessible biomass, but P. lucens had higher total edible biomass. Goats browsing at higher height had more edible biomass at their disposal. The accessible edible biomass was weakly correlated with tree parameters, while crown diameter was the best parameter to predict total edible biomass production, with R2 varying from 90% (G. senegalensis) to 98% (P. lucens) in log10 transformation of dependent and independent variables. The single species models developed could be applied in similar agro-ecological zones, taking into account the height stratification of plants. Further investigations on others species are needed to be able to estimate total biomass available for browsing.  相似文献   

20.
Five captive adult female degus (Octodon degus) were offered leaves and twigs to eat from three woody (Adesmia bedwellii,Porlieria chilensisandProustia pungens) and two suffruticose (Baccharis paniculataandChenopodium petiolase) shrubs that provide cover in their natural habitat. The degus discriminated among the plant species, consuming lower amounts ofP. chilensis. Daily body mass losses of degus were significantly higher when they were fed uponP. pungensandP. chilensis. The nutritional value of plants, concomitant with degu nutritional requirements, may explain changes in shrub cover previously found to follow removal of degus from experimental plots.  相似文献   

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