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1.
基于植被盖度和高度的不同退化程度高寒草地地上生物量估算 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由于气候变化和不合理的人类活动，20世纪80年代以来青藏高原高寒草地发生严重退化。地上生物量是评价草地退化的直观指标。通常采用植被盖度和高度来估算草地地上生物量，但草地退化后，植被盖度和高度与地上生物量之间的关系是否会发生变化目前还不清楚，这影响着退化草地生物量估算的精度。通过多元回归分析研究了青藏高原中部和东北部高寒草甸、高寒草原在不同退化程度下植被盖度和高度与地上生物量的关系。结果表明：（1）高寒草甸与高寒草原地上生物量整体上及不同退化阶段都没有显著差异（P>0.05）。（2）随着退化程度的加剧植被盖度和高度对地上生物量的影响也发生改变，体现在未退化阶段地上生物量主要受植被高度影响，退化后主要受植被盖度影响。（3）无论是高寒草甸还是高寒草原分退化程度的回归模型估算结果都较不分退化程度模型估算的生物量更接近实测值。我们建议在退化高寒草地研究中采用盖度和高度估算生物量时，根据退化阶段采用不同的估算模型。 相似文献
2.
施氮对高寒草甸草原植物群落和土壤养分的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
于2013-2014年在青藏高原东缘测定了不同梯度施氮后植物群落特征、牧草营养和土壤质量的变化,并分析了施氮后的经济效益。结果表明:(1)施氮显著增加了各功能群植物的高度和禾本科功能群植物盖度,而对莎草科和豆科植物盖度无显著影响;施氮显著增加了禾本科、莎草科、豆科和植物群落生物量,降低了杂类草盖度和生物量,其中施肥量为30.86～38.58 g·m-2时效果最为显著。(2)施氮显著增加了0～20 cm土层根系生物量;施氮当年显著增加了根冠比,施氮第2年根冠比无显著变化。(3)施氮不同程度降低了高寒草甸草原植物群落多样性,其中,施肥量在30.86～38.58 g·m-2时最低。(4)施氮不同程度地提高了禾本科、莎草科和杂类草植物的粗蛋白含量,降低了各功能群植物纤维含量;施氮不同程度提高了高寒草甸草原土壤养分和有机碳含量,其中在施肥量为30.86～38.58 g·m-2时最高。(5)施氮当年和第二年净收益均在施肥量为30.86 g·m-2时最大,分别为1 860元·hm-2和878元·hm-2。施氮缓解了青藏高原东缘高寒草甸草原植物生长的营养限制,提高了可食牧草产量,30.86～38.58 g·m-2可作为该区最佳施氮水平。 相似文献
3.
TIAN Li ZHANG Yangjian Claus HOLZAPFEL HUANG Ke CHEN Ning TAO Jian ZHU Juntao 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2018,9(5):526-537
Environmental and Geo-spatial factors have long been considered as crucial determinants of species composition and distributions. However, quantifying the relative contributions of these factors for the alpine ecosystems is lacking. The Tibetan Plateau has a unique ecological environment and vegetation types. Our objectives are to quantify the spatial distributions of plant communities on the Northern Tibetan Alpine grasslands and to explore the relationships between vegetation composition, Geo-spatial factors and environmental factors. We established 63 field plots along a 1200-km gradient on the Northern Tibetan Plateau Alpine Grassland and employed the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and the detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA). Fourteen communities of alpine grassland were identifiable along the transect and consisted of three vegetation types: Alpine meadow, Alpine steppe, and desert steppe. Vegetation composition and spatial distribution appeared to be largely determined by mean annual precipitation and less influenced by temperature. A large fraction (73.5%) of the variation in vegetation distribution was explained by environmental variables along this transect, somewhat less by Geo-spatial factors (56.3%). The environmental and Geo-spatial factors explained 29.6% and 12.3% of the total variation, respectively, while their interaction explained 43.9%. Our findings provide strong empirical evidence for explaining biological and environmental synergetic relationships in Northern Tibet. 相似文献
4.
WEI Peng AN Shazhou KE Mei LI Chao HOU Yurong LAN Jiyong KANG Shuai JIN Junpeng 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2021,12(6):840-848
Enclosure is commonly used in the restoration of degraded grasslands. However, the effects of enclosure on grassland plant and soil restoration remain controversial, particularly in deserts. To assess the effects of enclosure on desert plants and soil properties, using high throughput sequencing, the differences between plants and soil were systematically analyzed before and after enclosure construction. The soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents of the three desert flora increased and decreased, but the difference was not significant; enclosure increased plant height, coverage, aboveground biomass, and species richness by 58.99%, 59.35%, 33.29%, and 51.21%, respectively, in a Seriphidium transiliense formation; by 15.49%, 33.52%, 20.85%, and 5.13%, respectively, in a Haloxylon persicum formation; and by 83.80%, 31.51%, 76.66% and 33.33%, respectively, in an Anabasis salsa formation. For soil bacteria, enclosure significantly increased the average number of operational taxonomic units and Shannon-Wiener index by 12.74% and 2.92%, respectively, under S. transiliense formation and by 17.08% and 3.17%, respectively, under H. persicum formation. However, enclosure had no significant effect on the average number of operational taxonomic units or Shannon-Wiener index under A. salsa formation. Enclosure significantly increased desert plants, soil bacterial diversity, and desert plant community productivity; however, the increase in soil nutrient content was not significant. These results demonstrate that enclosure is effective for restoring desert ecosystems but may have little effect on the soil nutrient content. 相似文献
5.
Li WANG Haiying YU Qiang ZHANG Yunjia XU Zexing TAO Juha ALATALO Junhu DAI 《地理学报(英文版)》2018,28(12):1953-1964
Aboveground biomass in grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has displayed an overall increasing trend during 2003-2016, which is profoundly influenced by climate change. However, the responses of different biomes show large discrepancies, in both size and magnitude. By applying partial least squares regression, we calculated the correlation between peak aboveground biomass and mean monthly temperature and monthly total precipitation in the preceding 12 months for three different grassland types (alpine steppe, alpine meadow, and temperate steppe) on the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that mean temperature in most preceding months was positively correlated with peak aboveground biomass of alpine meadow and alpine steppe, while mean temperature in the preceding October and February to June was significantly negatively correlated with peak aboveground biomass of temperate steppe. Precipitation in all months had a promoting effect on biomass of alpine meadow, but its correlations with biomass of alpine steppe and temperate steppe were inconsistent. It is worth noting that, in a warmer, wetter climate, peak aboveground biomass of alpine meadow would increase more than that of alpine steppe, while that of temperate steppe would decrease significantly, providing support for the hypothesis of conservative growth strategies by vegetation in stressed ecosystems. 相似文献
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黄河源区高寒草地土壤有机碳储量及分布特征 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
选择位于黄河源区的青海省果洛藏族自治州为研究区,利用第二次全国土壤普查所得的土壤剖面数据以及55个典型土壤剖面的地理位置、土层深度、有机质含量、面积、理化分析数据和1:50万数字化土壤类型图,在GIS的支持下利用土壤类型法对黄河源区草地土壤碳库进行了估算。结果表明,黄河源区土壤碳密度较高,平均土壤有机碳密度为29.97 kg/m2,高寒草地土壤有机碳库主要由高山草甸土和高山草原土的有机碳库构成,研究区土壤有机碳总储量达15×108tC。区域草地土壤有机碳密度及储量呈明显的水平和垂直分异规律。 相似文献
7.
高寒草甸土壤有机碳储量及其垂直分布特征 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
青藏高原是全球变化的敏感区。高寒草甸草原是青藏高原上最主要的放牧利用草地资源之一。选择青藏高原东北隅海北站内具有代表性的高寒草甸土壤进行高分辨率采样,测定土壤根系和有机碳含量。研究得出,青藏高原高寒草甸土壤贮存有巨大的根系生物量 (23544.60 kg ha-1~27947 kg ha-1) 和土壤有机碳 (21.52 GtC);自然土壤表层 (0~10 cm) 储存了整个剖面土壤有机碳总量的30%左右。比较发现,高寒草甸土壤的有机碳平均贮存量 (23.17×104 kgCha-1) (0~60 cm) 较相应深度的热带森林土壤、灌丛土壤和草地土壤的有机碳贮存量高约1~5倍多。在全球碳预算研究中,青藏高原高寒草甸土壤有机碳库不可忽视。随着全球变暖,表层土壤有机碳分解释放的CO2将增加。为了减少高寒草甸生态系统的碳排放,应加强高寒草甸土壤地表覆被的保护,合理种植深根系植物。这对减缓全球大气CO2浓度升高的速率以及可持续开发高寒草甸的生态服务功能都具有重要意义。 相似文献
8.
Spatial pattern of grassland aboveground biomass and its environmental controls in the Eurasian steppe 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Vegetation biomass is an important component of terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks. Grasslands are one of the most widespread biomes worldwideplaying an important role in global carbon cycling. Thereforestudying spatial patterns of biomass and their correlations to environment in grasslands is fundamental to quantifying terrestrial carbon budgets. The Eurasian steppean important part of global grasslandsis the largest and relatively well preserved grassland in the world. In this studywe analyzed the spatial pattern of aboveground biomass(AGB)and correlations of AGB to its environment in the Eurasian steppe by meta-analysis. AGB data used in this study were derived from the harvesting method and were obtained from three data sources(literatureglobal NPP database at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center(ORNL)some data provided by other researchers). Our results demonstrated that:(1) as for the Eurasian steppe overallthe spatial variation in AGB exhibited significant horizontal and vertical zonality. In detailAGB showed an inverted parabola curve with the latitude and with the elevationwhile a parabola curve with the longitude. In additionthe spatial pattern of AGB had marked horizontal zonality in the Black Sea-Kazakhstan steppe subregion and the Mongolian Plateau steppe subregionwhile horizontal and vertical zonality in the Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe subregion.(2) Of the examined environmental variablesthe spatial variation of AGB was related to mean annual precipitation(MAP)mean annual temperature(MAT)mean annual solar radiation(MAR)soil Gravel contentsoil p H and soil organic content(SOC) at the depth of 0–30 cm. NeverthelessMAP dominated spatial patterns of AGB in the Eurasian steppe and its three subregions.(3) A Gaussian function was found between AGB and MAP in the Eurasian steppe overallwhich was primarily determined by unique patterns of grasslands and environment in the Tibetan Plateau. AGB was significantly positively related to MAP in the Black Sea-Kazakhstan steppe subregion(elevation 3000 m)the Mongolian Plateau steppe subregion(elevation 3000 m) and the surface(elevation ≥ 4800 m) of the Tibetan Plateau. Neverthelessthe spatial variation in AGB exhibited a Gaussian function curve with the increasing MAP in the east and southeast margins(elevation 4800 m) of the Tibetan Plateau. This study provided more knowledge of spatial patterns of AGB and their environmental controls in grasslands than previous studies only conducted in local regions like the Inner Mongolian temperate grasslandthe Tibetan Plateau alpine grasslandetc. 相似文献
9.
藏北高原高寒草地围栏禁牧和生长季降水对物种丰富度和多样性的影响(英文) 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
2009和2010年夏天沿藏北高原高寒草地样带调查了高寒草地生态系统(高寒草甸、高寒草原和荒漠草原)在围栏禁牧和自由放牧管理下的物种丰富度和多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数,Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数)。研究结果显示:自2006年起藏北高原围栏禁牧在植被类型和区域尺度上没有显著改变物种丰富度和多样性。物种丰富度和多样性主要受生长季降水驱动,超过87%的变异可由生长季降水来解释。物种丰富度和多样性在自由放牧和围栏禁牧2类样地对生长季降水的响应方式一致。物种丰富度随降水呈指数型增长关系,多样性指数则呈现正线性关系。研究结果预示藏北高原地区生长季降水的变化对于物种丰富度和多样性管理至关重要,在未来高寒草地保护研究中应予以重视。 相似文献
10.
青藏高原植被覆盖对水热条件年内变化的响应及其空间特征 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用1982-2000年NOAA/AVHRR卫星的NDVI数据(时间分辨率旬,空间分辨率8 km×8 km),结合同时期的气温和降水资料,基于时滞互相关方法和GIS工具,分析了青藏高原植被覆盖对水、热条件年内变化的时滞响应及其空间特征。结果如下:①除高寒荒漠、森林外,青藏高原植被NDVI与同期旬均温和旬降水相关性均呈高度正相关。其中,中等覆盖度的植被受水、热影响表现更为强烈。②青藏高原植被NDVI对气温和降水有滞后效应,且滞后水平存在空间差异,高原北部(柴达木盆地、昆仑山北冀)和高原南部植被对降水、和温度的响应比较迟缓,而高原中、东部地区植被对温度和降水的响应比较敏感。③不同植被类型对水热条件的响应程度也存在差异,由高到低依次是草甸、草原、灌丛、高寒垫状植被、荒漠,最后是森林。 相似文献
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藏北高山嵩草草甸植被和多样性在沙漠化过程中的变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为确定沙漠化对高山嵩草草甸植被组成、结构和物种多样性的影响,了解高寒区草甸沙漠化的原因,选择西藏那曲安多县南部沙漠化严重区域为调查区,按照沙漠化的不同程度设置样地,系统调查了轻度、中度、重度和极重度沙化草甸的植被变化,结果表明：中度、重度和极重度沙化区的植被与轻度沙化草甸有显著的差异;在中度和重度沙化区,高寒草甸的建群种高山嵩草已被家畜不喜食或更具抗性的植物种所取代,而在极重度沙化的流动沙丘上无植被生长;从过牧的退化草甸到半流动、流动沙丘,植物种多样性呈显著的降低趋势。轻度沙化草甸物种数、个体密度和丰富度指数最多;中度沙化草甸的Shannon\|Wiener指数和均匀度指数最大,而优势度指数最小;在沙化过程中,高寒草甸的植被盖度显著下降,地上生物量也在下降,虽然轻度、中度和重度沙化草地的地上生物量显著高于极重度沙化区,但前者之间却无显著差异。地下根系生物量也呈显著下降的趋势。过牧是造成高山嵩草草甸沙化的主要原因。 相似文献
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研究了科尔沁沙地疏林草地、针茅草原和草甸植被盖度、地上和地下生物量、物种多样性对围封和放牧的响应。结果表明：（1）围封与放牧草地的优势植物不同,围封草地植物群落优势植物为多年生禾本科植物,放牧草地中一年生植物和小半灌木优势明显。（2）围封和放牧草地的植物盖度、凋落物量、地上生物量和物种丰富度存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高了植被盖度和地上生物量,由疏林草地、针茅草原到草甸,植物盖度和地上生物量逐渐增加,而3种草地植被凋落物量大小顺序为针茅草原> 疏林草地> 草甸;放牧条件下植物盖度、凋落物量和物种丰富度差异不显著（P>0.05）。（3）3种草地之间的地下生物量无显著差异（P>0.05）,但围封与放牧之间、不同土壤层次之间地下生物量存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高草地的地下生物量（P<0.05）;草地地下生物量随着土壤深度表现出下降趋势（P<0.05）。长期放牧增加了草地一年生植物和小半灌木植物的优势,消除了不同草地之间植被盖度和物种丰富度的差异;而围封能提高草地多年生禾本科植物的优势、增加其物种丰富度,对于草地质量和植物多样性的恢复和保育具有积极作用。 相似文献
13.
藏北高寒草地退化现状、原因与恢复模式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
藏北高寒草地系统生态脆弱且区位重要,草地退化和沙化的治理是目前学者们重点关注的领域之一。本文采用遥感解译、模型模拟、地面取样验证等相结合的方法,分析了藏北高寒草地生态系统退化的现状、趋势和原因,以实验为基础,总结了退化草地恢复的几种重要模式。数据分析表明：藏北羌塘高原轻度退化草地占62．0％,中度和重度退化草地占15．1％,1991年以来,退化面积快速增加,2000年以来重度退化面积增加趋势明显。藏北西部的草地轻度退化可能由气候暖千化所引起,而中部、东部的重度退化主要由超载过牧引起。总结出轻度退化草地的“封育”、中度退化草地的“施肥＋封育”、重度退化草地的“补播＋施肥＋封育”三种草地恢复模式。提出了退化草地恢复和保护的间接途径“南草北上”生态工程的战略构想。 相似文献
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Ecosystems can simultaneously provide multiple functions and services. Knowledge on the combinations of such multi-dimensional functions is critical for accurately assessing the carrying capacity and implementing sustainable management. However, accurately quantify the multifunctionality of ecosystems remains challenging due to the dependence and close association among individual functions. Here, we quantified spatial patterns in the multifunctionality of alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau by integrating four important individual functions based on data collected from a field survey and remote sensing NDVI. After mapping the spatial pattern of multifunctionality, we extracted multifunctionality values across four types of grassland along the northern Tibet Plateau transect. Effects of climate and grazing intensity on the multifunctionality were differentiated. Our results showed that the highest values of multifunctionality occurred in the alpine meadow. Low values of multifunctionality were comparable in different types of grassland. Annual precipitation explained the large variation of multifunctionality across the different types of grassland in the transect, which showed a significantly positive effect on the multifunctionality. Grazing intensity further explained the rest of the variation in the multifunctionality (residuals), which showed a shift from neutral or positive to negative effects on multifunctionality across the different types of grassland. The consistently rapid declines of belowground biomass, SOC, and species richness resulted in the collapse of the multifunctionality as bare ground cover amounted to 75%, which corresponded to a multifunctionality value of 0.233. Our results are the first to show the spatial pattern of grassland multifunctionality. The rapid decline of the multifunctionality suggests that a collapse in the multifunctionality can occur after the vegetation cover decreases to 25%, which is also accompanied by rapid losses of species and other individual functions. Our results are expected to provide evidence and direction for the sustainable development of alpine grassland and restoration management. 相似文献
16.
Pollen-based reconstructions of Holocene vegetation and climatic change of Tibetan Plateau 
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下载免费PDF全文 A synthesis of Holocene pollen records from the Tibetan Plateau shows the history of vegetation and climatic changes during the Holocene. Palynological evidences from 24 cores/sections have been compiled and show that the vegetation shifted from subalpine/alpine conifer forest to subalpine/alpine evergreen sclerophyllous forest in the southeastern part of the plateau; from alpine steppe to alpine desert in the central, western and northern part; and from alpine meadow to alpine steppe in the eastern and southern plateau regions during the Holocene. These records show that increases in precipitation began about 9 ka from the southeast, and a wide ranging level of increased humidity developed over the entire of the plateau around 8-7 ka, followed by aridity from 6 ka and a continuous drying over the plateau after 4-3 ka. The changes in Holocene climates of the plateau can be interpreted qualitatively as a response to orbital forcing and its secondary effects on the Indian Monsoon which expanded northwards 相似文献
17.
基于改进土壤冻融水循环的Biome-BGC模型估算青藏高原草地NPP 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Biome-BGC模型被广泛用于估算植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity, NPP）,但是该模型未考虑冻土区土壤冻融水循环过程对植被生长的影响。本文基于Biome-BGC模型,改进冻土区活动层土壤冻融水循环,估算了2000—2018年青藏高原高寒草地NPP。通过比较原模型和改进后的模型,并对NPP模拟结果的时空特征进行了分析,结果表明：① 增加冻融循环提高了NPP估算精度,青藏高原草地NPP均值由114.68 gC/(m2·a)提高到128.02 gC/(m2·a)。② 原模型和改进后NPP的空间分布差异较大,时间变化趋势差异不明显。③ 青藏高原草地NPP总量为253.83 TgC/a,呈东南向西北递减的空间格局,年均增速为0.21gC/(m2·a)（P=0.023）,显著增加的占17.85%,主要分布在羌塘高寒草原地带的大部分地区和藏南山地灌木草原地带的西部。④ 该冻融水循环改进方法简单可靠,具有在其他多年冻土区推广的价值。 相似文献
18.
垫状植物是高寒地区广泛分布的一类具有特殊形态的植物,被称为高寒生态系统工程师,其在高寒退化草地中的作用如何?本研究以位于西藏当雄念青唐古拉山脉南坡4500m的一处高寒退化草地为例,调查了垫状点地梅覆盖区域内外的物种多样性、土壤养分以及水分的差异。结果表明:垫状点地梅可以显著改善土壤养分,提高幅度大约为16%-48%,其中有机质和总氮(N)分别增加了16.2%和18.9%;局部土壤含水量提高约12%;样方内的物种丰富度(S)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H)和Simpson指数(D)都随着垫状点地梅盖度的增加而呈增加的趋势。垫状点地梅在退化草地中具有显著的改善土壤微环境和提高群落物种多样性的作用,应加强保育以促进高寒退化草地的恢复。 相似文献
19.
We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions
including alpine meadow, meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, and temperate coniferous forest and so on, in the Ili
River valley, Xinjiang according to data from field investigations and laboratory analyses in 2008 and 2009. The study results
show that the soil organic carbon content in the Ili River valley varies with the type of vegetation. In the 0–50 cm soil
horizon, the soil organic carbon content is the highest under the vegetation types of alpine meadow and meadow steppe, slightly
lower under temperate coniferous forest and typical steppe, and the lowest under the intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation
types. The soil organic carbon content shows basically a tendency to decrease as soil depth increases under various vegetation
types except in the case of the intrazonal vegetation. Similarly, the soil organic carbon density is the highest and varies
little under the vegetation types of alpine meadow, meadow steppe and temperate coniferous forest, and is the lowest under
the desert vegetation type. Both the soil organic carbon content and density in the topsoil of meadows in the Ili River valley
are high, so protecting meadows in the Ili River valley, and especially their topsoil, should be a priority so that the potential
of change in soil organic carbon in the shallow soil horizon is reduced, and this means maintenance of the stability of the
soil carbon pool. 相似文献
20.
伊犁河谷不同植被带下土壤有机碳分布 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
结合2008年和2009年野外实地调查与室内分析的资料,运用方差分析等方法对伊犁河谷高山草甸、草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原、温性针叶林等9种不同植被条件下的土壤有机碳含量分布及其储量进行了分析估算.研究结果表明:伊犁河谷土壤有机碳含量因植被类型变化而不同.在0～50 cm土层范围,高山草甸、草甸草原土壤有机碳含量较高,其次是温性针叶林和典型草原,含量最低的是隐域植被和荒漠植被土壤.除隐域植被外,各植被类型下土壤有机碳含最基本呈随着土层深度增加而降低的,变化趋势.有机碳密度同样是高山草甸、草甸草原和温性针叶林土壤有机碳密度较高且比较相近,荒漠植被下土壤有机碳密度最低.伊犁河谷草地表层土壤有机碳含量高、密度大,因此应重视对伊犁河谷草地的保护,尤其要保护草地表层土壤以降低浅层土壤有机碳发生变化的可能性,维护土壤碳库的稳定性. 相似文献