共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
Mountain glacier-related hazards occur worldwide in response to increasing glacier instability and human activity intensity in modern glacierized regions. These hazards are characterized by their spatial aggregation and temporal repeatability. Comprehensive knowledge about mountain glacier-related hazards is critical for hazard assessment, mitigation, and prevention in the mountain cryosphere and downstream regions. This article systematically schematizes various mountain glacier-related hazards and analyzes their inherent associations with glacier changes. Besides, the processes, manifestations, and mechanisms of each of the glacier-related hazards are summarized. In the future, more extensive and detailed systematic surveys, for example, considering integrated ground-air-space patterns, should be undertaken for typical glacierized regions to enhance existing knowledge of such hazards. The use of coupled numerical models based on multi-source data is challenging but will be essential to improve our understanding of the complex chain of processes involved in thermal-hydrogeomorphic glacier-related hazards in the mountain cryosphere. 相似文献
2.
了解崩塌活动史与区域气候变化之间的关系对于掌握区域山地灾害形成规律,预测未来发展趋势具有非常重要的作用。利用树木地貌法可以准确掌握山地灾害发生频率,并为定量分析气候变化对山地灾害发生发展趋势提供支撑。本文以川东华蓥山石林景区一大型崩塌为研究对象,通过杉木树木年轮、降水和气温数据对该崩塌活动时间进行分析。结果表明:该崩塌可能共有四个活动年份,2015年为大规模活动年份,2008年、2012年和2016年为小规模活动年份,崩塌活动的季节主要集中在早材期间(4月—9月)。基于滚石冲击树干产生的愈伤组织和标准木年轮对比表明:树木在受到滚石冲击后,都表现为生长抑制,且树木年轮宽度要滞后滚石活动1年。参考树木与干扰树木年轮宽度和月降雨量没有相关性,但干扰树木年轮与月平均气温(4月—9月)呈负相关关系。本研究结果可以为研究区内山地灾害活动史与气候变化关系提供支撑,尤其是为研究区域降雨诱发的崩塌活动规律提供借鉴。 相似文献
3.
许炯心 《云南地理环境研究》1989,1(1):79-88
本文通过历史与现代过程的分析,探讨了历史上治黄治淮的环境效应,特别是黄河筑堤和淮河高家堰修筑所造成的环境后果。黄河筑堤为下游平原地区的开发提供了条件,但河床的抬高,地上河的形成,使黄河改道频繁,并由此控制了徽地貌的形成,影响了土壤的成土过程和分布、地表水和地下水动念、涝渍灾害和盐碱化。黄河夺淮后,高家堰的修筑使洪泽湖面积急剧扩大,水位迅速提高,并使之成为中国和世界上最早的大水库。并由此增加了洪涝灾害的机遇和频率。 相似文献
4.
Stefano Malatesta 《Geographical review》2013,103(4):537-555
The study of flood hazard has been a key theme within the spatial analysis of natural hazards. A number of authors have expanded on this tradition by adopting a society‐oriented approach to risk perception. Thus a new framework has become available for exploring social response to risk and describing the relationship between human communities and hazards in terms of contemporary interpretative categories such as social representation and “stigmatization,” the latter defined as the process by which media and social actors mark places affected by disastrous events as dangerous and unsafe sites. This literature has made a vital contribution to the geographical reading of flood hazard, showing how flood risk generates both space‐ and place‐making processes. In this paper I discuss the relationship between these two processes, suggesting that the political response to flood hazard may be viewed as a hetero‐directed strategy that influences place‐making at a local level. I illustrate this perspective using a field research conducted in 2006–2007 on the Po River Basin in Piemonte, an Italian region with high flood risk that has been affected by a series of events in recent decades. 相似文献
5.
沅水流域流经湖南省的西部地区，由于地质环境和社会经济背景的特殊性，已成为湖南省地质灾害的主要分布区。通过对流域内地质灾害发育特征的归纳，着重从自然影响因素和人类活动两个方面来分析流域内地质灾害的形成。主要采用灰色关联理论来分析流域内大气降水、地形条件和人类活动等3个主要致灾因子的关联度，其结果分别为0．8332、0．6589和0．5654，从而来探求流域内地质灾害灾变机理的规律性，为流域内各个地区的防灾减灾提供依据，最大限度减少地质灾害所造成的经济损失，促进流域内社会、经济、生态环境的可持续发展。 相似文献
6.
The Perception and Impact of Natural Hazards on Fishing Communities of Kutubdia Island,Bangladesh 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Natural hazards lead to unexpected and often dire situations for people who have few resources and little control over the environment in which they live. Kutubdia, an island in the southeastern part of Bangladesh, experiences frequent natural hazards that impact the livelihoods of its people and put them in vulnerable situations. The research elaborated here is the result of 300 household surveys collected from persons in Kutubdia's fishing communities. The surveys investigated the perception and consequences of natural hazards on the fishing communities. The results indicated that the experience of natural hazards—cyclones, erosion, and flooding are examples—have increased over the years. Coastal erosion displaced seventy‐two (24 percent) fishers, forcing them to relocate their houses several times and imposing multiple challenges on their lives. Literacy was not associated with perceptions of environmental changes or changes in fishing. However, young fishers—less than forty years of age—perceived that environmental changes had affected fish catch more than their older colleagues. 相似文献
7.
More than 200 people have died in automobiles that have encountered flooded roadways in Texas from 1950 to 2004. This study examines the geographical processes that create flood hazards associated with automobile travel to discern the most important factors in their genesis. A database of drowning cases caused by motorists' interactions with flooded roadways in Texas was compiled for the study period. We examine the circumstances and spatial patterns of these events by addressing the following questions: where have motorists drowned? How did rates and spatial patterns of accidents change over the study period? To the extent that we can determine, what were the characteristics of the roads, the drivers, and the landscapes when and where deaths occurred? What factors appear to explain the temporal and spatial distributions of hazard? We conclude that roadway familiarity might have emboldened drivers to attempt to surmount water rushing across a road, that time of day was clearly an important characteristic of the accidents, and that roadway characteristics and sex and age of the drivers seem not to be key contributing factors. The most important factors, however, are associated with growth: increases in population and increased automobile registrations drive the propensity for increased automobile-flood hazards. 相似文献
8.
Tommaso De Pippo Carlo Donadio Micla Pennetta Carmela Petrosino Francesco Terlizzi Alessio Valente 《Geomorphology》2008,97(3-4):451-466
In the Northern Campanian coastal zone, over 150 km long, three geomorphic units are recognised: (1) sandy beaches that are well developed in the northern area, where a prominent river mouth (Volturno River) is also present; (2) steep and rocky shores, often with gravelly beaches or debris cones at their base, are mainly diffuse in the southern area (Sorrentine Peninsula); and, lastly, (3) “techno coast”, shorelines stabilized with revetments and seawalls as well as former natural environments no longer clearly operational because of urbanization, as is visible in Naples and in the Vesuvian coast. Six primary hazards are considered in this investigation: shoreline erosion, riverine flooding, storms, landslides, seismicity and volcanism, and man-made structures. These hazards do not have a uniform distribution along this coast in terms of their frequency and intensity; moreover both their interaction and the intensive action of humans, often uncontrolled, makes it difficult to assess the overall coastal hazard. In this paper a semi-quantitative method with which to quantify, rank and map the distribution of hazard is applied along this particular stretch of coast. In such a stretch, previously characterized in terms of types and processes and compartmentalized into geomorphic units, the effect of individual hazards, based on their magnitude and recurrence, is evaluated. Dominant and subordinate hazards for each geomorphic unit are identified, assigning a rank that is also a weighting. Comparison of each weighting through an interaction matrix permits the calculation of a resultant, which is the overall hazard assessment and which can be expressed cartographically. The results obtained for a coastal zone with one of the highest pressures from urbanization in the world, help us to recognise that this approach could become a useful tool to aid decision-making regarding coastal land-use and planning. 相似文献
9.
This paper considers the issues of research ‘relevance’ and ‘use’ to reflect upon a cultural geography research project on bushfire that did not begin with any specific aim of being useful to policy makers but which has garnered considerable and ongoing interest from a broad audience. It provides an example of how the integration of quantitative and qualitative research methods and data can enhance research into cultural aspects of natural hazards whilst simultaneously playing a key role in ensuring that the research results are of interest to a wide range of groups. Using a mixed-methods research approach was found to provide insight into complex factors that influence attitudes and actions towards bushfire amongst diverse landholders in rural–urban interface areas in south-east Australia. We argue that mixed-methods research is a powerful tool in building and enhancing a cultural geography that has policy relevance, retains analytical depth, and is acceptable to risk managers. The ability of cultural geography through mixed-methods research to illuminate how socio-cultural processes are central to environmental attitudes and preparedness behaviour has direct relevance to recent international discussions of how to manage the vulnerability of the growing number of people living in bushfire-prone rural–urban interface areas. 相似文献
10.
《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2006,26(1):61-85
This paper explores environmental hazards, more specifically desertification processes, in an area of west central Argentina, addressing the combined influence of the physical framework and the long lasting human settlement and use of natural resources. It is based upon the analysis of remotely sensed using vegetation indices, image differentiation, change detection, and pattern metrics. The results indicate a net decreased in the amount of vegetation between 1973 and 2001, and increasing fragmentation of vegetation classes. This is interpreted as a sign of the presence of land degradation processes likely linked to human activities in the areas of irrigated farming, grazing, firewood gathering and population settlement. 相似文献
11.
广东省地质灾害较为常见,崩塌、滑坡、泥石流是其中比较严重的3种类型。基于现有的泥石流危险度评价原理和方法,建立了可用于广东省崩塌、滑坡、泥石流灾害危险性的评价模型。以全省88个县级评价单元为基础,根据崩塌、滑坡、泥石流灾害危险度评价结果,将广东省共分为3个危险等级区,其中高度危险区8个县,占总数的9.1%;中度危险区60个县,占总数的68.2%;低度危险区20个县,占总数的22.7%,据此制成广东省崩塌、滑坡、泥石流灾害危险等级图。高度危险区主要位于粤北山区,危险度数值介于0.6～0.72之间;中度危险区连片分布,是全省崩塌、滑坡、泥石流灾害的主体部分,危险度数值介于0.4～0.6之间;低度危险区集中分布在平原区及低平台地区,危险度数值介于0.31～0.4之间。采用1994―2009年广东省防灾减灾年鉴和广东省地质灾害防治规划(2001―2015年)中的统计数据,验证了本文的研究成果与实际情况具有较高的一致性。 相似文献
12.
金沙江下游云南小江流域山地灾害综合区划 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在分别完成云南小江流域泥石流危险度区划、滑坡危险度区划和土壤侵蚀强度分区的基础上,对小江流域山地灾害进行综合区划。结果为,共分为三个不同等级的山地灾害综合区:(1)一级(高危险度)山地灾害综合区,(2)二级(次高危险度)山地灾害综合区和(3)四级(低危险度)山地灾害综合区;无三级(中危险度)山地灾害综合区。其中一级(高危险度)区面积1 425.34 km2,有泥石流沟84条,占区划区域泥石流沟总数的60.0%,有滑坡137个,占区划区域滑坡总数的77.4%,土壤侵蚀强度以轻、中度为主;二级(次高危险度)区面积756.79 km2,有泥石流沟35条,占区划区域泥石流沟总数的25.0%,有滑坡34个,占区划区域滑坡总数的19.2%,土壤侵蚀以轻、中度为主;四级(低危险度)区面积863.20 km2,有泥石流沟21条,占区划区域泥石流沟总数的15.0%,有滑坡6个,占区划区域滑坡总数的3.4%,土壤侵蚀以轻度为主。 相似文献
13.
中国山地灾害研究进展与未来应关注的科学问题 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
本文首先简要回顾了山地灾害研究与防治方面的新进展：认识了山地灾害的空间分布规律,建立了山洪、泥石流、滑坡危险性评价方法;发展了滑坡稳定性分析的原理和计算方法,建立了泥石流流体应力本构关系、泥石流流速流量和冲击力计算公式、粘性泥石流起动模型,提出了山洪和泥石流规模放大效应;基于降雨和地面成灾环境要素耦合分析,发展了山地灾害气象预报方法;基于对灾害物理特性的认识,研发了一系列灾害监测预警仪器、数字流域平台与智能手机网络相结合的山洪预警系统;发展了灾害治理工程技术,形成了适合欠发达地区特点的灾害治理技术体系。在此基础上,分析了在灾害形成、运动、预测预报、防治技术和风险管理等方面还需要进一步深化研究的问题,提出山地灾害学科今后面临的任务。最后,针对国家减灾需求和学科发展目标,提出灾害对生态的响应机制、气候变化对山地灾害的影响与巨灾预测、水—土耦合的细观结构力学、灾害风险的理论与方法、基于灾害形成理论的机理预报模式、灾害防治技术规程的健全等未来应该关注的科学技术问题。 相似文献
14.
The role that family and household structure, size, and ethnic/racial composition play in increasing or decreasing vulnerability to natural hazards, which has been missing from the literature, is investigated. The study first reviews the conceptual foundations of the relationships between families/households and natural hazards vulnerability and then employs a principal components analysis to uncover spatial variations in the vulnerability of families and households to hurricane storm surge hazards in Sarasota County, Florida. The analysis identifies and maps five principal components that explain approximately 83% of the variance in family/household population: nuclear families/households; Black families/households; nonfamily, young adult group households; Hispanic families/households; and Asian families/households. Comparison of storm surge risk maps with the locations of these families/households shows the relative vulnerability of each of these family/household categories, with elderly householders living alone on exposed barrier islands being the most vulnerable. The research suggests that family and household structures integrate several socio-demographic vulnerability indicators central to most social vulnerability assessments. Results indicate that future research and hazard mitigation policies should focus on families and households as core analytical units. Findings also suggest that recognizing the diversity of families and households is important to reducing vulnerability to natural hazards. 相似文献
15.
酸性硫酸盐土的酸害暴发机制及其环境影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
酸性硫酸盐土广泛分布于热带亚热带滨海地区,当其中的硫铁矿物质与空气接触或直接暴露地表时会发生氧化而形成强烈酸害,从而导致土壤、水、大气和区域生态系统的退化,最终对动植物生长和人类的健康产生较大影响而成为全球性的热带亚热带滨海环境问题。酸性硫酸盐土的酸害暴发主要包括：（１）硫铁矿的形成、累积与埋藏过程;（２）硫铁矿的氧化与致酸过程;（３）土壤对酸的中和与缓冲过程;（４）土壤中酸的稀释与迁移过程。酸性硫酸盐土的酸害影响是上述四个过程相对强弱与综合作用的结果。酸性硫酸盐土酸害暴发可导致区域土壤环境、水环境和大气环境的酸化,以及大量金属与重金属元素的溶解与释放,引起生物生存环境的恶化与栖息地的丧失,动植物出现变态生长,而且疾病频繁,生产力下降,区域生态系统的结构和功能发生异常,生物多样性下降。 相似文献
16.
白建斌 《云南地理环境研究》2009,21(5):36-41
洪江市位于湖南省的西部,地形以山地为主,属于地质灾害多发区。由于自然和人类工程一经济活动的影响,以滑坡、崩塌为主的地质灾害时有发生。这些地质灾害严重危害了人民的生命财产,造成了重大的损失。通过调查与评估,到2008年底为止,全市发生各类大小的地质灾害共77处,其中滑坡66处、崩塌8处、地面塌陷1处、地面沉陷1处、泥石流1处,导致死亡5人,毁房234间,毁田26.4hm^2（396亩）,直接经济损失达到642.5万元,间接经济损失更是达到了8744.0万元。 相似文献
17.
Landslides pose serious hazards in the Mercantour Massif and the French Riviera in southeastern France. The context for landslide development is a particularly favourable one, both in terms of the geomorphic and structural setting of this Alpine region, and of the climatic, hydrologic and seismic factors that trigger such failures. High mountain relief and steep slopes constitute a very favourable setting for failures affecting massive basement rocks and a very heterogeneous sedimentary cover whose resistance has been weakened by weathering, tectonic stresses, and cambering due to gravity. Among trigger factors, the important appears to be the precipitation regime. Rainfalls are commonly concentrated into short high-intensity downpours or into bursts of sustained falls over periods of several days, leading to soil saturation and lubrication of potential failure planes. Snowmelt also contributes to these lubrication processes. Earthquakes affecting this region are also a potentially important landslide trigger. However, while a lot of work has been done on the relationship between extreme climatic events and landslide activity, much less is known of the trigger effects of earthquakes.Both the background factors that promote landslide development and the factors that trigger such failures are discussed within a time frame of landslide development. Progressive changes in soil strength due to weathering, rock cambering and shattering processes lead to long-term reduction in resistance. Superimposed on these progressive changes are episodic triggerings related to rainfall and snowmelt episodes or earthquakes. Landslides may occur as shallow, low-volume “one-time” events or may be part of a progressive long-term failure. The former generally affect unconsolidated or clay-rich sedimentary rocks, especially on the coastal hillslopes of the French Riviera. A notable exception of a major, voluminous “one-time” event was the submarine landslide of the Var Delta in 1979. This landslide, like numerous other smaller subaerial landslides onland, was largely a result of human activities. This landslide occurred following extensive modification of the Var Delta and, notably, reclamation of the steep, fine-grained delta front. Deforestation, quarrying, urbanisation and road network developments are various ways in which human activity has destabilized the coastal hillslopes, favouring the development of numerous shallow landslides following each episode of heavy rainfall.Progressive landslides on the upper hillslopes of the Mercantour Massif have developed over long time spans (order of 101 to 105 yrs) and have involved more complex interactions between lithological controls, slope characteristics and trigger factors. The Collelongue and Bois de Malbosc landslides have evolved into now stable failures buttressed by resistant migmatitic diorites or amphibolites. The more voluminous and well monitored Clapière landslide is a relatively simple rotational landslide of the toe-failure type. This active landslide poses a serious to inhabitants and infrastructure in the Tinée Valley. The importance of continued field monitoring, modelling and mapping of landslides and their hazards is emphasised. 相似文献
18.
Julie Cupples 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2004,25(3):343-357
El Hatillo is a rural community in the Sébaco valley in Nicaragua, which suffers from an eroding resource base, high levels of poverty and malnutrition, and a high susceptibility to hazards. Structural adjustment policies have been devastating for small and subsistence farmers and have increased the level of economic, social and environmental marginalisation in rural Nicaragua. This paper explores initiatives to promote sustainable development in Nicaragua in the context of structural adjustment and environmental degradation. Drawing on qualitative research conducted in El Hatillo, it outlines the ways in which women in this community are attempting to address the multiple challenges of rural poverty and environmental risk and considers the potential of these strategies for gender equality. 相似文献
19.
Coping with extreme climate events and its related climatic disasters caused by climate change has become a global issue and drew wide attention from scientists, policy-makers and public. This paper calculated the expected annual multiple climatic hazards intensity index based on the results of nine climatic hazards including tropical cyclone, flood, landslide, storm surge, sand-dust storm, drought, heat wave, cold wave and wildfire. Then a vulnerability model involving the coping capacity indicator with mortality rate, affected population rate and GDP loss rate, was developed to estimate the expected annual affected population, mortality and GDP loss risks. The results showed that: countries with the highest risks are also the countries with large population or GDP. To substantially reduce the global total climatic hazards risks, these countries should reduce the exposure and improving the governance of integrated climatic risk; Without considering the total exposure, countries with the high mortality rate, affected population rate or GDP loss rate, which also have higher or lower coping capacity, such as the Philippines, Bangladesh and Vietnam, are the hotspots of the planning and strategy making for the climatic disaster risk reduction and should focus on promoting the coping capacity. 相似文献
20.
PHILIP DELINE MARIE GARDENT FLORENCE MAGNIN LUDOVIC RAVANEL 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2012,94(2):265-283
One of the most glacierized areas in the European Alps, the Mont Blanc massif, illustrates how fast changes affect the cryosphere and the related morphodynamics in high mountain environments, especially since the termination of the Little Ice Age. Contrasts between the north‐west side, gentle and heavily glaciated, and the south‐east side, steep and rocky, and between local faces with varying slope angle and aspect highlight the suitability of the study site for scientific investigations. Glacier shrinkage is pronounced at low elevation but weaker than in other Alpine massifs, and supraglacial debris covers have developed over most of the glaciers, often starting in the nineteenth century. Lowering of glacier surface also affects areas of the accumulation zone. While modern glaciology has been carried out in the massif for several decades, study of the permafrost has been under development for only a few years, especially in the rock walls. Many hazards are related to glacier dynamics. Outburst flood from englacial pockets, ice avalanche from warm‐based and cold‐based glaciers, and rock slope failure due to debuttressing are generally increasing with the current decrease or even the vanishing of glaciers. Permafrost degradation is likely involved in rockfall and rock avalanche, contributing to the chains of processes resulting from the high relief of the massif. The resulting hazards could increasingly endanger population and activities of the valleys surrounding the Mont Blanc massif. 相似文献