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Affected by climate change and policy factors, Kazakhstan is the country with the most severe ecological degradation and grassland conflicts in Central Asia. Therefore, studying the state of grassland carrying resources in Kazakhstan is particularly important for understanding the responses of grassland ecosystems to climate change and human activities. Based on Kazakhstan's remote sensing data and animal husbandry statistics, this study analyzes the patterns of changes in grassland ecosystems in Kazakhstan based on the supply and consumption of these ecosystems. The results show that: 1) From 2003 to 2017, the number of livestock raised in Kazakhstan showed a trend of sustained and steady growth. Due to freezing damage, the scale of livestock farming decreased in 2011, but a spatial difference in the livestock farming structure was not obvious. 2) The fluctuation of grassland supply in Kazakhstan has increased, while the consumption due to animal husbandry has also continued to increase, resulting in an increasing pressure on the grassland carrying capacity. 3) Between 2003 and 2017, the overall grassland carrying status of Kazakhstan have been abundant, but the grassland carrying pressure index has shown a steadily increasing trend, the grassland carrying pressure is growing, and it is mainly determined by grassland productivity. The greater pressure in lower Kyzylorda state, the southern Kazakhstan state of the cultivated land and the northern Kazakhstan state has gradually expanded to include the agro-pastoral zone and the semi-desert zone. 相似文献
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Animal husbandry and crop farming are specialized for development in separate areas on the Tibetan Plateau. Such a pattern of isolation has led to current concerns of rangeland and farming system degradation due to intensive land use. The crop-livestock integration, however, has been proven to increase food and feed productivity thorough niche complementarity, and is thereby especially effective for promoting ecosystem resilience. Regional synergy has emerged as an integrated approach to reconcile rangeland livestock with forage crop production. It moves beyond the specialized sectors of animal husbandry and intensive agriculture to coordinate them through regional coupling. Therefore, crop-livestock integration (CLI) has been suggested as one of the effective solutions to forage deficit and livestock production in grazing systems. But it is imperative that CLI moves forward from the farm level to the regional scale, in order to secure regional synergism during agro-pastoral development. The national key R & D program, Technology and Demonstration of Recovery and Restoration of Degraded Alpine Ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau, aims to solve the problems of alpine grassland degradation by building up a grass-based animal husbandry technology system that includes synergizing forage production and ecological functioning, reconciling the relationship between ecology, forage production and animal husbandry, and achieving the win-win goals of curbing grassland degradation and changing the development mode of animal husbandry. It is imperative to call for regional synergy through integrating ecological functioning with ecosystem services, given the alarming threat of rangeland degradation on the Tibetan Plateau. The series of papers in this issue, together with those published previously, provide a collection of rangeland ecology and management studies in an effort to ensure the sustainable use and management of the alpine ecosystems. 相似文献
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With great significance in ecosystem protection and sustainable development, the study of ecosystem service consumption (ESC) has become a hot topic in ecological research. Based on FAOSTAT data, in this study the patterns, composition and evolution of ESC and ecosystem service consumption patterns (ESCP) in the “Belt and Road” were revealed on the total and regional scales, taking consumed-biomass as a main indicator. Three main conclusions were reached. 1) The total ESC was mainly contributed from farmland ecosystems along the “Belt and Road” , followed by grassland ecosystems. The ESC indicators on the whole system scale fluctuated, but increased from year 2000 to year 2016. The total ESC increased from 12911.89 Tg yr -1 to 16810.00 Tg yr -1, and the annual per capita consumption of ecosystem services increased from 3.3228 million g p -1 yr -1 to 3.6392 million g p -1 yr -1. 2) The ESC, composition and evolution varied significantly among countries, zones and ecosystems. The annual per capita ESC was highest in Mongolia on the national scale, and highest in Central and Eastern Europe and lowest in Southeast Asia on zone scale, which represented the results from the joint effects of regional resource endowments, consumption habits, levels of productive forces, and other factors. 3) Higher farmland ESC was the dominant ESCP, which accounted for about 76.7% of the total area along the “Belt and Road”, followed by higher farmland + higher grassland ESC, which accounted for about 19.0% of the total area. The other consumption patterns (i.e., those of higher grassland ESC, higher forestland ESC or higher farmland + higher forest + higher grassland ESC) were found in only a few countries. The ESCP may be related to higher regional population density or the higher proportions of developing countries. Therefore, to realize sustainable social, economic and ecological development, and to improve people's well-being, countries along the “Belt and Road” should take advantage of their own resources in developing industries, actively expand trade, achieve mutual benefits and win-win situations, and adjust and optimize consumption patterns of ecosystem services. This study can provide data support for further research on the mechanism of ESCP formation this area. 相似文献
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中国草畜平衡状态时空演变指示的草地生态保护格局 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
中国草原牧区作为重要生态安全屏障和草地畜牧业生产基地,其草畜平衡状态直接影响草地退化与恢复,进而影响草地生态系统服务能力的强弱。本文分析了2000—2015年主要草原牧区草地植被覆盖、牧草供给、草畜平衡状态的时空变化特征,深入探讨草地退化与恢复及载畜压力下草地生态系统保护与恢复空间格局。结果表明：过去16年主要草原牧区草地面积净减少约163万hm2,6.7%的草地出现植被覆盖退化,而5.4%的草地呈现植被覆盖明显恢复。天然草地牧草供给量以增加为主,年增率约0.3 kg/hm2,然而其载畜压力亦持续增加,不考虑补饲的载畜压力指数高达3.8,除内蒙古东北部、青藏高原中部仍有载畜潜力,其余多处于超载状态;考虑实际冷季补饲的载畜压力指数约3.1,内蒙古中东部有所缓解;假设冷季全额补饲则载畜压力指数减至1.9,内蒙古、青藏高原等区域明显缓解。叠加上述数据,本文针对自然保护地、牧区、半农半牧区和农区等不同区域的草地生态保护格局,提出了平衡草地生态保护与畜牧生产利用的不同发展策略。 相似文献
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区域农牧业可持续发展决策支持系统研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以区域农牧业可持续发展为研究对象,采用地理信息系统(GIS)、遥感(RS)、全球定位系统(GPS)的"3S"技术和数据库技术,建立了区域资源环境、社会经济空间和属性数据库.通过计算机技术、GIS技术和数据库技术构建了区域农牧业可持续发展决策支持系统,集成了耕地利用评估模型和草地建设管理模型,并进行了山西省雁门关生态畜牧经济区的实证研究.区域农牧业可持续发展决策支持系统将为农业结构调整、农牧业可持续发展提供决策支持. 相似文献
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中亚土地资源开发与利用分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
中亚地区土地资源开发与利用研究信息资料有限,研究深度无法满足亚欧内陆干旱区社会经济可持续发展的科学要求。采用欧空局（ESA）GlobCover 2 2005年的全球陆地覆盖数据集资料和世界粮农组织（FAO）统计资料,较为系统分析了1992-2009年中亚土地资源开发与利用及其变化趋势。研究表明：（1）中亚耕地面积及作物产量呈先迅速下降后缓慢上升的趋势,耕地面积由1992年的43.1×104 km2（比例10.9%）下降到2000年的29.8×104 km2（比例7.58%）,然后上升至2009年的31.6×104 km2（比例8.04%）,但仍未恢复到1990年代初的水平;（2）林地与草地面积变化不明显,但草地载畜量变化显著。其中哈萨克斯坦2009年草地载畜量（6.25×107标准羊单位）仅为1992年草地载畜量（9.91×107标准羊单位）的63.1%;土库曼斯坦2009年草地载畜量为2.96×107标准羊单位,是1992年草地载畜量（1.04×107标准羊单位）的3倍左右;乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦草地载畜量均有不同程度的增加;（3）中亚地区土地资源生产潜力巨大,但在土地利用过程中出现了农田土壤侵蚀、土壤盐渍化和过渡放牧等生态问题,如何有效治理与防治上述问题,对中亚地区土地资源可持续利用和生态保护具有重要意义。 相似文献
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The Rangeland Livestock Carrying Capacity and Stocking Rate in the Kailash Sacred Landscape in China
DUAN Cheng SHI Peili ZHANG Xianzhou ZONG Ning CHAI Xi GENG Shoubao ZHU Wanrui 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2017,8(6):551-558
Maintaining the health and productivity of rangelands by controlling the livestock stocking rate to remain within carrying capacity is of significance to ensure sustainable management of rangeland ecosystems. But we know little about the safe carrying capacity in particular rangeland landscapes. This has hampered efforts to use rangelands in a risk-averse manner in fluctuating rainfall environments, and especially in arid and semiarid areas. To address this lack of information, we took Kailash Sacred Landscape in China (KSL-China) as our study site and used remote sensing data, meteorological data and statistical data from 2000 to 2015 to analyze rangeland carrying capacity, stocking rate, and major influencing factors. Rangeland carrying capacity presented an increasing trend, while stocking rate was gradually decreasing, resulting in an increase of carrying rate in the study area. The increased carrying capacity was closely related to increased rainfall. Stocking rate declined owing to government regulations, particularly implementation in 2004 of the national policy of Returning Grazing Land to Grassland. There was a sharp reduction of livestock number below 200 000 standard sheep units (SU) after 2005. The decrease of stocking rate had a stronger effect on rangeland carrying rate than did the increase of carrying capacity. Ecosystem restoration programs have provided subsidies to pastoralists to encourage them to reduce livestock numbers. Our findings suggest that a safe rangeland carrying capacity is ca. 170 000 SU in KSL-China. There is a carrying capacity surplus of ca. 50 000 SU for safe animal husbandry development in the study area. More importantly, future climate warming and increases in grazing may jointly play a key role in affecting rangeland carrying capacity. 相似文献
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准确评估草地生产力、碳源/碳汇功能,分析气候变化对草地生态系统碳循环的影响,对于草地资源的合理开发和有效保护至关重要。选取对气候变化以及人类干扰高度敏感的中亚干旱区草地生态系统为研究对象,利用Biome-BGC模型,模拟分析其NPP、NEP的年际变化趋势及其空间分布格局。结果显示：（1）1979-2011年中亚地区草地生态系统NPP年平均值为135.6 gC·m-2·a-1,且随着时间的推移呈现出波动下降的趋势,下降速率为0.34 gC·m-2·a-1。（2）NEP的年平均值为-8.3 gC·m-2·a-1,表现为碳源,且该值随着时间的推移呈现出波动上升的趋势,上升速率为0.58 gC·m-2·a-1。（3）NPP高值区域在降水较为丰富的天山山脉附近以及哈萨克斯坦北部。（4）NPP的年际变化与降水量的年际变化趋势基本一致,相关系数为0.52;NPP与温度的相关系数为-0.28,未达到显著相关水平。本研究实现了Biome-BGC模型在中亚干旱区草地生态系统的应用,对评价干旱区草地生态系统碳源/碳汇功能及其在全球碳循环和全球变化中的作用、实现中亚草地生态系统的可持续利用、完善区域和全球碳循环理论体系具有重要意义。 相似文献
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生态保护的成本是生态补偿标准的核心组成部分,一般由直接成本、机会成本和发展成本构成。本文以羌塘自然保护区涉及的那曲地区为例,采用恢复成本法和机会成本法对牧民参与野生动物保护的直接成本和机会成本进行了核算。研究过程中,借用中国草地承载力评估中的标准羊单位,把草地生态系统、草食性野生动物和价值评估有机地联系起来,为草原地区野生动物保护的生态补偿提供了一个有效的评估工具。评估结果表明,那曲地区牧民参与野生动物保护的成本是每年5.69亿元,其中直接成本是1.19亿元,机会成本是4.5亿元,机会成本占总成本的79%。机会成本是由于草食性野生动物的啃食与踩踏导致草场必须禁牧致使牧民放弃的经济收入。显然,羌塘自然保护区草食性野生动物对草场的损害构成了生态补偿的主体。如果按照那曲地区中度以上退化草地的面积计算,则牧民保护野生动物的单位面积成本是每年57元,按照那曲地区人口计算,参与野生动物保护的人均成本是每年1482元。这一结果并不等于生态补偿标准,但可以作为补偿标准的低限。 相似文献
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Being a key ecological security barrier and production base for grassland animal husbandry in China,the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure in North China directly affects grassland degradation and restoration,thereby impacting grassland ecosystem services.This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal variation in grassland vegetation coverage,forage supply,and the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure from 2000 to 2015 in North China.We then discuss the spatial pattern of grassland ecological conservation under the impacts of grassland degradation and restoration,and livestock-carrying pressure.Over the last 16 years,the total grassland area in North China decreased by about 16,000 km2,with vegetation coverage degraded by 6.7％ of the grasslands but significantly restored by another 5.4％ of grasslands.The provisioning of forage by natural grassland mainly increased over time,with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.3 kg/ha,but livestock-carrying pressure also increased continuously.The livestock-carrying pressure index without any supplementary feeding reached as high as 3.8.Apart from the potential livestock-carrying capacity in northeastern Inner Mongolia and the central Tibetan Plateau,most regions in North China are currently overloaded.Considering the actual supplementary feeding during the cold season,the livestock-carrying pressure index is about 3.1,with the livestock-carrying pressure mitigated in central and eastern Inner Mongolia.Assuming full supplementary feeding in the cold season,livestock-carrying pressure index will fall to 1.9,with the livestock-carrying pressure alleviated significantly in Inner Mongolia and on the Tibetan Plateau.Finally,we propose different conservation and development strategies to balance grassland ecological conservation and animal husbandry production in different regions of protected areas,pastoral areas,farming-pastoral ecotone,and farming areas,according to the grassland ecological protection patterns. 相似文献
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The Greater Dunhuang Region has experienced ecological degradation in the past 100 years caused by human factors such as ecological immigration, expansion of arable land, and the construction of reservoirs. At present, through the restoration of various ecological projects, the progress of ecological deterioration has slowed down. Ensuring that the development and construction of the Greater Dunhuang Region Cultural Tourism Economic Circle does not threaten ecological security is the top priority of the regional sustainable development plan. Based on the balance between supply and consumption of the ecosystem, this study assesses the pressure of ecological consumption in the Greater Dunhuang Region, and analyzes the patterns and trends in the ecological carrying status. The results reveal three important aspects of the ecological carrying pressure in this Region. (1) After 2000, the ecological supply in the Greater Dunhuang Region experienced a fluctuating growth trend. In the entire ecosystem, the farmland ecosystem provides more than 55% of the ecological supply, and areas with relatively high supply capacity are concentrated in a small number of valleys. (2) The Greater Dunhuang Region is under greater production pressure and there is less pressure from living consumption. The production consumption intensity has exceeded the ecological supply since 2014. The production and consumption structure of the Greater Dunhuang Region is dominated by animal husbandry production and consumption, accounting for more than 65% of the total production and consumption. (3) The Greater Dunhuang Region has been in a state of rich and surplus from 2000 to 2017. However, Dunhuang City turned into a surplus state in 2017 due to the pressure of the fast-growing tourist population. The Greater Dunhuang Region urgently needs to alleviate the ecological pressure through the development of eco-friendly industries. It is necessary to develop an ecological protection resource utilization model that focuses on the development of ecological and cultural services in pastoral areas to ease the pressure on the ecosystem from animal husbandry production. 相似文献
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江河源区的草地资源特征与草地生态变化 总被引：83，自引：12，他引：83
通过对江河源区草地生态类型与分布、草地资源特征及其利用现状的研究和生产力的评价，并根据70年代以来3期遥感资料和区域调查结果，分析了江河源区草地生态变化态势，结果表明：现状江河源区草地以高寒草原化草甸为主要草地类型，其分布面积占江河源区总草地面积的53.78%。组成草地牧草的主要植物种类的粗蛋白含量超过10%，粗脂肪含量在2%以上，能值储量在9.34KJ.g^-1以上；自70年代以来，由于区域畜牧业的迅速发展，江河源区冷季草场严重过牧，超载牲畜量达理论载畜量的1-5倍，大部分地区夏季草场亦超载，导致江河源区草地生态严重退化，年退化速度达6.64%-34.35%。合理利用草地资源，保护该区域脆弱生态环境已迫在眉睫。 相似文献
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内蒙古农牧交错带生态工程成效实证调查和分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
作为生态工程的参与者和受影响者,农牧民对生态工程成效的评价、对未来生态工程措施的选择倾向具有重要的决策参考价值。将结构化问卷调查与开放式访谈相结合,对内蒙古自治区武川县、四子王旗和太仆寺旗3个旗县生态工程建设情况进行了调查研究。结果表明:退耕还林还草、围封禁牧以及季节性休牧是本区主要的生态工程类型;基于个体体验,农牧民并不认为生态工程取得了良好的、显著的生态效益;生态工程对农牧民的影响表现为"减产、提效、增收";对于未来的工程措施,农牧民优先选择限制牲畜数量,其次是退耕以及保护退化草地;绝大多数农牧民支持有补偿条件下进一步退耕和生态移民。本文进而给出了一些研究和政策建议。 相似文献
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The population structure, educational level and the livelihoods of 82 households of pastoral nomads, the organization of livestock husbandry and its impact on the grassland and forest ecosystems of the Dayan high valley (>2000 m a.s.l.) in the Mongolian Altai, western Mongolia, were surveyed using interviews and secondary information from official sources. Changes following the transition from centrally planned (before 1990) to market economy were analyzed. Two thirds of the monthly mean income of ca. 310 USD per nomad household is cash (ca. 55 USD) or non-cash (ca. 165 USD) income from livestock husbandry. Cashmere sale accounts for 70% of the cash income from livestock husbandry, which has led to a strong increase of goat numbers after 1990. Forests are used for livestock grazing, fuel wood collection, logging, and fruit collection. Livestock breeding and the seasonal migration of the nomad households are no longer organized by the government. To avoid transportation costs, two thirds of the families have reduced their seasonal migrations. This trend was favored by rising temperatures and earlier snowmelt during the last few decades, but resulted in a shortage of fodder and intensified forest use. Therefore, the use of grasslands and forests in the Mongolian Altai is no longer considered to be sustainable. 相似文献
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南方丘陵山区现代农业可持续发展模式研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
从区域农业可持续发展的观点和农业生态系统的原理出发，认为促进南方丘陵山区现代农业可持续发展具有巨大的经济、生态和政治意义，提出了“以生态为基础，以科技为主导”的“生态 现代生产 现代经营管理 现代科技 现代市场体系”的可持续发展模式。 相似文献
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The Belt and Road Initiative (B&R Initiative) is a crucial strategy to promote regional sustainable development in the new era. However, the realization of the B&R Initiative faces huge challenges because of the dual characteristics of a fragile eco-environment and strong dependence on ecological resources for economic development in the Belt and Road (B&R) countries. The ecological carrying capacity (ECC) is a crucial indicator for evaluating regional sustainable development. From the perspective of the relationship between the supply and consumption of ecological resources, this study uses net primary productivity data to measure the supply capacity of ecological resources, and it uses the agricultural production and trade data provided by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization to measure the level of ecological resource consumption. These supply and consumption data are then used to assess the ECC and ecological carrying status (ECS) of the B&R countries in 2017. The results show that: (1) The ECC of the B&R is 11.097 billion people; the ecosystem can also support 6.433 billion people, and the ECC is in a state of rich and surplus. (2) The ECS is polarized among the regions and countries along the B&R. Of the 65 countries, the ECC of 40 countries is in a rich and surplus state, mainly in Mid-East Europe and Southeast Asia, while the ECC of 19 countries is in severe overload, mainly in West Asia/Middle East. (3) Although the ecosystems still have ample carrying space in countries along the B&R, ecological protection is still facing enormous challenges during the implementation of the B&R Initiative combined with the internationally recognized ecological protection standards as well as the forecasts of the population and economic development. As the core content of building a new international trade network, the B&R Initiative will help to solve the spatial mismatch between the supply and consumption of ecological resources, which provides a new opportunity to coordinate the contradiction between the ecological protection and social demands of the B&R countries. 相似文献
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东北草原区产草量和载畜平衡的遥感估算 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
基于国内外相关研究进展,结合国家农业部草原遥感监测相关任务,依托大量的草原地面样方数据源,开展了东北草原区产草量和载畜平衡的遥感估算研究。主要结论有:(1)指数模型是进行草原区产草量遥感估算的优化模型,模型的估产精度达到80%以上;(2)2007年东北草原鲜产草量总计16916万吨,折合干草5094万吨;鲜重单产为4562kg/ha,折合成干重单产为1374kg/ha;(3)2007年东北草原区75%以上的牧区和半牧区县(旗)牲畜超载,牧区载畜平衡指标为32.23%,半牧区载畜平衡指标为48.51%。本文可为东北草原区的畜牧业发展规划提供科学依据。 相似文献
20.
Restoring degraded grassland ecosystems is of great significance for the sustainable development of grassland ecological service functions and the sustainable and healthy development of regional economies and societies. Returning grazing land to grassland technology (RGLGT) is an important strategic technology for restoring degraded grassland ecosystems and achieving the sustainable development of the society and economy of pastoral areas in China. Researching the comprehensive evaluation system of the effects of RGLGT has an important significance for evaluating and adjusting national ecological policy. Based on collecting sample surveys from 221 farmers in 16 villages of 4 towns of Yanchi County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in 2017, a model for evaluating the effects of implementing RGLGT was developed. The model included the characteristics of the technology, the ecological and social benefits of the technology, and the sustainability and economic benefits of the technology, it was used to complete a comprehensive effects evaluation of implementing RGLGT in Yanchi County that was based on use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The results showed that the comprehensive effect of implementing RGLGT is good overall and had a score of 0.5946. In terms of specific effects ranked from high to low, these were the ecological and social benefits of the technology, the economic benefits, the sustainability and the characteristics themselves. The implementation of RGLGT has resulted in good ecological and social benefits and economic benefits, but sustainability and characteristics of the technology are weak. 相似文献