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1.
A spherical harmonic degrees 60, global internal field model is described (called BGS/G/L/0706). This model includes a degree 15 core and piecewise-linear secular variation model and is derived from quiet-time Ørsted and Champ satellite data sampled between 2001.0 and 2005.0. For the satellite data selection, a wide range of geomagnetic index and other data selection filters have been used to best isolate suitably quiet magnetospheric and ionospheric conditions. Only a relatively simple, degree one spherical harmonic, external field model is then required. It is found that a new 'Vector Magnetic Disturbance' index ( VMD ), the existing longitude sector A indices, the auroral zone index IE , and the polar cap index PC are better than Kp and Dst at rejecting rapidly varying external field signals at low, middle, auroral and polar latitudes. The model quality is further enhanced by filling spatial and temporal gaps in the quiet data selection with a second selection containing slightly more disturbed data. It is shown that VMD provides a better parametrization than Dst of the large-scale, rapidly changing, external field. The lithospheric field model between degrees 16 and 50 is robust and displays good coherence with other recently published models for this epoch. BGS/G/L/0706 also shows crustal anomalies consistent with other studies, although agreement is poorer in the southern polar cap. Intermodel coherency reduces above about degree 40, most likely due to incompletely filtered signals from polar ionospheric currents and auroral field aligned currents. The absence of the PC index for the southern hemisphere for 2003 onwards is a particular concern. 相似文献
2.
In most modern coal mines, there are many coal quality parameters that are measured on samples taken from boreholes. These data are used to generate spatial models of the coal quality parameters, typically using inverse distance as an interpolation method. At the same time, downhole geophysical logging of numerous additional boreholes is used to measure various physical properties but no coal quality samples are taken. The work presented in this paper uses two of the most important coal quality variables—ash and volatile matter—and assesses the efficacy of using a number of geostatistical interpolation methods to improve the accuracy of the interpolated models, including the use of auxiliary variables from geophysical logs. A multivariate spatial statistical analysis of ash, volatile matter and several auxiliary variables is used to establish a co-regionalization model that relates all of the variables as manifestations of an underlying geological characteristic. A case study of a coal mine in Queensland, Australia, is used to compare the interpolation methods of inverse distance to ordinary kriging, universal kriging, co-kriging, regression kriging and kriging with an external drift. The relative merits of these six methods are compared using the mean error and the root mean square error as measures of bias and accuracy. The study demonstrates that there is significant opportunity to improve the estimations of coal quality when using kriging with an external drift. The results show that when using the depth of a sample as an external drift variable there is a significant improvement in the accuracy of estimation for volatile matter, and when using wireline density logs as the drift variable there is improvement in the estimation of the in situ ash. The economic benefit of these findings is that cheaper proxies for coal quality parameters can significantly increase data density and the quality of estimations.
相似文献3.
Mary Ford 《Basin Research》2004,16(3):361-375
Growth structures develop mainly across depositional wedge tops where the top of the distal orogenic wedge lies below local base level within the flexural foreland basin. Documented examples indicate that optimum conditions for the development of a depositional wedge top occur when the dip of the upper surface of the outer orogenic wedge (α) is low (0–1°), regardless of the taper angle (α+β), where β is the inclination of the base of the wedge. Low α angles are associated with the presence of low friction décollements, usually salt. Therefore, depositional wedge tops develop most commonly on low basal friction wedges. In natural examples such as the northern Apennines, the South Central Pyrenees and the Zagros, it is shown that whereas α is consistently low, β can vary considerably (1–9°), being principally controlled by flexure of the lower plate. In addition, the distribution of deformation in the wedge is complex. The applicability of the critical wedge model to low basal friction external orogenic zones is examined. Neither taper angles, nor the complex distribution of internal deformation nor the often associated forward slip of the whole wedge, can be satisfactorily explained by the established critical wedge model. As weak detachments such as salt cannot support any significant topography, it follows that low basal friction wedges cannot attain a critical state and, therefore, the critical wedge model cannot be satisfactorily applied to these external orogenic systems. This model, however, explains well the behaviour of external orogenic wedges with high basal friction. In the analysis of orogenic wedges, separate analysis of the angles α and β proves more useful than the critical taper angle α+β. 相似文献
4.
Xiaoping Liu Xia Li Xun Shi Xiaohu Zhang Yimin Chen 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(5):783-802
Cellular automata (CA) have been increasingly used in simulating urban expansion and land-use dynamics. However, most urban CA models rely on empirical data for deriving transition rules, assuming that the historical trend will continue into the future. Such inertia CA models do not take into account possible external interventions, particularly planning policies, and thus have rarely been used in urban and land-use planning. This paper proposes to use artificial immune systems (AIS) as a technique for incorporating external interventions and generating alternatives in urban simulation. Inspired by biological immune systems, the primary process of AIS is the evolution of a set of ‘antibodies’ that are capable of learning through interactions with a set of sample ‘antigens’. These ‘antibodies’ finally get ‘matured’ and can be used to identify/classify other ‘antigens’. An AIS-based CA model incorporates planning policies by altering the evolution mechanism of the ‘antibodies’. Such a model is capable of generating different scenarios of urban development under different land-use policies, with which the planners will be able to answer ‘what if’ questions and to evaluate different options. We applied an AIS-based CA model to the simulation of urban agglomeration development in the Pearl River Delta in southern China. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed model can be very useful in exploring various planning scenarios of urban development. 相似文献
5.
Clinton M. Rowe 《自然地理学》2013,34(2):93-114
Over the past decade, the climatic impact of changes in terrestrial albedo has been studied using numerous climate models, ranging from simple, one-dimensional energy balance climate models to the more sophisticated, three-dimensional general circulation models of the atmosphere. In most of these, however, the land-surface albedos have been prescribed both spatially and temporally from albedo observations. To overcome the limitations of using prescribed land-surface albedos, a model of radiation transfer in plant canopies was used to predict vegetation albedos. Because of the model's reliance on the physical properties of the land-surface cover, it is able to account explicitly for albedo variations caused by factors both internal to and external from the vegetation canopy. The model is described and the results of simulations for three representative canopy types are discussed. The dependence of albedo on irradiance distribution predicted by the model agrees well with established theory. [Key words: albedo, modeling, vegetation canopy, climatology.] 相似文献
6.
产业集聚对黄河流域工业韧性的影响研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
经济韧性是经济地理学领域的研究热点,区域产业结构被认为是影响经济韧性的最重要因素。2019年以来,黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展已上升为国家战略,对黄河流域工业韧性进行系统评价并考察产业集聚对工业韧性的影响具有重要的理论和现实意义。以黄河流域为研究区域,从抵抗力和恢复力2个层面刻画区域工业韧性,构建计量模型考察专业化、多样性、相关多样性、非相关多样性等不同产业集聚类型对工业韧性的影响,研究发现：① 黄河流域工业韧性水平整体较高,绝大多数城市对外部冲击有着较强的抵抗力,同时在外部扰动退去后有着较强的恢复力;② 黄河流域工业韧性的空间差异显著：恢复力水平较高的地区主要集中在内蒙古、山东,甘肃和青海的恢复力相对较低;抵抗力水平在空间上呈西高东低的分布特征;③ 产业结构单一地区的工业发展更容易从外部扰动的影响中恢复,对某一产业的高度集中会增大区域工业受到外部冲击的风险,多样且关联的产业结构更有利于提高区域工业应对不利扰动的抵抗力,也有利于区域从危机影响中实现更快的恢复;④ 提高黄河流域的工业韧性,要避免对某一个产业的过度专业化集中,在推动产业多样化发展的同时,要注意提高产业的前后向联系和关联水平。 相似文献
7.
交通运输的外部成本日益成为相关学者与政府关注的热点。立足宏观尺度与区域视角,鉴于交通运输成本仍未包含外部成本的现实和理论层面对于外部成本研究的需求,以长江三角洲地区为实证,在分析外部成本及其空间格局的基础上,对比分析了考虑外部成本与否对区域综合运输成本空间格局的影响。研究发现:①长江三角洲地区外部成本巨大,其空间格局具有明显的极化特征,上海地位突出,中心城市及苏锡常、环杭州湾地区节点外部成本普遍较高,此外大部分节点外部成本较低,差异亦不明显;②考虑外部成本与否对长江三角洲地区综合运输成本的总体格局影响不大,"中心-外围"格局特征没有明显变动,上海综合运输成本优势明显,江苏板块略优于浙江板块;③考虑了外部成本,运输周转量较大的中心城市综合运输成本相对上升,而县级节点则相对下降,从区域整体看,外部成本的引入减少了中心城市之间及其与县级节点之间在综合运输成本上的差距,促进了其区域均衡化。 相似文献
8.
区域中心城市生产性服务业的外向功能特征研究——以广州市为例 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
广州的生产性服务业经历了改革开放后20多年的发展,目前已具有基本经济活动功能。通过对广州的生产性服务机构的抽样问卷调查,阐述其在服务范围、服务对象及服务销量分布三方面的特征。并根据广州生产性服务业目前的发展水平,以及对珠三角制造业企业市场的抽样问卷调查,从供给水平和市场需求两个角度对广州生产性服务的外向功能特征进行了阐释。 相似文献
9.
武汉都市圈经济联系的空间结构 总被引：52，自引：4，他引：48
都市圈空间结构是城市体系中最综合、最富于变化的热点部分。基于武汉都市圈近年来的统计资料,构建经济联系强度模型,定量分析武汉都市圈空间竞争与范围的动态性特征:中心城市对外经济联系存在主要方向,具有时间惯性,空间极化明显;地域空间上经济联系作用强度距离衰减,形成圈层结构分异。从点、线、面组合关系角度,构建节点中心性、通道网络性、范围系统性指标,定量揭示出武汉都市圈经济联系的空间结构等级层次性特征:中心城市中心性等级差异明显,空间分布不均,与交通地理区位紧密相关;主要通道与侍服能力也存在等级层次性,明显形成两城际交通走廊;中心城市腹地范围与自身外向经济联系强度密切相关,受自然地理、行政区划影响明显。 相似文献
10.
中国地区间经济联系与区域发展驱动力分析 总被引：22，自引：2，他引：20
区域间投入产出分析最能精确刻画区域间经济发展的彼此关联关系和经济增长的驱动力源泉。依据我国宏观区域间的投入产出资料,对20世纪末各个地区产业增长的驱动力进行了判别。结果表明,经过1978年改革开放以来的发展,不同地区产业发展与增长的动力源泉和市场驱动力发生了巨大变化,沿海地区大部分产业已经形成了以非本地市场为动力的发展格局,60%以上的产业对非本地市场的依存度在50%以上,而内陆广大地区,其产业发展的驱动力主要来自于其本地市场。这种巨大的差异导致了产业发展潜力的差异和地理集中度的变化,导致许多产业向沿海集中。这种态势也预示着在市场经济的环境中,西部大开发、东北老工业基地振兴和中部崛起,在产业竞争力培育与市场拓展方面面临较大挑战,也是必须给予政策扶持的重点。此外,从国际贸易角度看,沿海地区产业的国际化程度已经达到相对水平,国际市场的变动将直接冲击这一地区产业的发展,或从中获益。 相似文献
11.
B. A. Hobbs 《Geophysical Journal International》1981,66(2):435-444
Summary. Three analyses of Sq are examined in detail. The analyses separate Sq into external and internal parts. The external part is used as an inducing field in a model earth consisting of a perfectly conducting inner sphere (con-ductosphere) surrounded by a thin non-uniformly conducting shell representing in some detail the distribution of oceans and continents. The calculated induced part is compared to the internal part deduced in the analysis. The comparison is poor and the reason is shown to be that the magnetic observatories are not located in regions influenced by the main induced oceanic currents. It is further shown that some Sq analyses are unacceptable on physical grounds. 相似文献
12.
知识经济时代技术创新与合作是引领绿色发展的重要动力,但当前技术创新与合作对城市/区域绿色发展的作用尚不明晰。以长江经济带三大城市群为案例区域,通过构建绿色发展的综合评价指标体系,分析2006—2018年间各城市技术创新与对外技术合作以及绿色发展的时空演化格局,运用空间面板杜宾模型探究城市技术创新与对外技术合作对城市绿色发展的影响及其空间效应。研究发现：① 长江经济带城市群的技术创新与对外技术合作能力以及绿色发展水平在研究期内均显著提升,同时在群间和群内存在较大的空间差异,下游城市群及高等级城市往往具有较高水平。② 城市技术创新对绿色发展的总体影响呈“U”型关系,而城市对外技术合作对绿色发展的总体影响则呈显著正相关。③ 长江经济带三大城市群的城市技术创新与对外技术合作对绿色发展影响的空间效应具有显著差异。长三角城市群很大程度上发挥了技术创新与合作对本地和周边城市绿色发展的促进作用,整体实现了区域绿色协同发展,但长江中游和成渝城市群的大多数城市尚未实现技术创新与合作对本地和周边城市绿色发展的推动作用。研究认为在科技创新高度一体化的城市群,城市的技术创新与对外技术合作均对绿色发展产生正向群体效应,而发展中的城市群应努力度过创新的“黑暗期”,尽早跨过技术创新与绿色发展关系的“门槛值”,并大力提升对外技术合作水平。 相似文献
13.
临空经济区的发展受到内部和外部动力因素的影响,前者包括机场流量、运营效率和产业集群,后者包括区域开放度、经济总量和产业结构等。利用理论模型分析了内部因素的作用,但对国内24个临空经济区进行实证后发现,我国仍停留在以外部动力为主、内部动力为辅的阶段。其中,航空客运量和机场效率的正向促进作用非常明显,货运量的影响则不显著。临空产业仍处于集群的初始阶段,因而对临空经济区的推动力较小。 相似文献
14.
选择2018年中国民航旅客吞吐量排位前60的机场所在城市作为网络节点、节点间的航线联系作为边构建中国客运航空网络,追踪采集60个机场2018年11月12—18日一周内共计126 064条国内航班数据。运用复杂网络分析方法、多目标加权求和模型搭建了中国客运航空网络节点结构评估体系,运用探索性空间数据分析方法、地理加权回归模型对网络外部性因素的空间异质性进行测度。研究发现：中国客运航空网络小世界网络特征显著,节点度较高的城市在网络中重要程度突出。城市综合实力与客运航空网络节点等级具有呼应性,节点外部性因素指数分布呈现长尾状。经济总量、服务业、潜力系统3个外部性因素对航空运输系统的影响在不同城市空间上表现出集聚特征,主要在华北、华东地区热点集聚,在西部、东北地区冷点集聚。华北、华中等经济相对发达区域的外部性因素对航空运输系统的支持力度更为突出,而东北、中部、西南等地区则较为薄弱。研究将客运航空网络结构特征与支持和反映其结构的城市综合实力差异联系起来,研究网络外部性因素的航空网络连接机制,为网络的稳定和优化提出理论依据。 相似文献
15.
欠发达农区农户的外部响应能力及其环境影响——基于河南省1251家农户的调查 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从农户对工业化、城市化、农业产业化、市场化、全球化、信息化和民主化的响应等7个方面构建农户对外部影响响应能力的指标体系,利用课题组对河南省1251家农户的调查数据,通过主成分分析发现,农户的信息化响应对农户的外部响应能力贡献最大。样本村农户的外部响应能力在村内差异较大,而村间差异较小。模型分析发现,影响农户外部响应能力的因素包括农户自身因素和外部环境因素。其中,农户的非农收入状况是农户外部响应能力的首要影响因素,其影响程度随农户收入的增加而下降;地理环境因素显著影响农户的外部响应能力。村距县城的距离比村距乡镇的距离和村距城市的距离对农户的外部响应能力影响更为显著。地形因子显著影响农户的外部响应能力,并影响其他因素对农户外部响应能力的影响程度;镇域人均电话的影响印证了农户的信息化响应对农户外部响应能力的首要贡献。 相似文献
16.
火星风沙地貌研究进展 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
作为最活跃的地貌塑造外营力,风力作用在火星表面塑造了各种各样的地貌形态。对火星风沙活动及风沙地貌的认识是随着观测和探测技术的进步而逐渐明确的。火星沙丘在北极地区连绵成带状分布,在其他地区分布比较零散,且主要与撞击坑、河谷和山谷相伴分布。火星风沙地貌与地球上相应的地貌类型形态相似而规模更大,表明两个星球上塑造风沙地貌的动力系统具有一定的相似性。火星沙丘主要由玄武岩质（北极部分沙丘为石膏质）颗粒堆积而成,沉积物粒度比地球粗,主要是由中沙和粗纱组成。随着获取影像时空分辨率的提高和着陆器在火星近表面的观测,发现火星上部分区域的沙丘和沙波纹比较活跃。同地球一样,火星风沙地貌也可指示火星气候的变化。 相似文献
17.
Qualitative modelling of spatial relationships has often been considered as a contextindependent task that aims at a reasoning model in generic form. Despite the primary interest in these models, there is still a sufficiently large scope for context-dependent reasoning in space and time. This paper proposes a qualitative spatial reasoning model, oriented to the modelling and simulation of several cars acting in a multi-lane circuit, which can be considered as an illustrative example of a constrained frame of reference. The modelling objects of interest are individual cars whose cardinal relationships to external cars and actions are modelled. This dynamic system is analysed, and a set of interrelationships is identified at different levels of abstraction, together with inference rules that model the displacement of several cars in a circuit. The potential of this model is illustrated and calibrated using an agent-based prototype. 相似文献
18.
河流水力侵蚀物理模型表明基岩河道纵剖面在均衡状态时表现为平滑上凹的形态,其特征反映了构造、基岩抗侵蚀能力和气候的作用;然而自然界河道纵剖面多呈现以裂点为特征的不均衡形态,不均衡的剖面形态以及裂点的研究同样可以对外力作用的变化起到很好的指示作用。位于北祁连的走廊南山高海拔河道纵剖面普遍呈现不均衡形式且发育海拔较高的裂点。通过对裂点成因分析发现,这些裂点并不主要受控于岩性、气候、构造等因素,而反映了冰川作用遗留地形与河流地形的分界。这一结果说明在对河道纵剖面高海拔裂点进行分析时要考虑到古冰川遗留地形也会对现代河道纵剖面产生重要影响,为进一步认识和理解造山带地貌演化以及控制因素提供了思路。 相似文献
19.
活态遗产地演变发展是连续性空间生产过程,揭示其特征与逻辑对于活态遗产地的保护、利用与传承具有重要意义。将表达遗产地活态性的3个要素——传统、地点、生活与“空间三元辩证法”相耦合构建TSL（Tradition-Site-Living）模型,并以丽江古城为例,探讨活态遗产地持续变化的一般规律。结果发现：1）古城经历了三个阶段的空间生产,即政治功能主导下的“空间中的消费”,工商功能主导下的“空间中的生产”,旅游功能主导下的“空间的生产和消费”;2）外部环境因素变化促使古城核心使用功能演替,引发生活、地点、传统相互作用,从而实现各个阶段的空间生产过程;3）活态遗产地连续性空间生产是外部因素驱动内生机制运行的结果,遵循时空延续变化、外部环境因素驱动、内部活态要素运作三大逻辑。活态遗产地是由时间、环境、空间叠合而成的时空连续体,TSL模型为揭示活态遗产地持续变化的基本规律提供了理论框架。 相似文献
20.
广东省鹤山市地质灾害类型主要有崩塌、滑坡和泥石流.区内地质灾害的发育特征主要受地质构造、地形地貌、地层岩性、大气降雨以及人类工程活动的影响.地质构造、地形地貌及地层和岩石类型是地质灾害形成的内因,而降雨及人类工程活动则是引发地质灾害的外因.地质灾害的防治措施应以预防为主,工程治理、生物防治与搬迁避让相结合. 相似文献