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采用上升单液滴法,进行盐湖卤水中萃取铷的动力学研究,主要考察了比界面积、水相铷浓度和油相(t-BAMBP/磺化煤油)浓度对萃取速率的影响。通过比界面积的研究发现,t-BAMBP萃取铷的过程由界面化学反应和相内化学反应共同控制;通过对实验数据的非线性拟合,得到了萃取体系的动力学方程,R=9.936×10-7[Rb+]1.134[t-BAMBP]2.190,萃取速率对铷的反应级数为a=1.134,对t-BAMBP反应级数b=2.190,实验值和计算值的均方根误差为1.735%。 相似文献
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本文通过恒界面池法研究了以4’—乙酰基苯并—15—冠—5作为萃取剂和1—丁基—3—甲基咪唑双[(三氟甲基)磺酰基]酰亚胺作为协萃剂的萃取体系从高浓度水溶液中提取锂的动力学。研究了搅拌速度、平衡时间、温度、界面面积和传质阻力区对锂离子传质速率的影响。结果表明,界面膜的厚度在1 600 rpm~2 000 rpm 转速范围内是逐渐变薄的,并且在1 800 rmp~2 000 rmp转速范围内是没有变化的,说明锂离子传质速率1 800 rmp~2 000 rmp转速范围内是不变的；在锂离子的萃取平衡时间为40 min；萃取过程的传质阻力主要来自有机相；该萃取过程是混合控制的动力学过程；在两相界面上发生的萃取反应。通过研究锂离子、冠醚离子液体的浓度,锂离子的动力学方程可表达为:νLi,0=10-3.843±0.001·[Li+]0.907 1·[+] 0.832 8·[AcB15C5] 0.855 5。通过两相界面处形成锂离子最终配合物的传质速率步骤推导出锂的提取机理,这与实验结果一致。 相似文献
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采用恒界面池法研究了钠皂二-(2-乙基己基)磷酸(P204)萃取锂的动力学,考察了搅拌强度、界面面积、反应温度和反应物浓度等因素对锂萃取速率影响。通过搅拌强度、界面积和温度对萃取速率影响规律判别该萃取过程为扩散和界面化学反应共同控制,萃取过程表观活化能为19.95 kJ·mol-1。基于反应物浓度对萃取速率影响,确定初始萃取速率方程为[RLi, init= (0.0048±0.0007)?nLi+?nNaA],Li+与A-(P204阴离子)在界面处生成LiA的反应为萃取锂过程的决速步骤。 相似文献
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铷是诸多高新技术领域中的关键元素。青海察尔汗盐湖卤水中蕴藏着丰富的铷资源,但由于铷浓度极低,且与大量钠、钾、镁等离子共存,提取难度极大。利用已知技术从察尔汗盐湖卤水中直接提取铷难以满足经济性约束的前提,这成为察尔汗盐湖铷资源难以利用的症结之一。本文从理论和实验两个方面分析了NaCl+KCl+RbCl+MgCl2+H2O体系中(K,Rb)Cl和铷钾光卤石固溶体—水溶液平衡对察尔汗盐湖卤水中铷分布的制约作用,确定了钾光卤石基固溶体是控制卤水中微量铷进入固相的关键矿物,钾光卤石的形成会使卤水中的铷浓度迅速下降至极低水平。用光卤石矿生产氯化钾,铷几乎全部进入氯化钾产品中,这一结论得到了现场盐田样品分析结果的支持。在上述新认知的启发下,我们设计了从察尔汗盐湖氯化钾产品中浓缩铷的工艺流程,并进行了公斤级小试和吨级放大试验,获得了铷浓度为400 mg/L的富铷料液,其中镁/铷比和钾/铷比均大幅降低;此外,进一步利用本团队成熟的t-BAMBP萃取方法可高效提取氯化铷,其工艺综合成本约为2 090 元/kg,较好满足了察尔汗盐湖铷资源开发的经济性前提。 相似文献
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通过对4-叔丁基-2-(α-甲苄基)苯酚(t-BAMBP)萃取微量铷的性能的研究,详细考察了稀释剂、碱度和温度对萃取的影响。实验结果表明,在260#溶剂油体系中,铷的分配比较之在环己烷体系和四氯化碳体系高;强碱性环境和低温条件有利于铷的萃取。同时通过斜率法和饱和法确定了萃合物组成为RORb·ROH,并研究了萃取过程的热焓、吉布斯自由能及熵变等基础热力学性质,结果表明该萃取反应为放热反应,萃取过程熵减。 相似文献
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在Pitzer电解质溶液理论的基础上采用两种模型计算了KCl-K2SO4-KBO2-H2O体系及其子体系的溶解度。模型I假设溶液中只有一种硼物种B(OH)4-,模型II假设溶液中有4种硼物种,分别对应于B(OH)3、B(OH)4-、B3O3(OH)4-和B4O5(OH)42-。模型I与模型II的溶解度计算结果接近,且与实验值吻合较好。采用模型II计算了上述体系溶液中的硼物种和OH-的浓度。各硼物种的浓度主要受溶液中总硼浓度的影响,而很少受KCl和K2SO4的影响。计算结果说明在计算偏硼酸钾溶液体系溶解度时,可近似认为溶液中硼物种只有B(OH)4-。模型II可用于计算含偏硼酸钾体系的pH值。本文的计算结果可为复杂偏硼酸钾体系模型的构建提供理论基础。 相似文献
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研究了用2-乙基己醇作萃取剂从高浓度氯化镁卤水中萃取硼的工艺。先用分液漏斗通过单因素和正交实验优化了萃取与反萃取的工艺条件,作出了萃取与反萃等温线。结果表明,萃取最佳条件:pH=1.8,盐(MgCl_2)浓度28%以上;反萃pH大于2.3。由McCabe-Thiele图解法得到逆流萃取和反萃取级数分别为3和4级。然后用8台Ф20 mm离心萃取器进行了连续逆流萃取与反萃取硼的实验。结果表明,离心萃取器在较大的流比和转速范围内级效率达到99%以上;用4台离心萃取器进行连续逆流萃取,硼的总萃取率达到96.9%;负载有机相用4台离心萃取器进行连续逆流反萃取,硼的总反萃取率达到99.8%。 相似文献
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《The Professional geographer》1988,40(4):471-499
Books reviewed in this article: USA, Eine Geographische Landeskunde , Vol. I, Der Grossraum in Strukturellem, Wandel, 3rd Ed. Helmut Blume . Introduction to Remote Sensing . James B. Campbell . The Sounds of People and Places: Readings in the Geography of American Folk and Popular Music . George O. Carney , ED. Development and Underdevelopment . John Cole . Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia: Example from Indonesia and the Philippines . Michael A. Costello , Thomas R. Leinbach , AND Richard Ulack . Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices . Leslie Dienes . The Third World City . David Drakakis -Smith . Scholars' Guide to Washington, DC for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (maps, charts, aerial photographs, satellite images, cartographic literature and geographic information systems). Ralph E. Ehrenberg . Population and Development in the Third World . Allan AND Anne Findlay . The Early Mapping of Hawaii . Gary L. Fitzpatrick . Energetics of Physical Environment: Energetic Approaches to Physical Geography . K. J. Gregory , ED. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management . William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole . Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa . J. Hinderink AND J. J. Sterkenburg . The Dynamics of American Housing . James W. Hughes AND George Sternlieb . Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State . Charles F. Keyes . Resolving Locational Conflict . Robert W. Lake , ED. Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives . Peter D. Little and Michael M. Horowitz , EDS. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science . David N. Livingstone . Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory . Ann R. Markusen . Wetlands . William J. Mitsch and James G. Gosselink . Historical Geography: Progress and Prospect . Michael Pacione , ED. Loess and Periglacial Phenomena . Marton P$eacsi and Hugh M. French , EDS. Regional Management of Metropolitan Floodplains, Experience in the United States and Abroad . Rutherford H. Platt , ED. Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man . Janos Szegö . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . Helen H. Tanner , ED. The Botany of Mangroves . P. B. Tomlinson . Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns . Rodney Vaughan . The Night After … Climatic and Biological Consequences of a Nuclear War . Yevgeni Velikhov , ED. Industrial Geography . H. D. Watts . Dictionary of Quotations in Geography . James O. Wheeler and Francis M. Sibley . Vermont Townscape . Norman Wiliams , Jr. , Edmund K. Kellogg and Peter M. Lavigne . 相似文献
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P. Guilizzoni A. Marchetto A. Lami N. G. Cameron P. G. Appleby N. L. Rose Ø. A. Schnell C. A. Belis A. Giorgis L. Guzzi 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1996,15(3):245-264
A palaeoecological study of an oligotrophic alpine lake, Paione Superiore (Italy), provided a record of historical changes in water quality. Historical trends in lake acidification were reconstructed by means of calibration and regression equations from diatoms, chrysophycean scales and pigment ratios. The historical pH was inferred by using two different diatom calibration data sets, one specific to the alpine region. These pH trends, together with the record of sedimentary carbonaceous particles and chironomid remains, indicate a recent acidification of this low alkalinity lake.Concentration of total organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, biogenic silica (BSiO2), chlorophyll derivatives (CD), fucoxanthin, diatom cell concentration and number of chironomid head capsules increased during the last 2–3 decades. When expressed as accumulation rates, most of these parameters tended to decrease from the past century to c. 1950, then all except P increased to the present day. A marked increase in sedimentary nitrogen may be related to atmospheric pollution and to the general increases in output of N in Europe. High C/N ratios indicate a prevailing allochthonous source of organic matter.Finally, the increase in measured air temperature from the mid-1800's appeared to be related to lake water pH before industrialization: cold periods generally led to lower pH and vice-versa. The more recent phenomenon of anthropogenic acidification has apparently decoupled this climatic-water chemistry relationship. 相似文献
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K. F. Walker I. G. Dunn D. Edwards T. Petr H. Z. Yang 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1995,4(3):169-222
Quinghai Hu is a large, high-altitude, saline lake in north-western China, and supports a fishery based on an endemic species of naked carp (snow trout). The fish take seven years to attain maturity and a marketable weight of 300 g, and have a lifespan of 14–21 years under the present fishery regime. They seasonally migrate from the lake to spawn over the gravel beds of inflowing rivers, but these areas have been reduced by weirs and irrigation diversions and recruitment may have declined. The population may have been affected also by a 1.85-m fall in the lake level over the past 30 years, and by associated changes in salinity. The fishery was opened to large-scale exploitation in 1958. Yields declined sharply (max. 28,523 tonnes, 1960) as the larger, older fish were removed, and then more slowly (min. 2523 tonnes, 1983). Since 1987 the fish factory has been limited to an annual quota of 1200 tonnes, taken by a fleet of four pair trawlers. Another 800 tonnes are taken by licensed fishermen, mainly using gill nets, and perhaps 1000 tonnes are taken illegally. The estimated total catch in 1992 was 3000 tonnes. New trawlers introduced in 1989–90 substantially increased the factory's catch per unit effort, and in 1990 the quota was virtually filled in one month in a zone within 20 km of the factory. Although this could suggest that the stocks will be conserved if the quota is retained, at least half of the catch in 1989–92 consisted of immature individuals. Trawling operations recently were suspended following a further decline in the catch after 1992. While the new trawlers are capable of a major increase in effort, neither the changing environment, the fish stocks or the present markets favour intensified pressure. Gillnets may provide better control over the minimum size limit and may cause less damage than trawling. Other options to improve the viability and profitability of the fishery include improvements in handling, processing and marketing. Failure to develop the fishery may encourage attempts to introduce exotic fish, at some risk to survival of the local species. 相似文献
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Chironomidae (Diptera) remains in surficial lake sediments from the Canadian Cordillera: analysis of the fauna across an altitudinal gradient 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The altitudinal distribution of Chironomidae (Diptera) in the southern Canadian Cordillera was analyzed by means of head capsules preserved in surficial sediments of 30 lakes. Taxa characteristic of late-glacial deposits of southern, coastal British Columbia are extant at high elevations, particularly in the Rocky Mountains, and in large, deep, low-elevation lakes. Many chironomid taxa common at low elevations in the southern Canadian Cordillera were not found in alpine and upper subalpine lakes. These faunal differences are probably climatically related. The differences in fauna between high and low-elevation lakes parallel differences between arctic and temperate lakes. 相似文献
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MATT K. MATSUDA 《Geographical review》2007,97(2):230-243
ABSTRACT. Narratives concerning Pacific Ocean territories are often historically derived from European and American mainland visions of great, empty oceans dotted with deserted and uninhabited islands. However, research by indigenous and outlander scholars, along with struggles for political and cultural autonomy in the Pacific, has brought attention to vital island communities and 6has raised questions about a Pacific‐island way of understanding the world. This understanding is traced through scholarly and artistic engagements with history, island‐community studies, and navigational philosophies and is framed by a growing theoretical literature on epistemologies of place from the disciplines of geography and oceanography. 相似文献
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Precipitation is an important component of global water and energy transport and a major aspect of climate change. Due to the scarcity of meteorological observations, the precipitation climate over Tibet has been insufficiently documented. In this study, the distribution of precipitation during the rainy season over Tibet from 1980 to 2013 is described on monthly to annual time scales with meteorological observations. Furthermore, four precipitation products are compared to observations over Tibet. These datasets include products derived from the Asian Precipitation-Highly-Resolved Observational Data(APHRO), the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC), the University of Delaware(UDel), and the China Meteorological Administration(CMA). The error, relative error, standard deviation, root-mean-square error, correlations and trends between these products for the same period are analyzed with in situ precipitation during the rainy season from May to September. The results indicate that these datasets can broadly capture the temporal and spatial precipitation distribution over Tibet. The precipitation gradually increases from northwest to southeast. The spatial precipitation in GPCC and CMA are similar and positively correlated to observations. Areas with the largest deviations are located in southwestern Tibet along the Himalayas. The APHRO product underestimates, while the UDel, GPCC, and CMA datasets overestimates precipitation on the basis of monthly and inter-annual variation. The biases in GPCC and CMA are smaller than those in APHRO and UDel with a mean relative error lower than 10% during the same periods. The linear trend of precipitation indicates that the increase in precipitation has accelerated extensively during the last 30 years in most regions of Tibet. The CMA generally achieves the best performance of these four precipitation products. Data uncertainty in Tibet might be caused by the low density of stations, complex topography between the grid points and stations, and the interpolation methods, which can also produce an obvious difference between the gridded data and observations. 相似文献
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Jean-Claude Plaziat 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1993,8(2):163-169
Potamids generally live in estuaries, lagoons, and along protected sea shores. However, their ability to colonize intracontinental lakes has been underestimated due to non- or misidentifications. Potamides conicus, the only present lacustrine Potamid currently found in North Africa, belongs to a lagoon-type (thalassoid) malacofauna, dominated by the Cardium Cerastoderma glaucum: this fauna occurs in association with Foraminifera (especially Ammonia beccarii) and Ostracoda (Cyprideis gr. Torosa). Potamids have been found 250 to 900 km from the nearest sea shore: passive dispersal (probably through birds) is the primary dispersal mechanism. Shell morphology and ornamentation can be used to characterize life environment (lacustrine versus marine) but not distance from sea shore. The presence of Potamid-Foraminifera fauna in the fossil record has been interpreted as providing evidence for a sea connection (e.g., gulfs, lagoons). However, more recent paleoecological studies have demonstrated that such assemblages span an ecological gradient from freshwater to hypersaline lacustrine environments. Thus, the occurrence of modern Potamids in lacustrine (in addition to maritime) environments has important implications for Quaternary and Tertiary paleogeographic investigations. Lacustrine Potamids have been recorded from the European Tertiary (France, Spain) and from the Sahara Holocene. More research is required for the better understanding of the distribution and ecology of Potamids in modern and fossil lakes of other continents.This publication is the fifth of a series of papers presented at the Conference on Sedimentary and Paleolimnological Records of Saline Lakes. This Conference was held August 13–16, 1991 at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. Dr Evans is serving as Guest Editor. 相似文献