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1.
Glacial mapping is difficult and hazardous because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the terrain. In this context, remotely-sensed data from satellites provide valuable information on glaciers and the associated landforms. It is important to note that judicious selection of spectral bands is critical in mapping the glacial features. Glacial landforms in parts of Gangotri glacier, NW Himalaya, have been delineated using selected bands of Landsat Thematic Mapper Data. Digital image processing of Landsat data has helped in identifying the major features of the Gangotri glacier such as accumulation and ablation zones, and glacial moraines. The study shows that Thematic Mapper bands 4, 5 and 7 are more useful in snow mapping because of their distinct spectral discriminability in identifying the glacial features.  相似文献   

2.
In this study an attempt is made for studying the Himalayan glacier features using TerraSAR-X and Indian Remote Sensing Satellite, Linear Imaging Self Scanning System III (IRS LISS –III) images. New generation, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from TerraSAR-X (TS-X) sensor provide opportunity for glacier feature studies in Himalayan rugged terrain. Spot Light High resolution mode TS-X data give idea about glacial features which remained untraceable from other existing SAR system. However, presence of speckle noise in SAR images degrades the interpretability of the glacier features. Speckle suppression filters (Lee, Frost, Enhanced Lee, Gamma-Map) are applied on SAR intensity images. On the basis of field sight seeing and insitu observations it is observed that still features are not clear. Hence attempt has been made for fusing multitemporal multispatial speckle reduced TS-X SAR data and multispectral IRS LISS-III data for extracting the glacial features such as crevasses, exposed ice and superaglacier lakes. Principal component analysis (PCA) represents the high spectral resolution data in a linear subspace with minimum information loss. Herein, PCA based image fusion technique is adopted for this study and comparison is made between IHS fusion technique and PCA based technique for glacier studies in the Himalayan region.  相似文献   

3.
喜马拉雅山地区冰湖信息的遥感自动化提取   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  
在“全域—局部”分步迭代水体信息提取方法的基础上, 通过对水体信息提取指标——水体指数的物理特性的分析实现了算法中全域阈值的自动选择与局部阈值的自适应调整, 并结合DEM 生成的山体坡度和阴影信息,减少局部迭代过程中对其他地表特征与水体信息的误判。在此基础上, 建立一种适合于高山地区冰川湖泊的自动化提取方案。试验采用Landsat 数据对喜马拉雅山地区的冰川湖泊进行信息提取, 结果表明该方法能够快速准确地完 成大区域范围内的冰川湖泊制图, 并能最大程度地消除高山地区湖泊水体识别中冰川和山体阴影的影响。  相似文献   

4.
This study discusses the formation and variations of supraglacial lakes on the Baltoro glacier system in the central Karakoram Himalaya during the last four decades. We mapped supraglacial lakes on the Baltoro Glacier from 1978 to 2014 using Landsat MSS, TM, ETM + and LCDM images. Most of the glacial lakes were formed or expanded during the late 1970s–2008. After 2008, the total number and the area of glacial lakes were found to be lesser compared to previous years. We tried to find any teleconnections exists between the glacial lake changes in this region and the pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which entered its prolonged warm regime in the late 1970s and again to its cold regime in 2008, based on observational investigation. The decrease in the number and area of the supraglacial lakes after 2008 is hypothesised to be linked with the recent cold phase of PDO.  相似文献   

5.
Snow physical properties, snow cover and glacier facies are important parameters which are used to quantify snowpack characteristics, glacier mass balance and seasonal snow and glacier melt. This study has been done using C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data of Indian radar imaging satellite, radar imaging satellite-1 (RISAT)-1, to estimate the seasonal snow cover and retrieve snow physical properties (snow wetness and snow density), and glacier radar zones or facies classification in parts of North West Himalaya (NWH), India. Additional SAR data used are of Radarsat-2 (RS-2) satellite, which was used for glacier facies classification of Smudra Tapu glacier in Himachal Pradesh. RISAT-1 based snow cover area (SCA) mapping, snow wetness and snow density retrieval and glacier facies classification have been done for the first time in NWH region. SAR-based inversion models were used for finding out wet and dry snow dielectric constant, dry and wet SCA, snow wetness and snow density. RISAT-1 medium resolution scan-SAR mode (MRS) in HV polarization was used for first time in NWH for deriving time series of SCA maps in Beas and Bhagirathi river basins for years 2013–2014. The SAR-based inversion models were implemented separately for RISAT-1 quad pol. FRS2, for wet snow and dry snow permittivity retrieval. Masks for layover and shadow were considered in estimating final snow parameters. The overall accuracy in terms of R2 value comes out to be 0.74 for snow wetness and 0.72 for snow density based on the limited ground truth data for subset area of Manali sub-basin of Beas River up to Manali for winter of 2014. Accuracy for SCA was estimated to be 95 % when compared with optical remote sensing based SCA maps with error of ±10 %. The time series data of RISAT-1 MRS and hybrid data in RH/RV mode based decompositions were also used for glacier radar zones classification for Gangotri and Samudra Tapu glaciers. The various glaciers radar zones or facies such as debris covered glacier ice, clean or bare glacier ice radar zone, percolation/refreeze radar zone and wet snow, ice wall etc., were identified. The accuracy of classified maps was estimated using ground truth data collected during 2013 and 2014 glacier field work to Samudra Tapu and Gangotri glaciers and overall accuracy was found to be in range of 82–90 %. This information of various glacier radar zones can be utilized in marking firn line of glaciers, which can be helpful for glacier mass balance studies.  相似文献   

6.
For purpose of improving the accuracy of the built-up quick mapping, this paper proposed an improved optimal segmentation threshold algorithm, namely the improved double-window flexible pace search (IDFPS) approach, by redesigning the valuation criteria and the sampling method based on the double-window flexible pace search (DFPS) approach. Moreover, the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), the Index-based Built-up Index (IBI), the Enhanced Built-up and Bareness Index (EBBI) and the Urban Index (UI) inversed from Landsat 5 TM images were used for quick mapping by the IDFPS approach and the DFPS approach in different geographical areas. Results from the experiments exemplified by Chongqing (a mountain city) and Chengdu (a plain city) showed that the IDFPS approach was comprehensively superior to the DFPS approach. The IDFPS approach had more than 4.30% higher overall accuracy and 0.12 higher Kappa coefficients than the DFPS approach when both were implemented simultaneously at both the above-mentioned study areas. Besides, a new discovery in this paper was found that the UI had a better performance with higher overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient, lower omission error and commission error than the NDBI, IBI and EBBI because of the strong relationship between the UI and the density of built-up land. This new method has an important reference value for built-up quick mapping and some other applied researches.  相似文献   

7.
Countries like Iran, which are geographically situated in a rather arid and warm regions, will suffer more from global warming than countries located in humid and semi-humid regions. In such environments, analyzing the variations of mountain glaciers can reveal several aspects of climate change patterns more efficiently in comparison to the other geo-indicators. The present study reports some evidence of changes for Alamkouh glacier between 1955 and 2010 based on several mediums to high-resolution satellite images. Considering that most part of the Alamkouh glacier is covered by debris and delineating its actual area is not possible, planimetric change analysis was restricted to the clean-ice regions. The object-oriented classification approach was used to estimate the clean ice areas. This technique takes into account the shapes of the features along with their spectral patterns. Results revealed that clean ice regions of Alamkouh glacier shrank since 1955 with an overall area reduction of about 59 %. Although the general observed trend is a clean ice area reduction, some advancement was detected over the period from 2000 to 2010. During 1992–2000, the maximum reduction in the clean ice area was observed (0.08 km2.a?1). However, clean ice area of the case study has partially increased about 0.028 km2.a?1 from 2000 to 2010. Supra-glacial lake change analysis illustrated that at the surface of the glacier, lakes have been enlarged remarkably in the past 55 years (about 4.75 times greater). In addition, clean ice area and the surface area of supra-glacial lakes oscillated in compliance with each other. The findings revealed that the maximum expansion of supra-glacial lake occurred during 1992–2000, which demonstrate the glacier maximum reduction during this period. This shrinkage in the Alamkouh glacier caused an extensive glacial lake outburst flood in Jun 2011. The results of this study agree with documented changes in other mountain glaciers located in arid and semi-arid environments and they also confirm the application of mountain glaciers in climate variations monitoring over such regions.  相似文献   

8.
南极冰盖下流动水、活跃冰下湖的活动对冰动力学、接地线稳定性和冰盖物质平衡都有重要影响。本文结合ICESat和CryoSat-2测高卫星数据集,分别运用重复轨道法和差分DEM法,对Byrd冰川流域17个活跃冰下湖进行长达16年的监测,并计算其平均高程和平均水量变化,总结活跃冰下湖的水文特征。根据水势方程获取了此区域的冰下排水路径图,结合冰下湖的位置和活动情况分析其相互间的水文联系。结果表明Byrd冰川流域多个活跃冰下湖间存在明显的水文联系:Byrd1和Byrd2冰下湖具有以2~3年为周期的储排水活动规律,并且Byrd1冰下湖主要受到上游Byrd2冰下湖活动的影响;Byrds9和Byrds14分别受到上游Byrds11和Byrds15冰下湖排水的补充,使湖水水量持续上升。  相似文献   

9.
王亚利  都伟冰  王双亭 《遥感学报》2021,25(7):1434-1444
利用阈值法进行遥感地物提取效率高、准确率高,但是在阈值的选取方面,传统的手动选取阈值,自动化低,需反复试操作,且易受主观因素影响。文中通过期望最大算法对局部冰川区域归一化雪覆盖指数建立高斯混合模型,去除区域内的混合像元类,再利用高斯混合模型模拟纯净化后的冰川类、非冰川类的NDSI分布情况,根据改进后的高斯混合模型分布情况,自动计算出区域内的冰川提取阈值。本文对不同海拔的3个区域进行算法实验,然后将新疆哈密的哈尔里克山冰川提取边界与冰川编目数据进行对比验证。研究结果表明,该方法自动计算的冰川提取阈值结果可靠、精度高,在差异较大区域仍较稳定,有一定的应用价值。  相似文献   

10.
Himalayas possess one of the largest resources of snow, ice and glaciers that act as a huge freshwater reservoir. Monitoring the glaciers is important to assess the overall reservoir health of the Himalayas. Samudra Tapu is one of the largest glaciers in Chandra basin of district Lahaul and Spiti, Himachal Pradesh. Based on the field investigations and the remote sensing techniques. features such as accumulation area, ablation area snowline/equilibrium line, moraine-dammed lakes and permanent snowfields were mapped. The glacial terminus was identified using moraine-dammed lake, as lake is located at down streamside of the terminus. The total recession of glacier during the period of 38 years (1962–2000) is about 742 m with an average rate of 19.5 m/yr. In addition, glacial extent is reduced from 73 to 65 km2 between 1962 and 2000. suggesting overall deglaciation of 11%. During field investigation. three stages of glaciation using terminal moraine were identified. These moraines were mapped by merging LISS-II1 and PAN data. At the peak of glaciation. the glacial terminus was extended 3.18 km downstream of terminus position in year 2000. Total area during peak of glaciation period has been observed to be 77.67 km2, which is 12.67 km2 higher than the present glacier extent.  相似文献   

11.
Moraine-dammed lakes are normally formed near glacier terminus. These lakes can burst due to excessive melting and can cause floods in the valleys. Many such floods have been reported in the Himalayas and other parts of the World. In this paper, an inventory of these lakes in the Satluj and the Chenab basins has been reported. During the investigation, 22 lakes in the Satluj and 31 lakes in the Chenab basin were mapped. In the Chenab basin, two lakes are of very large size, their areal extent is 105 and 55 ha, located in toposheet number 52 HI 1 and 52H02, respectively. These lakes were selected for detail monitoring. The lake near the Geepang glacier, is located in toposheet number 52H 02 and its area was 27 ha in 1976. Using the satellite data, areal extent of the lake was monitored. The lake area was almost doubled to 55 ha in 2001. This suggested that, lake size is constantly increasing and it can cause outburst flood. The maximum possible depth of lake was estimated by taking the average difference of maximum and minimum height of moraine dam from the Survey of India toposheet. By considering the average depth, the volume of the lake water and the instantaneous discharge of 350 mVsec were estimated. This is large discharge for a small stream like the Geepang Gath and it can damage many civilian and defense establishments. Therefore, further detail field investigations of this lake are needed to assess threat potential and to develop strategy to avoid this flash flood.  相似文献   

12.
Impervious surfaces have a significant impact on urban runoff, groundwater, base flow, water quality, and climate. Increase in Anthropogenic Impervious Surfaces (AIS) for a region is a true representation of urban expansion. Monitoring of AIS in an urban region is helpful for better urban planning and resource management. Cost effective and efficient maps of AIS can be obtained for larger areas using remote sensing techniques. In the present study, extraction of AIS has been carried out using Double window Flexible Pace Search (DFPS) from a new index named as Normalized Difference Impervious Surface Index (NDAISI). NDAISI is developed by enhancing Biophysical Composition Index (BCI) in two stages using a new Modified Normalized Difference Soil Index (MNDSI). MNDSI has been developed from Band 7 and Band 8 (PAN) of Landsat 8 data. In comparison to existing impervious surface extraction methods, the new NDAISI approach is able to improve Spectral Discrimination Index (SDI) for bare soil and AIS significantly. Overall accuracy of mapping of AIS, using NDAISI approach has been found to be increased by nearly 23% when compared with existing impervious surface extraction methods.  相似文献   

13.
Detailed inventory of glacial lakes in a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) prone area is vital for disaster mitigation. Availability of cheaper high resolution satellite data from Indian remote sensing satellites enables us to create up-to-date inventory for use in prioritisation of glacial lakes for GLOF risk assessment. Earlier inventories show presence of more glacial lakes in Brahmaputra basin in Indian Himalaya. Teesta River is one of the tributary of Brahmaputra and previous studies have shown that the inventory of glacial lakes in Teesta basin varies from 143 to 320. In the present study, the inventory carried out using satellite data of years 2000, 2007 and 2014 show presence of 301 (25.789 km2), 302 (26.081 km2) and 644 (29.706 km2) glacial lakes in Teesta basin respectively. The steep increase in number of lakes in the latest inventory is primarily due to the finer spatial resolution of satellite data used. Analysis of water spread area of glacial lakes at different altitudes shows that most of the lakes in the higher altitudes are small in size. It is observed that more than 66% of lakes are in the altitude beyond 4500 m and of size less than 50,000 sqm (5 ha). Out of 301 glacial lakes inventoried during 2000, water spread area of 6 lakes have decreased in 2014 and 31 lakes have shown increase in area. Out of these 31 lakes, 17 lakes are classified as end moraine dammed lakes and among them, 14 are located in Upper Teesta sub-basin and in higher altitudes (beyond 5000 m). The prioritisation of these lakes for GLOF risk needs to be carried out with detailed field investigation.  相似文献   

14.
The Himalayas has one of the largest concentrations of glaciers outside the Polar Regions. Various reports suggest that significant number of mountain glaciers is shrinking due to climatic variations. Monitoring of these glaciers is important to assess future availability of water resources in the Himalayan region. However, Himalayan glaciers are normally difficult to monitor due to the rugged, mountainous terrain. Therefore, images of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite were used to monitor glaciers in the Baspa basin. Investigations have shown the presence of 30 glaciers in the basin, with areal extent of 167 km2. Out of these, 19 glaciers, with areal extent of 140 km2 were selected to estimate retreat. Investigation suggests that almost all glaciers are retreating in the study basin and overall 19% deglaciation has been observed from 1962 to 2001. In general, altitude distribution appears to have significant influence on glacial retreat. Glaciers located around 5000 m altitude range are showing 24% loss as compared to 14% by glaciers located in altitude range higher than 5400 m. In addition, mean altitude of glacier terminus is shifted upward by 88 m, i.e. from 4482 to 4570 m in last 39 years. The glacial volumes were estimated using regression relationship between area and depth. The investigations have suggested that 19.10 km3 of glacial water stored in the 19 glaciers in 1962, has been reduced to 14.71 km3 in 2001, respectively, an overall loss of 23 percent in a period between 1962 and 2001. These investigations suggest that all glaciers in the Baspa Basin are reducing and in long term, such reducing trend can create scarcity of water in the region.  相似文献   

15.
本文基于30景Sentinel-1影像,首先采用SBAS-InSAR技术反演了2018年4-10月雅鲁藏布江色东普流域灾前冰川形变,并利用非冰雪覆盖的基岩区形变结果进行可靠性检验,得出均方根误差为9 mm,表明SBAS-InSAR技术应用于冰川形变监测具有较高的可靠性。然后分析了升降轨数据对不同坡向形变监测的敏感性,以及冰川碎屑流灾害发生前冰川形变的空间分布与时间演化特征。结果表明,冰川运动的主流线在东西坡交汇的中轴部,研究区平均形变量达-34.8 mm。在典型剖面上,随着海拔逐渐降低,冰川形变呈先缓慢减少,后快速增加,再缓慢减少的趋势,平均形变量为-50.1 mm。冰川碎屑流灾害发生前冰川形变已有明显的加速趋势,可为冰川灾害早期识别提供科学的数据支持。  相似文献   

16.
受全球气候变化的影响，近年来藏东南区域多数冰川退化加剧，冰湖的异动也更为频繁，冰湖溃决诱发洪水、涌浪、泥石流等山地灾害的风险激增。以多源时序合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar，SAR）影像为数据源，从水体和非水体信号的强度差异出发，开展冰湖的分类方法研究，提出了一种基于时序SAR影像的强度标准化比值实施冰湖提取与动态监测的方法。为了验证方法的可行性，选取日本航天局的ALOS/PALSAR-1与欧空局的Sentinel-1A影像序列，针对位于贡巴冰川流域的典型实验区，在11 a的时间跨度上开展了冰湖动态提取和长时序变化分析。通过实验成功获取了贡巴冰川末端冰湖2007-2018年间的时空变化，进而发现近10 a间冰湖的体量呈高速增长的态势，这从侧面也印证了贡巴冰川消融加剧的现状。此外，2018年的新近监测结果表明，局部溃决涌道的扩张打破了冰湖固有的生存周期，甚至会诱发洪水和泥石流次生灾害的发生，有必要加强监测与防范。  相似文献   

17.
A new technique for detecting GNSS multipath interference by comparing signal-to-noise (SNR) measurements on three frequencies is presented. Depending on the phase lag of the reflected signal with respect to the direct signal, multipath interference can be either constructive or destructive, with a commensurate effect on the measured SNR. However, as the phase lag is frequency dependent, the SNR is perturbed differently on each frequency. Thus, by differencing SNR measurements on different frequencies and comparing the result with that obtained in a low-multipath environment, multipath can be detected. Using three frequencies makes the process more robust. A three-frequency SNR-based multipath detector has been developed and calibrated using measurements from GPS Block IIF satellites in a low-multipath environment. The new detector has been tested in a range of urban environments and its multipath detection capability verified by showing that the MP observables oscillate when the new detection statistic is above a threshold value determined using data collected in a low-multipath environment. The new detector is also sensitive to diffraction.  相似文献   

18.
Sustainable management of wetland ecosystem is necessary as it serves the important functions such as food storage, water quality maintenance and providing habitat for different species of wildlife. Hence, an inventory of wetlands in any given area is a pre-requisite for their conservation and management. A study has been carried out to delineate the wetlands of east Champaran district of Bihar, India, using IRS ID LISS III data. The data for the pre and post monsoon seasons have been analysed and the wetlands have been qualitatively characterized based on the turbidity and aquatic vegetation status. The extent of water logging problem in the study area was inferred from the seasonal variation of waterspread during both the seasons. The three categories of wetlands (ponds/lakes, water logged areas and oxbow lakes) have been identified. From the analysis, it has been observed that the inland wetlands constitute 2.7% of the study area, of which 1.8% is subjected to water logging. Thus, this study highlights the usefulness of remotely sensed data for wetland mapping, seasonal monitoring and characterization.  相似文献   

19.
高分三号影像水体信息提取   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
国内外针对陆地水体信息提取、洪涝灾害快速响应方面具有较深入的研究，但是多采用发展较早、图像质量可靠的可见光影像及国外星载SAR影像。中国合成孔径雷达（SAR）卫星高分三号（GF-3）已获取了大量多极化、全极化SAR数据，为了将GF-3影像快速应用到环境保护、水资源管理等行业中，本研究分析了水体与其他目标具有的不同后向散射特性，将阈值分割法与马尔可夫随机场（MRF）相结合，发展了一种检测精度较高、自动化程度强的水体信息提取方法。该方法首先通过直方图统计的方法对不同成像模式、不同极化的GF-3影像进行后向散射强度分析，在阈值分割的研究基础上，比较了最大类间方差法（Otsu）和Kittler and Illingworth（KI）二值化法在水体-非水体分类中的效果。然后结合DEM和GF-3轨道参数排除因阴影现象产生的辐射失真对图像概率分布的影响，得到初始的水体信息分布图，再经过Fisher变换和马尔可夫随机场（MRF）的迭代运算，综合利用GF-3影像的多极化信息和空间上下文信息，以最大后验概率准则输出最终的水体分布图。利用了湖南省东北部不同成像模式的两景GF-3影像进行试验，在成像时间接近的光学影像中随机选择检验样点进行精度评价。实验结果表明，KI方法在GF-3水体提取应用中比Otsu方法具有更强的优势，剔除图像阴影区域后，自动化确定的阈值与目视解译阈值更加接近，通过MRF模型优化以后，实现了对水体信息的连贯提取，对图像噪声具有较强的抑制作用。本研究对水体目标的提取精度均达到了85%以上，实验结果精度优于基于光学影像的水体指数法，整个流程需要很少的人工经验参与，具有自动化程度强、检测精度高的优势。  相似文献   

20.
Information about the surface ice velocity is one of the important parameters for Mass balance and Glacier dynamics. This study estimates the surface ice velocity of Chhota Shigri glacier using Landsat (TM/ETM+) and ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) temporal data-sets from a period of 2009 to 2016 and 2006 to 2007, respectively. A correlation based Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique has been used for the estimation of surface ice velocity. This technique uses multiple window sizes in the same data-set. Four window sizes (low, medium, high, very high) are used for each image pair. Estimated results have been compared with the published data. The outcomes attained from the medium window size closely matches with the published results. The estimated mean surface ice velocities of medium window size are 24 and 28.5 myr?1 for 2009/2010 and 2006/2007 images pair. Highest velocity is observed in middle part of the glacier while lowest in the accumulation zone of the glacier.  相似文献   

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