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1.
ZHAN F. Benjamin 《地球空间信息科学学报》2011,14(1):1-9
Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2005 at stations of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) and examined gravity changes be-fore the occurrence of nine large (Ms≥6.8) earthquakes that ruptured within or near mainland China and Taiwan from November 2001 to August 2008. Results from this analysis show that significant gravity changes occurred across a large region before each of these nine large earthquakes, and these changes were detected by repeated ground gravity surveys through CMONOC. Although these gravity changes were significant, more research is needed to investigate whether these gravity changes could be viewed as precursors of large earthquakes. Limitations and uncertainties in the data include sparseness of the gravity monitoring network, long time intervals between consecutive gravity surveys, inevitable measurement errors, hydrological effects on gravity, and effects of vertical crustal movements on gravity. Based on these observations, we make several recommendations about possible future direc-tions in earthquake-related research using gravity monitoring data. 相似文献
2.
高精度的超导重力数据已广泛应用于地球动力学的研究,对大地震前重力异常和同震重力变化的探测有助于震源机制和地震预警的研究,同时高精度的同震观测数据可用于断层滑动模型的反演。本文利用日本、中国及欧洲7个超导台站2011年3月的秒采样数据研究日本东北大地震（Mw 9.0）产生的重力变化,经潮汐、气压、漂移等预处理改正后,得到改正后的重力变化。对比同时段日本岛附近发生的2861次Mb≥4级地震,分析滤波后的重力变化数据,排除非主震的影响,发现0.12 Hz≤f≤0.18 Hz频段显示了明显的震前重力异常扰动信息,所有台站在震前89 h均开始出现重力异常扰动,Medicina站的震前最大异常扰动振幅达到28×10-8 m/s2。另外,利用球形位错理论及地震的CMT解计算得到的地表同震重力变化理论值与超导重力观测值非常接近,同震重力变化绝对值与震中距成反比,近场站点的观测值比远场站点更接近于理论计算值,前者可作为断层反演的约束条件。 相似文献
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High-resolution satellite gravity data have been generated and utilized to infer subsurface geological structures in the area of devastating earthquake that struck the Bhuj region in Gujarat on 26 January 2001. Latitudinal gravity profiles have been generated in the Bhuj, Anjar and IBF regions across the epicentres (23.5° N, 69.8° E/Mw 7.0 in 2001; 23.2° N, 70° E/Mw 7.0 in 1956; 24.2° N, 69.2° E/Mw 7.8 in 1819). Substantial differences in gravity anomaly patterns as high as 37 mGal could be observed existing near the epicentre regions. These gravitational differences might have caused due to the plate tectonic processes and due to the changes in densities of different lithospheric zones/sedimentary layers. Temporal variations of the satellite-derived gravity and their probable relations with already occurred major earthquakes in this region have been studied. Hence we conclude that drastic changes in gravity anomalies can be considered as a precursor for occurrences of substantially large earthquakes. 相似文献
4.
《International Journal of Digital Earth》2013,6(1):83-90
Abstract Prediction of earthquakes using GPS remains an unsolved but important problem. Pre-signals in terms of changes in triangular networks of GPS Stations were examined for many large earthquakes in Japan and in other Asian regions. I discovered that the occurrence and location of an earthquake can be predicted with pre-signals found in GPS data analysis. However, more research is required to predict how many days after the pre-signals an earthquake will occur. 相似文献
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主要介绍中国大陆流动重力监测网布局、重力测量数据处理及重力前兆信息提取方法、流动重力监测结果所反映的区域重力场动态变化图像及所揭示的构造活动特征。在大量观测资料的基础上,研究重力异常变化与地震孕育发生关系,探索地震预测的研究思路、途径和方法,并积极利用重力观测资料进行地震中期危险性预测研究,及时将研究成果用于震情会商及年度地震趋势预测,为强震预测和年度危险区划定提供了重力学前兆依据。指出了流动重力监测中仍存在的问题,并提出了利用时变重力监测资料推进地震预测研究的设想和思考。 相似文献
6.
日本Mw9.0地震前GRACE卫星重力变化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用GRACE重力卫星月重力场数据,通过去相关与高斯滤波等方法获取日本大地震震前震源区周缘年度、季度和年度差分重力变化,以及若干点位时间序列重力变化;分析结果表明:日本大地震前5年内在震源区周边出现了比较明显的卫星重力异常正负交替和迁移现象,至震前1－2年,震区周边形成了明显正负异常区,正重力异常区重力增加现象明显;点位重力时间序列分布指出了日本MW9.0级地震前存在与1976年唐山地震类似的重力变化现象。这些结果反映了日本大地震震前震源区周边地下物质运动、质量迁移和能量积累等问题,为研究该地震的孕育过程提供了证据。 相似文献
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根据UTCSR发布的GRACE卫星资料,计算了汶川及其周边地区的卫星时变重力场,并利用小波多尺度分析方法对卫星重力场进行分解,得到了反映不同深度的重力场细节和逼近。通过研究各个细节和逼近成分的重力场变化,结合区域构造运动的特点,对GRACE观测的时变重力场及汶川地震的动力机制进行了初步解释和讨论。结果表明,4阶细节和4阶逼近较好地揭示了汶川地区构造形变和深部物质流动引起的重力变化,而且这种震前重力变化特征满足地震孕育发生的条件。 相似文献
9.
The low predictability of earthquakes and the high uncertainty associated with their forecasts make earthquakes one of the worst natural calamities, capable of causing instant loss of life and property. Here, we discuss the studies reporting the observed anomalies in the satellite-derived Land Surface Temperature (LST) before an earthquake. We compile the conclusions of these studies and evaluate the use of remotely sensed LST anomalies as precursors of earthquakes. The arrival times and the amplitudes of the anomalies vary widely, thus making it difficult to consider them as universal markers to issue earthquake warnings. Based on the randomness in the observations of these precursors, we support employing a global-scale monitoring system to detect statistically robust anomalous geophysical signals prior to earthquakes before considering them as definite precursors. 相似文献
10.
Stresses acting on fault systems before major earthquakes can produce thermal anomalies; these abnormalities can be observed using multi-sensor satellite data. Moderate resolution spectro-radiometer on board the terra and aqua satellites can provide thermal infrared (TIR) imaging data for land and ocean. These TIR data have recorded short-lived thermal anomaly prior to major earthquakes. It is suggested by others that these electromagnetic (EM) phenomena relate to stress build up before earthquakes. The objective of this study is to find an association between spatial extent and temporal evolution of thermal anomalies and known major earthquakes near the boundary of Nazca plate and South American plate. Our approach is to map the TIR transient fields from polar orbiting satellites and analysing those data using time series temperature plots to detect the abnormal thermal trends before the earthquake. This study concentrated on marine earthquakes to detect the changes in both land and ocean before seismic activity. 相似文献
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基于德国地学中心（GFZ）发布的GRACE RL05月重力场模型数据,考虑全球陆地同化系统陆地水储量的影响,采用300 km的扇形滤波,利用叠积法提取了日本Mw9.0地震的同震和震后重力时变信号,并利用最小二乘拟合的方法计算了两个同震重力变化极值点在地震前后85个月的重力年变率。结果表明：土壤水分和雪水引起的重力变化为-0.34~0.09 μgal;利用GRACE数据检测到的同震重力变化为-5.3~4.2 μgal,与基于PSGRN/PSCMP模型计算的结果在空间分布和量级上具有较好的一致性;震后5 a震中附近区域的重力整体上呈现增加趋势,断层上盘所在的日本海域与下盘所在的太平洋区域重力增加的最大值分别为2.6、4.5 μgal,下盘重力增加较大,可能与断层下盘所在地层的黏滞性相对较低有关。 相似文献
13.
基于Sentinel-1卫星升降轨SAR数据,采用D-InSAR技术提取了2018年台湾花莲县Mw6.4地震的同震形变场。结果表明,2018年花莲地震造成的最大地表形变量为38.2 cm,以隆升为主,断层上下盘最大相对位移为50 cm。利用InSAR观测得到的升降轨地表形变数据,分别构建2018年与2021年台湾花莲两次地震的断层三维滑动分布模型。结果表明,2018年花莲Mw6.4地震主震断层为靠近米伦断层的西倾隐伏断层,断层最大滑动量为1.8 m,以左旋走滑为主兼具少量逆冲分量,断层破裂传播至米伦断层西侧,影响了苓顶断层和米伦断层的地震活动性。2021年花莲Mw6.0地震发生在苓顶断层北段,断层最大滑动量为0.38 m,断层滑动以左旋走滑为主,两次地震事件均具有高倾角滑动特征。综合两次地震静态库仑应力的重新分布和M-T图发现,2018年花莲地震对2021年地震起触发作用,应力沿断层从高纬度向邻近低纬度传输累积,花莲地区及近海海域短周期内地震活动性仍强烈,主要表现为小震频发、中强震孕育周期短等特点。 相似文献
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基于地壳形变观测研究,概略回顾了中国大陆地壳形变时空动态特征及其与强震活动的关系、与强震孕育过程关联的多尺度地壳形变动态特征,以及震前各类形变异常信息提取方面的进展和认识。目前能给出明确时间尺度（10年和更短）强震预测的地壳形变有效依据仍不足,需有效识别孕震晚期强震源逼近发震的过程,推进中国大陆强震预测在较短时间尺度的进展。结合几次强震前全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)观测到的较显著的地壳形变转入非弹性变形状态的分析,讨论了在观测技术已取得显著进步条件下,逐步实现对孕震晚期强震源逼近发震过程有效识别的可能性及相关问题。 相似文献
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In 2019, four strong earthquakes of Mw>6.4 occurred successively in Mindanao, Philippines. Based on the reports from the USGS and PHIVOLCS, these earthquakes were dominated by strike-slip ruptures. Whether these earthquakes are temporally and spatially related remained unknown. We characterized the coseismic displacement fields during the earthquake sequence using an InSAR technique with Sentinel-1 SAR data. The InSAR deformation measurements convincingly reveal that the four earthquakes produced distinct coseismic displacement patterns. We estimated the source parameters of the earthquakes with a two-step inversion strategy. The optimal model suggests that the earthquake sequence resulted from the reactivation of a conjugate fault structure that involves two nearly vertical left-lateral strike-slip faults and two high-angle right-lateral strike-slip faults. We calculated Coulomb stress changes from the earthquake sequence, suggesting that the previous strong earthquakes had significant stress-encouraging effects on the following events. The regional velocities based on the GPS analysis suggest that the formation of this conjugate structure is mainly due to the westward movement of the subducting Philippine Sea Plate. This earthquake sequence provides a seismotectonic background for subsequent strong earthquakes and helps to better understand the formation mechanisms and seismotectonic implications of conjugate structure rupturing. 相似文献
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大地震的地表破裂及形变特征对研究地震成因机制、断层运动及大陆变形具有重要意义。随着卫星技术的日益成熟,自1992年美国加州Landers地震以来,光学和雷达影像被广泛应用于同震破裂、震后形变等定量研究。然而,由于缺乏更早之前的影像资料,90年代以前的历史地震研究无法深入。美国锁眼卫星KH-9影像的公开解决了震前卫星影像匮乏的问题,为研究70~90年代历史地震提供了可行的条件。首先借助伊朗Tabas-e-Golshan地震和Khuli-Boniabad地震的研究实例,概述了KH-9卫星影像测量历史同震位移的方法与进展;然后利用1976年(震前)和1980年(震后)的KH-9影像对1976年土耳其Chaldiran地震的同震位移进行了计算,测得该地震东西向同震位移量为(3.1±0.7)m,与实地测量的地表位移相符,表明该走滑地震没有明显的浅部滑动亏损现象;最后对KH-9卫星影像定量研究历史地震的未来应用和限制进行了讨论与总结。 相似文献
17.
Pramod Kumar Singh Sanjay Das S. R. Mohapatra 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2012,40(1):85-96
The 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.7), one of the most severe earthquakes in the recent history of India, reactivated various existing active faults. It is
manifested in the form of coseismic ground fissures/cracks and upheaval of land in the form of bumps. Identification and reactivation
of Loriya Fault is established by 1—Geomorphic changes with the help of digital imagery (LISS III images). 2—Coseismic changes
through ground checks and 3—Geophysical signatures through magnetic and gravity survey. A lineament cutting the north-western
part of the Pur River alluvial fan has been revealed by satellite imagery. The streams flowing along the lineament add to
the evidences of a weak plane, while the occurrence of coseismic ground fissures confirms the existence of an active fault.
No dip slip movement is recorded in the trenches made across the Loriya active fault while the en-echelon pattern of ground
fissures suggest strike slip movement along the fault due to 2001 earthquake. 相似文献
18.
本文从GNSS、InSAR、重力、水准等多种大地测量资料联合确定活动断层地壳形变、应变和应力,以及与GIS相结合的角度出发,讨论了基于库仑破裂准则的活动断层地震危险性评估方法,系统阐述了活动断层地震危险性评估系统的设计。该系统主要利用各种大地测量数据联合确定活动断层区域的位移场,反演计算应变场、应力场、活动断层运动参数以及库仑应力;通过确定活动断层的临界应力值,建立地震危险性评估模型,评估可能发生地震的位置、最大震级、复发时间及其对应的概率;最后借助GIS实现断层区域的地质和构造环境、三维形变数据、应变场、应力场和地震危险性综合评价图的管理与可视化。本文最后讨论了所建系统的具体应用,讨论了汶川地震激发的同震静态库仑应力、应力扰动的持续时间和龙门山地区的地震活动率。 相似文献
19.
基于融合的GPS速度场结果,使用DEFNODE负位错反演程序估算了喜马拉雅主逆冲断层（the main Himalayan thrust,MHT）的闭锁程度和滑动亏损空间分布,并结合剖面结果分析了断层远、近场的运动特征。结果表明,MHT的闭锁深度基本达到18~24 km,断层面闭锁宽度达到102~136 km,两次历史大地震破裂区域之间的未破裂段落和未发生大地震的段落闭锁深度更深,闭锁断层面更宽,2015年尼泊尔Mw7.8大地震就发生在两次大地震破裂区域之间的段落;MHT总滑动亏损速率和垂直断层挤压滑动亏损速率自东向西逐渐减小,平行断层右旋滑动亏损速率则基本上自东向西逐渐增加;MHT 3条剖面拟合结果也反映出其存在很强的闭锁。根据估算的此次Mw7.8地震的复发周期230年和最近500多年发生的大地震分布,认为MHT整条段落尤其是尼泊尔西部与印度接壤处和可能还没有破裂的不丹地区依然有发生8级大地震的危险。 相似文献
20.
强震地表破裂调查与灾情评估是地震应急响应的重要工作内容,快速获取震后高分辨率卫星数据并开展应急信息提取分析,是提升应急时效性的重要支撑手段。2022年1月8日青海门源Ms6.9级地震发生的当天快速获取了国产高分七号卫星等数据,基于分辨率0.65 m的全色及2.6 m的多光谱图像快速解译分析地震地表破裂带分形成布特征、构造样式与位错强度等,为地震应急响应与现场调查提供了重要信息。深入分析表明,门源Ms6.9级地震发生了南、北两条同震地表破裂带,其中北支沿冷龙岭断裂带主断层的西段发育,长度约19 km;南支沿托莱山断裂东段分布,长度约2.3 km。同震地表破裂带左旋断错了一系列冲沟、洪积物、道路、冰层等地貌特征,最大左旋位移约2.2 m,沿地表破裂带形成鼓包、拉张凹陷、斜列式张裂隙等变形构造。最新同震破裂与历史破裂分布吻合,反映了强震活动的原地破裂特征,其地震危险性需要引起高度关注,值得深入研究。GF-7卫星首次在地震灾害发生当日就发挥较大优势,表明高分系列卫星在地震应急调查方面具有良好应用潜力。 相似文献