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最吸引人的是这里的建筑,古民居外墙都由一小块一小块的乌石垒成,粗犷的外形与凝重的黑色相结合,结构精巧独特,给人以"鬼斧神工"的感觉,据说最早的乌石屋已有近三百年的历史. 相似文献
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Processing of Laser Scanner Data and Extraction of Structure Lines Using Methods of the Image Processing 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
SUILi-chun 《测绘学报》2004,33(1):63-70
激光扫描数据提供了一种新的手段用于获取高精度的数字地形表面模型. 原始的航空激光扫描数据表达的是一些非规则分布的"点云", 这些非规则分布的点需要进行有效的事后处理. 这种事后处理有2个目的:一是将那些分布在地表面上的点(即地面点)与分布在非地表面上的点(譬如树木、房屋或汽车上的点, 即非地面点)进行有效的分离;二是从分离后的地面点中提取结构线, 用于建立高精度的数字地面模型. 作者发展了一系列的基于数字形态学理论和稳健参数估计理论的方法用于分离和探测地面点. 这里所介绍和开发的提取结构线的算法建立在数字图像处理和表面曲率理论的基础上. 这些算法同样可以扩展地用于其他领域. 所介绍的基于数字图像处理理论处理原始的航空激光扫瞄数据和提取结构线的方法取得了很好的结果. 这一结论可以在本文中通过一系列的插图得到有力的证明. 相似文献
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万维网GIS的若干关键技术及其实现 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
提出基于J2EE多层体系结构的WebGIS系统,能够平衡好服务器、应用服务器、客户端负载,极大地提高系统的响应速度;对海量的矢量数据与影像数据采用不同的压缩方式,在数据不失真的情况下尽量减少数据的传输量,减轻网络的负载;栅格数据与矢量数据的"无缝"叠加,更加形象清楚地发布空间数据;基于0racle Spatial关系数据库的WebGIS,使系统更加安全可靠. 相似文献
4.
俞源的经典在于村落结构的设计:村中有大小七个水塘组成北斗七星的格局,村内的28幢主要建筑则按照天上的28星宿排布。 相似文献
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人们用语言描述空间关系时所选用的词汇反映了他们对于物体空间状态的认识.语言如何表达空间关系与很多因素有关,除了空间实体的特征和它们之间的空间关系,描述者个人的特征也影响到描述的语言,例如描述者的语言和文化上的差异,以及性别、年龄和受教育程度等.本文将通过认知实验,比较不同语言、文化背景的人对线状物体空间关系描述的理解.主要对比了两组人群:母语为英语的人群和母语为汉语的人群.共进行了3组实验:母语为英语的人群对英语描述的线状物体空间关系的理解;母语为汉语的人群对英语描述的线状物体空间关系的理解;以及母语为汉语的人群对汉语描述的线状物体空间关系的理解.采用相同的题目,比较了3组实验的结果.结果表明语言文化在一定程度上影响了人们对空间关系描述的理解. 相似文献
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云的模拟是户外场景仿真的重要内容,由于受速度的限制,多采用BOX或DOME等建模方法,但效果不够逼真,且不能穿行.体云的模拟效果逼真,但交互速度慢.文中讨论了体云模拟的基本原理及如何利用云的多向前方散射的特性来建立体云的光照模型,该模型效果逼真,与真云一样具有银色的边缘.给出了一个预处理与实时计算相结合的算法,该算法可以利用硬件图形卡的特性,因而模拟速度较快,可以满足交互式实时模拟的需要. 相似文献
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基于GIS的图文一体化关键技术探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着计算机技术的发展,地理信息系统所包含的概念、引用的技术手段已逐渐渗透到管理领域的各个方面. 以地图数据为基础结合其他管理数据构建图文一体化系统已成现代管理的新技术.GIS技术与多媒体技术、以及MIS技术的集成是基于GIS构建图文一体化系统的核心内容.文中针对基于GIS的图文一体化的特点,对GIS支持下的图文一体化系统的开发模式、图文数据管理、功能集成等关键技术进行了探讨. 相似文献
8.
太湖梅梁湾下行漫射衰减系数的特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
水体下行漫射衰减系数(Kd)不仅反映了水质的信息,而且是生物-光学模型中的关键参数,因而受到了广泛的关注.本文基于太湖梅梁湾水下光场的数据,分析了不同波长Kd的波动性随水深的变化特征,结果表明:由于水体表面波的作用,在60cm以上,Kd随深度呈现较强烈的震荡现象,而到60cm以下,随着光子的行程增大,介质散射对光场的改变趋于明显,造成该震荡幅度减弱,趋于稳定状态,甚至呈现出光场的渐进态特征.且在0-60cm的区域,下行漫射衰减系数的波动程度与水体的吸收特性呈现明显的线性相关,即水体的吸收作用突显了表面波的效应.该水体中非藻类颗粒物和黄质具有对短波光强烈吸收的特性,减弱了介质散射使光场漫射比例提高的作用,加强了表面波对水下光场的扰动作用,使得相对长波而言,短波的Kd随水深呈现出相对较大的震荡现象. 相似文献
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基于VBA的Excel测量程序开发技术 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
基于VBA开发Excel测量程序具有简便、高效和通用的特点,程序的使用具有直观、实时、动态、灵活、交互性与图形功能强等明显的优势.由于Office软件使用的普遍性及其组件之间数据良好的交互性和共享性,Excel在数据处理与相应报告的生成等方面更具优势.以开发实例介绍使用VBA开发Excel测量程序的主要技术方法. 相似文献
11.
青藏高原小嵩草高寒草甸返青期遥感识别方法筛选 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
小嵩草高寒草甸是青藏高原的主要植被类型,研究其返青期识别方法对于模拟及预测青藏高原植被物候变化具有重要意义。常用的植被返青期遥感识别方法主要是先对遥感植被指数原始时序数据进行拟合去噪声再求取返青期,各种方法对研究区域、研究经验、参数设置、函数初值设置等有很强的依赖性。为避免返青期识别方法在曲线拟合时对参数初值的依赖性和陷入局部最优解,本文引入了模拟退火算法对双高斯和双逻辑斯蒂函数进行参数优化,并分别对基于以上两种函数及多项式拟合的植被指数时序曲线进行对比,从而选出最佳拟合方法,最后采用最大斜率阈值法、动态阈值法和曲率法识别返青期。利用青藏高原小嵩草高寒草甸34个样本点的返青期地面观测数据及相应的8 km分辨率的NOAA归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)时序数据对以上各种组合的返青期遥感识别方案进行了测试,并选取了153个遥感实验点求取了近30年(1982年—2011年)青藏高原小嵩草高寒草甸的返青期,结果表明:采用双高斯函数拟合的NDVI曲线与原始NDVI时序数据最为接近,在此基础上采用最大斜率阈值法识别的小嵩草高寒草甸返青期及其变化趋势与地面物候观测结果最为一致;同时发现近30年青藏高原小嵩草高寒草甸的平均返青期主要集中在每年的第120—140天,并且呈逐年提前趋势,30年来提前了7天。 相似文献
12.
Accurate monitoring of vegetation dynamics is required to understand the inter-annual variability and long term trends in terrestrial carbon exchange in tundra and boreal ecoregions. In western North America, two Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) products based on spectral reflectance data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are available. The MOD/MYD13A2 NDVI product is available as a 16-day composite product in a sinusoidal projection as global hdf tiles. The eMODIS Alaska NDVI product is available as a 7-day composite geotif product in a regional equal area conic projection covering Alaska and the entire Yukon River Basin. These two NDVI products were compared for the 2012–2014 late May–late June spring green-up periods in Alaska and the Yukon Territory. Relative to the MOD/MYD13A2 NDVI product, it is likely that the eMODIS NDVI product contained more cloud-contaminated NDVI values. For example, the MOD/MYD13A2 product flagged substantially fewer pixels as “good quality” in each 16-day composite period compared to the corresponding MODIS Alaska NDVI product from a 7-day composite period. During the spring green-up period, when field-based NDVI increases, the eMODIS NDVI product averaged 43 percent of pixels that declined by at least 0.05 NDVI between 2 composite periods, consistent with cloud-contamination problems, while the MOD/MYD13A2 NDVI averaged only 6 percent of pixels. Based on a cloudy Landsat-8 scene, the eMODIS compositing process selected 23 percent pixels, while the MOD/MYD13A2 compositing process selected less than 0.003 percent pixels. Based on the results, it appears that the MOD/MYD13A2 NDVI product is superior for scientific applications based on NDVI phenology in the tundra and boreal regions of northwestern North America. 相似文献
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针对鄂尔多斯高原植被覆盖变化受干旱胁迫的状况,该文结合降水和气温的协同变化,以2000-2012年生长季的MODIS-NDVI数据和同期降水、温度和帕尔默干旱指数为依据,采用线性趋势分析、标准偏差分析和相关性分析等方法,对鄂尔多斯高原植被与气候变化的相关关系和干旱异常变化对植被动态的影响进行了研究.结果表明:鄂尔多斯高原生长季及季节(春季、夏季和秋季)植被归一化植被指数主要受降水的控制和干旱的制约,秋季归一化植被指数更多地受到夏季干旱的影响.与气象因子的空间相关分析表明,春季温度上升有利于研究区北部归一化植被指数像元的增加.在荒漠草原和沙漠地区,夏季干旱与归一化植被指数的相关关系最强.秋季降水对典型草原归一化植被指数的提升显著. 相似文献
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Snow effects on alpine vegetation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《International Journal of Digital Earth》2013,6(1):58-75
Understanding the relationships between snow and vegetation is important for interpretation of the responses of alpine ecosystems to climate changes. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is regarded as an ideal area due to its undisturbed features with low population and relatively high snow cover. We used 500 m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) datasets during 2001–2010 to examine the snow–vegetation relationships, specifically, (1) the influence of snow melting date on vegetation green-up date and (2) the effects of snow cover duration on vegetation greenness. The results showed that the alpine vegetation responded strongly to snow phenology (i.e., snow melting date and snow cover duration) over large areas of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Snow melting date and vegetation green-up date were significantly correlated (p < 0.1) in 39.9% of meadow areas (accounting for 26.2% of vegetated areas) and 36.7% of steppe areas (28.1% of vegetated areas). Vegetation growth was influenced by different seasonal snow cover durations (SCDs) in different regions. Generally, the December–February and March–May SCDs played a significantly role in vegetation growth, both positively and negatively, depending on different water source regions. Snow's positive impact on vegetation was larger than the negative impact. 相似文献
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青藏高原地表冻融循环与植被返青期的变化趋势及其气候响应特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
青藏高原特殊的地理环境使其对全球气候变化十分敏感,所以研究其地表冻融循环和植被返青期的时空动态对于回顾和预测青藏高原对全球气候变化的响应具有重要意义。本文通过利用双指标地表冻融状态识别算法和被动微波亮温数据(SMMR、SSMI和SSMIS)来获取青藏高原长时间序列(1982年—2013年)逐日地表冻融状态,通过对GIMMS全球植被指数数据产品进行NDVI的滤波重建和返青期提取来获取青藏高原植被长时间序列(年份)的返青期;并且分析了地表冻融循环和植被返青期的变化趋势、相互关系及对青藏高原气候变化的响应特征。总体来看,在空间上,青藏高原的地表冻结集中发生在10月30日至次年4月2日,平均地表融化首日集中在5月12—27日,平均植被返青期集中在5月19—29日。植被返青期平均发生在地表融化首日后的3.94±5.58日,两者具有显著的相关关系(R=0.51,P=0.003)。青藏高原的地表融化首日和植被返青期在1982年—2013年间经历了推迟、提前再推迟的3个过程,融化时间和返青期在1982年—1987年分别以1.93±1.81 d/a和0.28±1.01 d/a的速度推迟;在1987年—2006年分别以0.67±0.20 d/a和0.13±0.16 d/a的速度提前;在2006年—2013年分别以0.97±0.84 d/a和1.04±0.52 d/a的速度推迟。中国气象局布设在青藏高原的CMA气象站的温度数据表明,高原的春季地表0 cm土壤温度呈持续上升的趋势,而植被返青期和地表融化首日并未持续提前,这可能是由几十年来高原不同地区降水等其他环境因素变化的差异造成。同时在气温持续升高期间,植被返青期的返青温度阈值也不断具有上升的趋势(R=0.72,P0.001),这可能与植被适应气候变化的自身调节能力有关。 相似文献
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Susanna Azzali 《国际地球制图》2013,28(3):15-26
A method to correlate crop production in Zambia to the yearly evolution of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is proposed. The method consists of the analysis of remote sensing data together with meteorological data and simulated crop production to obtain indicators of crop production. The accuracy of these indicators is assessed with statistical data. The main objective was to assess whether the NDVI‐time series extracted from NOAA‐AVHRR‐images , having a pixel resolution of 73 km may give reliable information on crop production in Zambia where agricultural areas cover just 1% of the land area. The mean NDVI‐value of several pixels, e.g. for one province or other administrative units, relates to the dominant type of vegetation in the area under consideration. It is shown that the 7.3 km NDVI‐data give reliable indications on crop production in Zambia, when small areas (200–450 km2 large ) are considered where agricultural land use is intensive. This implies that preliminary analysis is required to localize the agricultural areas. This has been done by means of high resolution satellite images i.e. LANDSAT‐MultiSpectral Scanner. Consequently, the NDVI‐time series of the ‘agricultural ‘ pixels are used to calculate crop growth indicators which can be applied to assess the crop production. 相似文献
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Trend analysis of the Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL) NDVI data for the deserts of central Asia 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
We analyzed spatially averaged normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series from the Pathfinder Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Land (PAL) dataset of 11 desert and semidesert ecoregions in central Asia using standard statistical tests for discontinuities and trends. Results from the test for discontinuities reveal that seven ecoregions display significant differences in the data acquired by the AVHRRs on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite 11 (NOAA-11) versus the data acquired by AVHRR on other NOAA satellites (NOAA-7, NOAA-9, and NOAA-14). Across the more than 2/spl times/10/sup 6/ km/sup 2/ of deserts and semideserts in the selected central Asian ecoregions, a significant upward trend in NDVI is evident during the tenure of NOAA-11 (1989-1994). This trend is not found during any other period. We argue that the data from the PAL NDVI dataset for NOAA-11 will pose problems for land surface change analyses, if these significant sensor-related artifacts are ignored. We do not find these artifacts in data from the other three satellites (NOAA-7, NOAA-9, and NOAA-14). We suggest that the comparison of data from any combination of these three AVHRRs can be used for land surface change analyses, but that the inclusion of NOAA-11 AVHRR NDVI data in trend analyses may result in the detection of spurious trends. 相似文献
19.
《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(1):117-138
This study investigated rice cropping practices and rice growing areas in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta using MODIS 250 × 250 m normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data acquired during the 2002 and 2007 rice cropping seasons. Data processing was conducted in five main steps: (1) constructing time-series MODIS NDVI data; (2) noise filtering of the time-series MODIS NDVI data using empirical mode decomposition (EMD); (3) extracting and evaluating phenological rice training patterns from the smooth time profiles of NDVI; (4) classifying rice cropping systems using support vector machines (SVMs); and (5) conducting an error analysis using ground reference data and government rice statistics. The results indicated that EMD was an efficient filter for noise removal in the time-series MODIS NDVI data. The filtered temporal NDVI profile characterized the distinct behaviors of the rice cropping systems. The estimated sowing and harvesting dates were compared with the field-survey data and indicated root mean square error (RMSE) values of 7.5 and 8.2 days, respectively. The comparison results between the 2002 classification map and the ground reference data indicated that the overall accuracy for the 2002 data was 92.9% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.89, while in 2007 these values were 93.8% and 0.90, respectively. At the district level, there was good agreement between the MODIS-based estimated areas and government rice statistics for 2002 and 2007 (R 2 ≥ 0.85). An investigation of changes in cropping practices from 2002 to 2007 showed that 12.9% of the area used for double-cropped irrigated rice in 2002 had been converted to triple-cropped irrigated rice by 2007, whereas 27.4% of the area used for triple-cropped irrigated rice in 2002 had been converted to double-cropped irrigated rice by 2007. 相似文献
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尝试应用机载LiDAR技术测绘1：10 000比例尺地形图3D（DLG、DEM、DOM）产品，给出了机载LiDAR测绘3D产品的技术流程，并选择荒漠地区作为试验区，验证了此种技术方法在荒漠地区测绘3D产品的可行性，分析了成果精度。试验证明，该方法可以满足荒漠区域的1：10 000比例尺3D基础数据生产要求，且具有外业工作量小、自动化程度高、成图快、高程精度高、受外界环境影响小等优点，同时也总结了该方法中有待完善之处。该方法为荒漠地区3D基础测绘数据获取提供了有益借鉴。 相似文献