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1.
随着南方丘陵区开发利用强度的增大,氮、磷非点源污染和水体富营养化问题日益突出。由于流域尺度非点源污染过程的复杂性,难以建立大范围、重复可控的观测和实验环境,模型模拟成为非点源污染治理辅助决策的必要手段。已有学者对南方丘陵区非点源污染过程模拟开展了相关研究,但缺乏对已有成果及其存在问题的系统总结以及对下一步研究方向的分析探讨。本文首先分析了南方丘陵区非点源污染过程的机理,认为该地区的非点源污染过程模拟应满足多过程耦合、空间全分布式及考虑区域特点等要求;然后,对南方丘陵区非点源污染过程模拟研究现状以及存在问题进行了分析,总结了现有研究在描述非点源污染物迁移路径和反映区域特点等方面的不足;最后,从适合南方丘陵区特点的流域空间离散化方法、全分布式非点源污染物迁移路径的构建、特殊地物和人为活动在全分布式非点源污染模型中的综合表达等方面探讨了下一步研究方向,旨在为南方丘陵区非点源污染过程模拟研究提供参考和借鉴。 相似文献
2.
易秀 《地球科学与环境学报》2001,23(2):42-45
农事活动对水文系统的干扰已成为水资源恶化的重要因素。通过大量事例概述了农事活动对水资源的主要影响，分析了农业区受污染地下水的地球化学类型，从保护水资源的角度，提出了防止农业非点源污染的控制和管理对策。 相似文献
3.
低影响开发(lowimpactdevelopment,简称LID)技术与传统城市非点源控制技术相比,具有可持续、分散化、节省投
资、与场地开发和景观设计相结合等特点,近年来在国外城市雨洪控制利用和非点源污染控制中得到了迅速发展和广泛应用。首
先系统介绍了LID技术的内涵、特点以及与城市传统雨洪污染控制方法的区别,从理念上分析了LID和绿色建筑及绿色基础设施
建设体系的区别和联系;然后根据城市非点源污染的产生、迁移路径,将LID划分为单个技术—措施组合—控制体系3个层次,分
别介绍了其技术体系和评估方法;进而简要介绍了LID在国内外的相关实践;最后提出了我国开展基于LID的城市非点源污染控
制的相关建议。 相似文献
资、与场地开发和景观设计相结合等特点,近年来在国外城市雨洪控制利用和非点源污染控制中得到了迅速发展和广泛应用。首
先系统介绍了LID技术的内涵、特点以及与城市传统雨洪污染控制方法的区别,从理念上分析了LID和绿色建筑及绿色基础设施
建设体系的区别和联系;然后根据城市非点源污染的产生、迁移路径,将LID划分为单个技术—措施组合—控制体系3个层次,分
别介绍了其技术体系和评估方法;进而简要介绍了LID在国内外的相关实践;最后提出了我国开展基于LID的城市非点源污染控
制的相关建议。 相似文献
4.
淮河流域是水体遭受营养盐污染较严重的地区,本研究选择淮河上游的淮滨流域（淮滨站以上,流域面积1.6万km2）为研究对象,首先构建了淮滨流域SWAT水文水质模型,然后利用2011—2017年淮滨站实测的月径流和月氨氮浓度对SWAT模型进行了校正与验证,最后基于全球气候模型（GCM）气象数据,预测了未来30年（2020—2029年、2030—2039年、2040—2049年）不同气候变化情境（RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP6.0、RCP8.5）下的径流、氨氮浓度和非点源总氮负荷。结果发现,径流在校正期和验证期的Nash-Suttcliffe系数均为0.79,氨氮在校正期和验证期的Nash-Suttcliffe系数均高于0.5,表明模型的适用性良好。研究发现本研究区施肥量与土地利用类型是非点源氮负荷空间分异的主导因素。2020—2049年,不同气候变化情景下,本研究区的降水量和气温均为增长趋势。假如保持基准期（2011—2016年）污染排放强度,仅考虑气候变化影响,流域内非点源污染总氮负荷将比基准期最多增加31.8%,流域出水口淮滨站的年均氨氮浓度将最多减小42.6%。本研究可以为气候变化下淮滨流域的水文水质管理提供科学支撑。 相似文献
5.
长期水文影响评价模型(Long-term Hydrological Impact Assessment,L-THIA)是研究人类活动对流域非点源影响的重要评价模型之一。本文深入阐明了L-THIA模型的原理,探讨了SCS CN方法和污染物负荷的具体计算方法。在此基础上,提出了L-THIA模型存在的不足和改进方向,并以ArcMap为平台,对该模型进行了二次开发,二次开发后的模型主要包括六个模块,分别为土地利用分类模块、土壤分类模块、CN值计算模块、径流深度计算模块、径流量计算模块和污染物负荷计算模块。基于ArcMap平台的L-THIA模型利于用户方便处理数据,且提高了模型模拟的准确度,实现了模型本地化。 相似文献
6.
《国土资源导刊(湖南)》2015,(4)
通过对湘江下游农田土壤重金属污染输入途径及其影响程度的分析,确定农田土壤的重金属中Cd、Pb、As等主要以大气降尘方式输入,Hg以灌溉方式输入为主;养殖形成的排泄物、废弃物可对土壤产生一定的重金属污染风险;其影响程度依次排序为大气干湿沉降、灌溉水、施用化肥和养殖。 相似文献
7.
银川地区地下水氮污染原因及防治 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
通过对银川地区1991-2000年的地下水水质动态监测数据分析发现其地下水氮污染严重．其中尤以氨氮污染最为严重，对其氮污染的成因作进一步分析得出：引起潜水氮污染的主要因子是农田大量施用化肥和地面污水下渗，引起承压水氮污染的主要因子是大量开采承压水造成的潜水对其越流补给．最后提出了相应的防治措施。 相似文献
8.
9.
资江是洞庭湖的第二大支流，其中上游锑(Sb)矿采矿冶炼工业发达，给资江下游及洞庭湖区带来了严重的重金属污染风险。以资江河口区为研究区，采集了132个农田土壤样品及7个资江水样，综合采用多种污染评价方法、空间分析、多元统计分析方法对研究区重金属进行了污染评价及来源分析。结果表明，研究区农田土壤重金属平均质量分数表现为Zn>Cr>Ni>Pb>Cu>As>Sb>Cd，旱田土壤重金属平均质量分数除Pb外均高于水田。Sb、As、Cd为主要污染元素，Sb达到了中等污染和中等生态风险的程度，总体处于轻微-中等生态风险程度。资江水体Sb质量浓度较高，平均为10.51 μg/L。Sb主要来源于中上游的锑矿工业，受高锑质量浓度地表水灌溉、垃圾填埋场以及燃煤等人为活动的控制；Cd主要来源于农药化肥、生活垃圾和城镇废水等人为活动；Cr主要来源于成土母质，而Cu、Zn、As、Ni、Pb受成土母质和人为活动的双重控制。 相似文献
10.
基于流域过程模型的BMP情景分析是当前流域管理措施评价、非点源污染控制等研究应用中广泛采用的方法,但其通常采用的BMP空间配置单元（地块、农场、水文响应单元或子流域）与坡面上的地形部位关系较弱,难以有效地根据坡面过程特点表达坡面上多种BMP之间的空间配置关系,影响了BMP情景优化效率和结果的合理性。为此,本文提出以坡位单元作为BMP空间配置单元,将各种BMP在不同坡位间合理的空间配置关系显式表达为基于坡位的空间配置规则,通过结合NSGA-II优化算法建立了一套基于坡位单元的BMP空间配置优化方法。应用案例表明,本文构建的基于坡位单元的BMP情景优化方法可有效利用基于坡位的空间配置规则进行BMP情景优化,优化所得的BMP空间配置方案更为合理,优化效率较高。 相似文献
11.
Ruzhong Li 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2008,18(4):348-355
Many kinds of uncertainties are involved, such as random, fuzzy, grey, unascertained property and so on, in soil erosion process. To exactly predict the non-point source pollution loads, some uncertainties should be taken into consideration. Aiming at the deficiency of present blind number theory being helpless for fuzziness, a novel blind number, i.e. extended-blind number, was introduced by substituting a set of triangular fuzzy numbers （TFNs）, expressed as a-cuts, for interval values in present blind number, and the expected value of extended-blind number was also brought forward by referring to the current blind number theory. On the basis of denoting the parameters of Uni- versal Soil Loss Equation （USLE） as extended-blind parameters, a novel USLE model was established for quantitatively evaluating soil erosion loss and non-point source pollution loads. As a case, the uncertain USLE was employed for predicting the soil erosion loss and non-point source pollution loads of absorbed nitrogen and phosphorus in a dis- trict in the Hangbu-Fengle River basin, in the upstream of Chaohu Lake watershed. The results show that it is feasible in theory to extend blind number into fuzzy environment and reliable on conclusion to apply extended-blind number theory for predicting non-point source pollution loads. 相似文献
12.
Non-point source （NPS） pollution has become a major source of water pollution. A combination of models would provide the necessary direction and approaches designed to control NPS pollution through land use planning. In this study, NPS pollution load was simulated in urban planning, historic trends and ecological protection land use scenarios based on the Conversion of Land Use and its Effect at Small regional extent （CLUE-S） and Soil and Water Assessment Tool （SWAT） models applied to Hunhe-Taizi River Watershed, Liaoning Province, China. Total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） were chosen as NPS pollution indices. The results of models validation showed that CLUE-S and SWAT models were suitable in the study area. NPS pollution mainly came from dry farmland, paddy, rural and urban areas. The spatial distribution of TN and TP exhibited the same trend in 57 sub-catchments. The TN and TP had the highest NPS pollution load in the western and central plains, which concentrated the urban area and farm land. The NPS pollution load would increase in the urban planning and historic trends scenarios, and would be even higher in the urban planning scenario. How- ever, the NPS pollution load decreased in the ecological protection scenario. The differences observed in the three scenarios indicated that land use had a degree of impact on NPS pollution, which showed that scientific and ecologically sound construction could effec- tively reduce the NPS pollution load in a watershed. This study provides a scientific method for conducting NPS pollution research at the watershed scale, a scientific basis for non-point source pollution control, and a reference for related policy making. 相似文献
13.
The changing patterns of watersheds in a landscape, driven by human activities, play an important role in non-point source pollution processes. This paper aims to improve the location-weighted landscape contrast index using remote sensing and GIS technology to account for the effects of scale and ecological processes. The hydrological response unit(HRU) with a single land use and soil type was used as the smallest unit. The relationship between the landscape index and typical ecological processes was established by describing the influence of the landscape pattern on non-point source pollution. To verify the research method, this paper used the Yanshi River basin as a study area. The results showed that the relative intensity of non-point source pollution in different regions of the watershed and the location-weighted landscape contrast index based on the minimum HRU can qualitatively reflect the risk of regional nutrient loss. 相似文献
14.
SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL EROSION AND NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION BASED ON GIS IN ERLONG LAKE WATERSHED, JILIN PROVINCE 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Data collection, factor composition, nappe analysis and integrative simulation of natural geographical factors in Erlong Lake
watershed have been carried out based on GIS. The risk areas where non-point source pollution may occur were compartmentalized
and assessed, and the total soil erosion and the runoffs of N and P with rainfall in this valley were worked out by experiment
and GIS mapping. The study indicated that the main type of soil erosion was moderate (erosion modulus is 1000–2500t/(km2·a)) at present, and the intense erosion areas are located in dry land with variable slope east of the lake and the middle-south
parts of steep slope mountainous region (erosion modulus is more than 5000t/(km2·a)). Though the area is small, it should be paid attention to. The trend of non-point source pollution (NSP) of nitrogen
and phosphorus loss was corresponded with the soil erosion. Spatial distribution and the reasons of the distribution difference
have been presented and it was emphasized that the human activities among the influence factors was the most important. It
surely offers a scientific basis to control and prevent non-point source pollution in the watershed.
Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50139020-5-2) and Science & Technology
Committee of Jilin Province (No. 20010602)
Biography: WANG Ning (1952–), female, a native of Beijing, associate professor, Ph.D., specialized in water and soil conservation
and pollution control. E-mail: nwang@nenu.edu.cn 相似文献
15.
《中国地理科学(英文版)》2021,(3)
In this study, an inventory analysis approach was used to investigate the intensity of agricultural non-point source pollution(ANSP) and its spatial convergence at national and provincial levels in China from 1999 to 2017. On this basis, spatial factors affecting ANSP were explored by constructing a spatial econometric model. The results indicate that: 1) The intensity of China's ANSP emission showed an overall upward trend and an obvious spatial difference, with the values being high in the eastern and central regions and relatively low in the western region. 2) Significant spatial agglomeration was shown in China's ANSP intensity, and the agglomeration effect was increasing gradually. 3) In the convergence analysis, a spatial lag model was found applicable for interpretation of the ANSP intensity, with the convergence rate being accelerated after considering the spatial factors but slower than that of regional economic growth.4) The spatial factors affecting the ANSP intensity are shown to be reduced by improving agricultural infrastructure investment, laborforce quality, and crop production ratio, while the expansion of agricultural economy scale and precipitation and runoff have positive impact on ANSP in the study region. However, agricultural research and development(RD) investment showed no direct significant effect on the ANSP intensity. Meanwhile, improving the quality of the labor force would significantly reduce the ANSP intensity in the surrounding areas, while the precipitation and runoff would significantly increase the pollution of neighboring regions. This research has laid a theoretical basis for formulation and optimization of ANSP prevention strategies in China and related regions. 相似文献
16.
Based on the observed data in monitored drainage areas and GIS spatial analysis tools, watershed basic database of Shitoukoumen Reservoir Basin was built. The multivariate analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of water quality, identify the key environmental factors and their patterns influencing the spatial variation of water quality, and determine the main types and forms of the non-point source (NPS) pollutant export controlled by the key environmental factors. The results show that different patterns of environmental factors lead to great changes in water quality at spatial and seasonal scales. All selected environmental factors explain 64.5% and 68.2% of the spatial variation of water quality over dry season and rainy season, respectively, which shows clear seasonal difference. Over dry season, residential land is the most important environmental factor, which possesses 35.4% of the spatial variation, and drainage area is the second key environmental factor, which possesses 17.0% of spatial variation in the total variance. Over rainy season, slope length and drainage area are the key environmental factors, which possess 29.3% of the spatial variation together. Residential land influences nitrogen export by changing NH4 +-N and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) discharge over dry season, and drainage area controls phosphorus export by regulating dissolved phosphorus (DP) drainage over dry season and phosphorus associated particulate (PAP) loss over rainy season, respectively. Although slope length is an important environmental factor, it does not influence NPS pollutant export. It is interesting that soil organic matter, as a minor environmental factor, highly determines phosphorus and nitrogen export by enhancing the DP, PAP and PON loss. 相似文献
17.
Ascertaining the relationship between "source-sink" landscape and non-point source(NPS) pollution is crucial for reducing NPS pollution, however, it is not easy to realize this target on cell unit scale. To reveal the relationships between "sourcesink" landscape and NPS pollution based on cell units of a small catchment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region(TGRR), the runoff and nutrient yields were simulated first by rainfall events on a cell unit scale based on the Annualized AGricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Model(AnnAGNPS). Landscape structure and pattern were quantified with "sourcesink" landscape indicators based on cell units including landscape area indices and locationweighted landscape indices. The results showed that:the study case of small Wangjiagou catchment highlighted a good prediction capability of runoff and nutrient export by the AnnAGNPS model. Throughout the catchment, the spatial distribution trends of four location-weighted landscape indices were similar to the trends of simulated total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP), which highlighted the importance of spatial arrangement of "source" and "sink" landscape types in a catchment when estimating pollutant loads. Results by Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the location-weighted landscape index provided a more comprehensive account of multiple factors, and can better reflect NPS-related nutrient loss than other landscape indices applied in single-factor analysis. This study provides new findings for applying the "source-sink" landscape indices based on cell units in small catchments to explain the effect of "source-sink" landscape on nutrient export based on cell unit, and helps improve the understanding of the correlation between "source-sink" landscape and NPS pollution. 相似文献
18.
SWAT模型运行结构与组织研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型是美国农业部开发的具有物理基础的分布式非点源模型系统,可以模拟流域尺度的多种地理过程,如产水、产沙、养分和农药等的迁移与转化,并预测不同的管理措施对流域过程的影响。SWAT模型模拟内容多,程序结构复杂,导致集成应用和模型修改的困难。本文在模型结构剖析的基础上讨论了SWAT模型的内部运行结构,列举实例给出了运行控制文件的写法。 相似文献