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1.
Similar to other areas of Pakistan, land resources in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa （KP） is kept under various ownership regimes for socio-economic and ecological benefits. For the last three to four decades, communal lands and resources are subjected to high rate of degradation and deterioration, which is leading to multifarious socio-economical and ecological implications. This paper intends to look into factors that are responsible for the degradation of communal land and the adaptability of the management mechanisms developed by the local inhabitants to conserve these resources. Moreover, this study also explores the sustainability of these adopted strategies in present circumstances. Data regarding socio-economic parameters of the inhabitants and their interactions with communal lands were collected through questionnaire cum interview method. As long-term climatic data for the area do not exist therefore focus group discussions were conducted to document the changing trend in rainfall regimes and temperature variations for the last about four decades. Results indicate that communal lands are highly vulnerable to degradation due to biophysical and anthropogenic factors. Local inhabitants have developed suitable measures to control the situation, however, accelerated socio-economic transformations in the area have weakened the role of local institutions and that led to further degradation of these resources. Nevertheless, a number of locally formulated rules have been revived and implemented and it is hoped that these threatened resources would be conserved. 相似文献
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Socio-economic drivers of deforestation in Roghani Valley,Hindu-Raj Mountains,Northern Pakistan 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Deforestation and associated ecological disturbances are the issues of global concern.Researchers have investigated a number of driving forces which accelerate the rate of deforestation at local and regional levels.These include poverty,population growth,market demand and prices,political instability,agricultural expansion and changes in property right and ownership regimes.This paper seeks to explore the impacts of population growth,changing tenure system and other socioeconomic factors on the forest cover of Roghani Valley,located in Hindu Raj Mountains,Northern Pakistan.The present study is mainly based on information collected through participatory observation,selfadministered interviews and questionnaire survey.Geographical Information System（GIS） database is also used for mapping and quantification.The results reveal that in the past three to four decades the study area has been subjected to severe deforestation and about half of the forest area has been converted into barren land.Thus,the area under natural forests decreased from 2099 to 1444 hectares in four decades.This large-scale deforestation is attributed to both proximate and under lying causes particularly traditional land tenure system and demographic development.Consequently,forest resources have been degraded and a number of plant species have disappeared from the forests of the study area while several others are in the process of disappearance. 相似文献
3.
Hilly or mountainous terrain occupies around 12% of the area of Bangladesh.Natural resources associated with Bangladesh’s hill are forest resources,biodiversity,minerals,and agricultural crops.Natural resources have been exploited in the recent four decades due to excessive clearing of hill forest cover,resulting in loss of species richness, impacts related to increased water flow variability, increased hill slope erosion and flooding intensity, and a gradual decrease in the extent of hill area in Bangladesh.This review explores the major causes and effects of depletion of natural resources by linking drivers,pressures and the related impacts.A review has been conducted to structure the effects on the hilly areas and describe the responses to minimize them in the associated DPSIR framework.Population growth has been identified as a major driver contributing to high deforestation rates.This may negatively effect agricultural productivity and increase the frequency of serious flooding.Slash and burn cultivation also impacts the regeneration of evergreen forests,which may accelerate soil erosion. Due to this and other factors,local people are facing a deficits of natural resources(food,fodder,fuel wood and water),which exacerbates the effects of poverty. Future research should try to facilitate decision making for sustainable utilization of natural resources management in the hilly areas of Bangladesh. Additional conservation measures should be developed to increase the resilience of ecosystems at national and regional levels. 相似文献
4.
Discussion on sustainable urbanization in Tibet 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
After 1995,Tibet entered the stage of accelerated urbanization.The large floating population from outside Tibet has become the driving force for urban expansion and the rising of urbanization rate.After analyzing the changes of urban functions and spatial structure of urban system in Tibet,this paper argues that before 1995 the urbanization in Tibet was mainly driven by administrative function,resulting in certain population migration,whereas in the past dec-ade economic function has become the key factor accelerating urban expansion with the market mechanism creating large-scale inflow of population.The floating population-based urbanization and high population growth in the agri-cultural and pastoral areas of Tibet has promoted the regional economic prosperity,but exerted resources and environ-mental pressure and brought some problems for Tibetan culture protection at the same time.The conflicts and contra-dictions between urbanization and the sustainability of natural resources,environment and social development have been intensified.Addressing these problems,this paper proposes some countermeasures for improving the sustainabil-ity of Tibetan urbanization. 相似文献
5.
Current approaches for sustainable mountain development have several persisting warning signals. Economic globalization, profitoriented market development, and infrastructure development have significantly altered traditional nature-society interactions, increased environmental pressures, and challenged agricultural sustainability in the mountains. Some of the effects of globalization could also be beneficial. Social differentiation and disintegration of mountain communities' have weakened their collective stakes on natural resources resulting in decline in initiatives such as community forestry, collective water management, domestication of rapidly disappearing herbal species, and balancing of economic and ecological concerns. Population growth, food insecurity, unemployment, and increasing economic gaps between rich and poor have led to out-migration of youth. Sustained action promoting ownership of new initiatives for rehabilitating degraded mountain landscapes through macro-level global/national initiatives, mountain specific planning and development efforts is severely lacking in many areas on the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Therefore, there is an urgent need for widening the scope of efforts directed to help mountain areas and communities, and a future thinking approach to enhance the sustainability of mountain areas as they are a valuable natural resource for humankind. This paper discusses the issues, opportunities, and provides suggestions for the future of mountain development. 相似文献
6.
长期以来,我国采用分类管理的方式管理不同类型的自然资源,在自然资源监测监管中造成了部分自然资源重复统计、权属不明等问题,在湿地、林地等自然资源中表现尤其明显。为了系统性地进行自然资源监测监管,需要对自然资源进行整体性地、统一性地分类,建立一个综合性的自然资源分类体系。本文遵循“山水林田湖草”是一个生命共同体的理念,从这一理论思想出发,整理单门类自然资源整体和个体之间的关系,分析国内外的分类编码体系,从法理、学理和管理不同角度研究整理自然资源分类现状,综合考虑地表覆盖层的监测监管要求,采用树状分类法和交叉分类法重新构建了三级分类的自然资源分类体系框架,为构建自然资源监测监管体系提供必要的基础支撑,为完善生态文明建设,为国民经济健康持续发展提供重要的基础保障。 相似文献
7.
Bai Zhang 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1994,4(4):322-332
（张柏）ＴＨＥＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＳＯＦＴＨＥＬＡＮＤＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥＳＳＹＳＴＥＭＩＮＴＨＥＦＡＲＭＬＡＮＤＳＨＥＬＴＥＲＦＯＲＥＳＴＲＥＧＩＯＮＩＮＴＨＥＮＯＲＴＨＥＡＳＴＰＬＡＩＮ￥ＺｈａｎｇＢａｉ（ＣｈａｎｇｃｈｕｎＩｎｓｔ... 相似文献
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ＬＡＮＤ ＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥＳ ＳＵＲＶＥＹ ＢＹ ＲＥＭＯＴＥ ＳＥＮＳＩＮＧ ＡＮＤ ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳ ＯＦ ＬＡＮＤ ＣＡＲＲＹＩＮＧ ＣＡＰＡＣＩＴＹ ＦＯＲ ＰＯＰＵＬＡＴＩＯＮ ＩＮ ＴＵＭＥＮ ＲＩＶＥＲ ＲＥＧＩＯＮＬＡＮＤＲＥＳＯＵＲ... 相似文献
9.
LIUXin-wei CHENBai-ming ZHANGDing-xiang 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2004,14(3):209-214
Efficiency and sustainability of grain production are now important in China. In this study, the grain production systems of Jiangsu and Shaanxi Provinces were compared, to analyze their efficiency and sustainability in terms of utilization of natural resources, inputs of purchased energy and materials, and outputs. Flows of energy and materials between environment and human society were identified, and the natural and human work involved in generating inputs as materials or energy were valued in terms of equivalent amount of solar energy required for their production using emergy method. The results showed environmental resources were continually playing a less important role in the systems, when inorganic subsidiary emergy inputs increased drastically while organic ones decreased or increased little. Deterioration of input emergy structure affected the systems‘ efficiency and sustainability, resulting in emergy investment ratios and environmental loading ratios increasing while yield ratios and sustainability indices decreasing. In general, efficiency and sustainability of grain production in Jiangsu are worse than those in Shaanxi. This analysis also suggested that inorganic subsidiary emergy should be introduced properly, and peasants in Jiangsu should utilize natural conditions wisely while those in Shaanxi pay enough attention to soil and surface water conservation. 相似文献
10.
An exploratory survey was conducted on the uses and role of invasive alien species(IAS) to local livelihoods in the Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary in the northeastern hilly region of Bangladesh.Vegetation was sampled in 50 quadrates,each 10 m×10 m,and 25 line transects,each 50 m×20 m,through a combination of random and systematic sampling.Group discussions were also arranged with fifty local inhabitants(17 % of the total inhabitants) to learn the various uses of IAS.A total of 17 alien plant species belonging to 10 different families,of which Leguminosae constitutes the highest number(5 species),include tree(53%) followed by herb(12%),shrub(12%) and others(weed,climber and palm).The majority of the identified species were found to be used for fuel,followed by timber production,medicinal or curative uses,fodder,and many others.In addition to providing various forest products,alien tree species planted in forest plantation help provide many vital ecosystem services such as soil amelioration through nitrogen fixation.It is true that the alien species have some negative impacts on local ecosystems,and not all of them are harmful.Therefore,a national programme must be initiated to distinguish the harmful from the harmless species and to identify the uses and impacts of the former and latter. 相似文献
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本文以2005年以来中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所开放式空间数据共享网站（OSDS）平台的注册用户为研究对象,利用最近邻层次空间聚类方法和地理探测器模型,对各省注册用户量的空间分布特征和差异影响因素进行了分析。分析结果表明,整体上用户空间分布很不均衡,主要集中在东部发达地区和几个在测绘和地理信息科学领域卓有建树的地区,信息、科研和教育是主要影响因素,经济、网络和测绘的单因素影响力较低,而与主要影响因素结合的交互影响得到了提升。因此,多因素共同制约着用户群的空间分布格局和区域不均衡性。应用地理探测器能从宏观上把握遥感学者群体的空间分布特征及其影响因素,其分析结果能够指导数据提供者更有针对性地为用户提供服务,也可为遥感产业调整和空间布局优化提供依据。 相似文献
13.
广西旅游资源遥感调查的影像特征作用及意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文章利用航空图像、法国SPOT - 2、美国Landsat- 5卫星 ,全色和TM波段数据成像等遥感图像资料 ,对广西旅游资源进行了遥感调查。依据旅游资源影像特征解译 ,揭示和发现了 5类 12种基本类型。实践证明 ,旅游资源遥感调查的作用和效果明显 ,可作为政府和决策部门查明并开发本地旅游资源直观快速的调查途径 相似文献
14.
基于综合承载力的北京市适度人口研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
北京作为中国的政治、经济和文化中心,资源短缺、交通拥堵和生态环境恶化等问题日益严重,确定其适度人口规模,对引导区域人口合理流动和环境保护具有一定的现实意义。本文基于综合承载力,对已有的适度人口模型进行了改进：利用主成分分析法和熵权法确定生态、经济和资源承载系统的权重;经济承载人口测算指标不局限于地区生产总值（GDP）这一单一指标;资源承载人口综合考虑了土地资源和水资源承载力。本文通过综合分析2004-2014年北京各项承载人口和适度人口,结果表明：① 生态承载人口规模在波动中有增长的趋势,由717.38万人上升至753.14万人,一直处于人口超载状态;② 经济承载人口一直处于富余状态,但规模由5297.18万人减少至3802.06万人。第三产业产值所承载的人口对经济承载人口的贡献最大,在2014年达到65.15%;③ 资源承载人口规模处于波动状态,2014年为139.61万人,超载率逐年增加。土地资源承载力对资源承载人口的贡献大于水资源,2014年贡献率达79.91%;④ 北京市适度人口规模从2004年的2031.15万人减少至2014年的1550.67万人,2008年开始出现人口赤字,且人口超载率逐年攀升。经济承载人口对适度人口贡献率维持在80%以上,生态和资源承载人口的贡献率平均值分别为14%和3%。人口资源压力指数在波动中有上升的趋势,从2004年的9.45上升至2014年的15.41,资源约束已经成为阻碍城市发展的主要因素,经济承载力是维持适度人口规模缓慢减小的主要动力。 相似文献
15.
Sanjeev Sharma Jagdish C. Kuniyal J. C. Sharma 《山地科学学报》2007,4(3):221-236
Mountain ecosystem,on the earth,has plenty of natural resources. In Himachal Pradesh all the rivers are snowfed and therefore rich in water resources. These resources have been supporting enough for the generation of electricity through introducing hydropower projects since the last decade. However,every developmental activity has its own negative impacts on the surrounding environment. Due to the fragile nature of topography and delicacy of ecology of the Himalaya,it results in lot of disturbances because of high degree of human interferences like construction of major hydropower projects. The increased extent of geological hazards,such as landslides,rock fall and soil erosion,have mainly due to alike developmental interventions in the natural ecosystem. So understanding and analysing such impacts of the hydropower projects have mainly been on the environment in various forms but natural hazards have been frequent ones. The present study,therefore,focuses mainly on the Parbati Stage Ⅱ (800 MW) and the Parbati Stage Ⅲ (520 MW) hydropower projects; both of which fall within the Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Based on the perception survey of the local communities,the existing land use pattern,status of total acquired land of the residents by hydropower projects,frequent natural hazards and resultant loss to the local communities due to upcoming construction of hydropower projects surrounding to the Parbati Stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ have been analysed in the paper. Also,the preventive measures to mitigate these adverse impacts have been suggested to strengthen these projects in eco-friendly manner in the mountain context. 相似文献
16.
海域使用现状调查涉及的信息既包括自然空间信息又包括海域管理相关的信息，本文立足于全面、准确获取山东省管辖海域使用现状，以海域权属矢量数据为基础，叠加空间分辨率等于或优于2m的卫星影像，在ArcGIS中进行目视解译，判断用海方式、用海类型、使用现状、利用现状，经过现场补充调查后最终形成海域使用现状矢量数据。利用现场调查和遥感解译的成果，构建误差矩阵，对遥感解译的用海方式、用海类型进行精度评价，得到总体精度均能达到98%，能够满足海域管理的需要。根据《资源环境承载能力监测预警技术方法（试行）》对山东省海域的开发强度进行评价，全省海域开发强度总体适宜。 相似文献
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介绍了一种基于电话网(PSTN)的远程智能控制系统.采用电话机上的按键作为控制命令按键,以公用电话网作为传输线路,将控制信号发送给远程智能控制系统,控制系统将收到的控制信号通过无线的方式发送到控制终端,来控制与控制终端相连的用电器.系统以MT8880芯片作为DTMF信号的编解码核心,利用单片机的智能功能实现对受控设备的控制,同时,为了提高安全,系统通过软件设置了密码.当需要远程控制时,操作者首先要拨打相应的电话号码;电话接通后,根据语音提示输入密码,便进入可对远地设备进行控制的状态.同时还具有,当系统收到异常信号时,自动拨打预存的电话号码,告知用户有异常情况发生,以起到远程报警的作用.这种控制系统具有简单、廉价、实用的特点,并且较一般的控制系统更为安全可靠. 相似文献
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Introduction Here vulnerability is related to the hazard-affected bodies including human beings and material objects. Without hazard-affected bodies, there would be no disasters. Disaster is a combination of the hazard-affected bodies and the hazard-forma… 相似文献
20.
ZHOU Jia XIAO Haifeng SHANG Jincheng ZHANG Xuelin 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2007,17(4):304-310
Sustainable development is a complex and systemic issue. It is essential to study it by the component analysis method from the view of system science. The urban developmental sustainability is one of focuses that people has paid more attention to, however, little common understanding how to measure and evaluate the sustainability has been gotten. In this paper, a framework is designed to evaluate the developmental sustainability of Suihua City, Heilongjiang Province in China from the aspects of economy, society, population, resources and environment. We adopt the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to decrease dimensions and simplify the original indexes into 12 indexes. Also, the hierarchy and comprehensive multiple-criterion evaluative methods are employed to assess the sustainable development system in Suihua City. Then, the weights of indexes are attained by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Furthermore, urban comprehensive development level, developmental sustainability, coordinate degree are calculated and analyzed. By analyzing, we know the fluctuation of development level of subsystem, especially resources and environment subsystem, is acute. The comprehensive development level of sustainable development system in Suihua has been on the rise since 1999. That results from the effect of traditional economic development mode with high energy-consumed being decreased in the city after 1999. At the same time, it is obvious that there was an instability of development level in Suihua City during 1990-2002, with a turn in 1998, and the development could be sustainable, the status trend was more harmonious in 1999-2002. 相似文献