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1.
《中国地理科学(英文版)》2019,(1)
Satellite-based products with high spatial and temporal resolution provide useful precipitation information for data-sparse or ungauged large-scale watersheds. In the Lower Lancang-Mekong River Basin, rainfall stations are sparse and unevenly distributed, and the transboundary characteristic makes the collection of precipitation data more difficult, which has restricted hydrological processes simulation. In this study, daily precipitation data from four datasets(gauge observations, inverse distance weighted(IDW) data, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) estimates, and Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations(CHIRPS) estimates), were applied to drive the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model, and then their capability for hydrological simulation in the Lower Lancang-Mekong River Basin were examined. TRMM and CHIRPS data showed good performances on precipitation estimation in the Lower Lancang-Mekong River Basin, with the better performance for TRMM product. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) values of gauge, IDW, TRMM, and CHIRPS simulations during the calibration period were 0.87, 0.86, 0.95, and 0.93 for monthly flow, respectively, and those for daily flow were 0.75, 0.77, 0.86, and 0.84, respectively. TRMM and CHIRPS data were superior to rain gauge and IDW data for driving the hydrological model, and TRMM data produced the best simulation performance. Satellite-based precipitation estimates could be suitable data sources when simulating hydrological processes for large data-poor or ungauged watersheds, especially in international river basins for which precipitation observations are difficult to collect. CHIRPS data provide long precipitation time series from 1981 to near present and thus could be used as an alternative precipitation input for hydrological simulation, especially for the period without TRMM data. For satellite-based precipitation products, the differences in the occurrence frequencies and amounts of precipitation with different intensities would affect simulation results of water balance components, which should be comprehensively considered in water resources estimation and planning. 相似文献
2.
There are numerous lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), but the role of lake temperature in precipitation over the TP remains unclear. Here the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used to detect the impact of lakes on summer rainfall. Three test cases were used to evaluate the effect of lakes surface temperature (LSTs) on precipitation variability. The three cases used different methods to determine initial LSTs, including using sea surface temperature data (SST), the WRF inland water module (avg_tsfc), and a lake model. Results show that when precipitation was stimulated over the TP, LSTs cannot be initialized using SST, which led to large discrepancies of precipitation. Compared with the simulations, the simulated precipitation were improved obviously with LSTs using avg_tsfc, indicating that LSTs have an considerable influence on determining precipitation over the TP. Due to a lack of observational data, the lake scheme does not improve on rainfall simulation, but does effectively simulate precipitation pattern over lakes, such as rainfall over the lakes was dominated by convection during the nighttime. Though the simulated precipitation using SST to initialize LSTs caused large discrepancies, it suggested that precipitation increase especially convective precipitation with increase in LSTs, which confirmed that the moisture from lakes cannot be neglected over the TP. Generally, it was necessary to monitor the LSTs for accurate weather and climate prediction over the TP. 相似文献
3.
利用东北地区2000-2010年93个气象站点观测数据作为“真实值”,对TRMM降水数据进行精度验证,发现研究区TRMM降水数据与观测数据之间具有明显的线性相关性,且TRMM降水数据数值偏大于观测值,表明TRMM降水数据在东北地区具有一定的可信度。对东北地区多年平均、2001、2010年的TRMM数据,进行GWR模型降尺度研究,得到1 km的新降水数据,并与全局OLS回归模型进行对比。结果表明：（1）相比全局OLS回归模型,GWR模型的降尺度结果可获得更好的R与RMSE,说明GWR模型更适用于东北地区TRMM数据的降尺度研究;（2）东北地区GWR模型的降尺度分析结果与观测数据之间的相关系数在0.44-0.97之间,且分布较分散;（3）经过降尺度的TRMM降水数据,在空间分辨率上有较大提高,能更真实地反映研究区的降水特征,为该数据小尺度的应用研究奠定基础。 相似文献
4.
高精度曲面建模方法（High Accuracy Surface Modeling, HASM）,从理论上解决了传统方法在插值过程中峰值削平和边界震荡等问题。其模拟精度相对于经典插值方法有很大提高,已成功应用于人口密度、土壤属性,以及气候要素等领域的空间制图。然而,由于地面气象站点数量和分布的限制,使得HASM仅依靠站点数据难以得到高精度的空间降水估计数据,因此,本文以地貌与气候类型复杂多样的我国中西部地区2010年年降水量空间分布模拟为例,采用混合插值法进行HASM区域降水模拟。结果表明,TRMM作为背景场的HASM模拟的年降水量精度,在全局和局部明显优于IDW、Spline和Kriging等经典插值方法的结果,作为背景场的HASM模拟精度,MAE和RMSE分别为125.15 mm和155.80 mm,其他方法最好的模拟结果比其误差值分别高出53.6%和54.5%;其模拟误差在不同子区域都较小;各种方法在平原的精度都高于山区的精度。 相似文献
5.
Characterizing spatial patterns of precipitation based on corrected TRMM 3B43 data over the mid Tianshan Mountains of China 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The poor distribution of meteorological stations results in a limited understanding of the precipitation pattern in the Tianshan Mountains. The spatial patterns of precipitation over the mid Tianshan Mountains were characterized based on the TRMM 3B43 monthly precipitation data. By comparing satellite estimates with observed data, it shows that TRMM 3B43 data underestimate the precipitation in mountain region. Regression models were developed to improve the TRMM 3B43 data, using geographic location and topographic variables extracted from DEM using GIS technology. The explained variance in observed precipitation was improved from 64% (from TRMM 3B43 products alone) to over 82% and the bias reduced by over 30% when location and topographic variables were added. We recalculated all the TRMM 3B43 monthly precipitation grids for the period 1998 to 2009 using the best regression models, and then studied the variation patterns of precipitation over the mid Tianshan Mountains. The results are well explained by a general understanding of the patterns of precipitation and orographic effects. This indicated that the Tianshan Mountains strongly influences the amount and distribution of precipitation in the region. This is highlighted by the confinement of the precipitation maxima to the windward (northern slope). And complex vertical changes in the provenance and distribution of precipitation, like that a negative increasing rate of precipitation in the vertical direction exists in the north but does not in south. The results have also revealed large gradients and different patterns in seasonal precipitation that are not simply related to elevation, the distribution of precipitation may also be affected by other seasonal factors such as the sources of moist air, wind direction and temperature. 相似文献
6.
基于TRMM数据的福建省降水时空格局BME插值分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
传统空间插值方法可获得福建省区域内降水的总体分布,但该地区气象站点较稀疏且分布不均,导致该区域内降水的空间插值结果误差较大。为提高插值精度,本文利用TRMM卫星数据以弥补站点数据的不足,尝试将TRMM数据作为"软数据"、台站数据作为"硬数据",两者相结合后采用贝叶斯最大熵(Bayesian Maximum Entropy,BME)方法对福建省降水的时空格局进行分析。以2000-2012年近13年20个气象站点的年降水量和月降水量为基础数据,分别利用普通克里格法(Ordinary Kriging,OK)和TRMM为"软数据"的BME插值法,分析福建省多年降水的时空分布格局,并对2种方法的插值结果进行比较。结果表明:在时空分布上,以TRMM数据为辅助变量的贝叶斯最大熵插值结果能更好地体现降水的局部差异特征;在误差评价上,以TRMM数据为辅助变量的贝叶斯最大熵插值结果的MAE和RMSE较小,表明TRMM数据作为"软数据"参与插值的BME方法可以在一定程度上弥补站点数据的不足,有效降低预测结果的绝对误差。通过对福建省降水插值的时空分布格局分析和误差评价可看出,BME插值法通过对基础台站数据,以及TRMM卫星产品数据的利用,使降水的时空分析结果更加真实客观,同时,为TRMM卫星降水数据的应用提供了一个新思路。 相似文献
7.
成都“2008.9.24”暴雨的中尺度数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了更好的研究四川成都地区2008年9月23日～25日强降水天气的物理机制,利用中尺度天气预报模式(Weather Research Forecast,WRF)模拟了此次过程,并结合FY-2号C星云图资料,对过程的发生、发展过程进行分析后发现,此次暴雨过程为低层弱低压辐合,同时台风"黑格比"登陆后带来大量水汽,并借助西伸的西太平洋副高源源不断的向四川盆地输送,另外存在来自南方孟加拉湾水汽的持续供应,对流云团形成于地面低压与西伸副高的交界处,并沿着副高边缘由西南向东北移动,雨带分布在副高边缘气压梯度大的地方,模拟结果与观测事实基本相符。利用WRF模式模拟暴雨产生的环流形势,配合卫星云图,能进一步揭示暴雨产生的物理机制,可作为深化暴雨研究的有效手段。 相似文献
8.
Mesoscale coupling between perturbations of mesoscale sea surface temperature(SST) and lowlevel winds has been extensively studied using available high-resolution satellite observations. However, the climatological impacts of mesoscale SST perturbations(SST_(meso)) on the free atmosphere have not been fully understood. In this study, the rectified ef fect of SST_(meso) on local climatological precipitation in the KuroshioOyashio Extension(KOE) region is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)Model; two runs are performed, one forced by low-resolution SST fields(almost no mesoscale signals) and another by additional high-resolution SST_(meso) fields extracted from satellite observations. Climatological precipitation response to SST_(meso) is characterized mainly by enhanced precipitation on the warmer flank of three oceanic SST fronts in this region. The results show that the positive correlation between the 10-m wind speed perturbations and SST_(meso) is well captured by the WRF model with a reasonable spatial pattern but relatively weak strength. The addition of SST_(meso) improves the climatological precipitation simulated by WRF with a better representation of fine-scale structures compared with satellite observations. A closer examination on the underlying mechanism suggests that while the pressure adjustment mechanism can explain the climatological precipitation enhancement along the fronts and the relatively high contribution of the convective precipitation, other factors such as synoptic events should also be taken into consideration to account for the seasonality of the precipitation response. 相似文献
9.
The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model-gamil (FGOALS-g) was used to study the spring prediction barrier (SPB) in an ensemble system. This coupled model was developed and maintained at the State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG). There are two steps in our hindcast experiments. The first is to integrate the coupled model continuously with sea surface temperature (SST) nudging, from 1971 to 2006. The second is to carry out a series of one-year hindcasts without SST nudging, by adopting initial values from the first step on January 1 st , April 1st , July 1st , and October 1st , from 1982 to 2005. We generate 10 ensemble members for a particular start date (1st ) by choosing different atmospheric and land conditions around the hindcast start date (1st through 10th ). To estimate the predicted SST, two methods are used: (1) Anomaly Correlation Coefficient and its rate of decrease; and (2) Talagrand distribution and its standard deviation. Results show that FGOALS-g offers a reliable ensemble system with realistic initial atmospheric and oceanic conditions, and high anomaly correlation (>0.5) within 6 month lead time. Further, the ensemble approach is effective, in that the anomaly correlation of ensemble mean is much higher than that of most individual ensemble members. The SPB exists in the FGOALS-g ensemble system, as shown by anomaly correlation and equal likelihood. Nevertheless, the role of the ensemble mean in reducing the SPB of ENSO prediction is significant. The rate of decrease of the ensemble mean is smaller than the largest deviations by 0.04-0.14. At the same time, the ensemble system "equal likelihood" declines during spring. An ensemble mean helps give a correct prediction direction, departing from largely-deviated ensemble members. 相似文献
10.
基于TRMM降水数据的空间降尺度模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究以黑河流域为例,通过在不同空间尺度上建立降水与影响因素的关系并选择最优尺度以此进行降尺度,建立了基于地理加权回归（GWR）与高精度曲面建模方法（HASM）相结合的跨尺度统计降尺度方法,对TRMM降水数据进行了降尺度模拟。最后,结合站点观测数据采用交叉验证法对降尺度结果进行了验证。结果表明,与传统的降尺度方法相比,考虑最优尺度的降尺度方法在一定程度上提高了降尺度结果的精度,同时表明对跨尺度过程中产生的误差进行修正可进一步提高结果精度。本研究所提出的方法可用于粗分辨率降水数据的降尺度模拟,可为站点稀疏地区或地形复杂地区高分辨率高精度降水数据的获取提供方法上的支持。 相似文献
11.
The newly developed Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport(COAWST) Modeling System is applied to investigate typhoon-ocean interactions in this study. The COAWST modeling system represents the state-of-the-art numerical simulation technique comprising several coupled models to study coastal and environmental processes. The modeling system is applied to simulate Typhoon Muifa(2011), which strengthened from a tropical storm to a super typhoon in the Northwestern Pacific, to explore the heat fluxes exchanged among the processes simulated using the atmosphere model WRF, ocean model ROMS and wave model SWAN. These three models adopted the same horizontal grid. Three numerical experiments with different coupling configurations are performed in order to investigate the impact of typhoon-ocean interaction on the intensity and ocean response to typhoon. The simulated typhoon tracks and intensities agree with observations. Comparisons of the simulated variables with available atmospheric and oceanic observations show the good performance of using the coupled modeling system for simulating the ocean and atmosphere processes during a typhoon event. The fully coupled simulation that includes a ocean model identifies a decreased SST as a result of the typhoon-forced entrainment. Typhoon intensity and wind speed are reduced due to the decrease of the sea surface temperature when using a coupled ocean model. The experiments with ocean coupled to atmosphere also results in decreased sea surface heat flux and air temperature. The heat flux decreases by about 29% compared to the WRF only case. The reduction of the energy induced by SST decreases, resulting in weakening of the typhoon. Coupling of the waves to the atmosphere and ocean model induces a slight increase of SST in the typhoon center area with the ocean-atmosphere interaction increased as a result of wave feedback to atmosphere. 相似文献
12.
遥感降水产品在中国不同气候区的适用性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
遥感降水产品相对于气象站观测数据能够更好地反映降水的空间分布特征,对其进行不同气候区上的差异性评价对数据产品选择和遥感降水反演算法改进均有重大意义。本文选择中国典型气候区（干旱区、过渡区、湿润区和青藏高原地区）,以649个经偏差矫正后的气象站降水数据为标准,评估了5种国际常用的遥感降水产品 (CHIRPS v2.0, CMORPH v1.0, MSWEP v2.0, PERSIANN-CDR, TRMM 3B42v7) 在中国典型气候区的适用性。研究发现,各产品的性能存在空间差异性。MSWEP在各气候区的相关系数(CC),Kling-Gupta efficiency（KGE）,均方根误差（RMSE）等基本统计性能指标均优于其他4种产品。相对偏差（BIAS）方面,在干旱区、湿润区、青藏高原、过渡区表现较优越的产品分别为MSWEP、CHIRPS、PERSIANN、TRMM。在评估遥感降水产品对降水事件发生概率的估算能力方面,选择了误报率（FAR,降水事件预报错误的比例）、命中率（POD,降水事件预报正确的比例）、关键成功指数（CSI,降水事件正确预报综合性能）、精度指数（ACC,等级预报综合性能）和降水等级概率分布（PDF）5个指标作为评估依据,结果表明,就POD,CSI和ACC而言,在各气候区MSWEP表现明显优于其他产品;对于FAR,TRMM和CMORPH产品在湿润区表现优越,其余气候区仍以MSWEP表现较为优越;就PDF而言,PERSIANN和MSWEP产品对1~20 mm的日降水量的估算偏高,特别是MSWEP在青藏高原和湿润区对小雨的估算频率明显偏高, MSWEP有待在该区提高频率预报的能力。综合而言,多源数据融合的MSWEP在各气候区的基本统计性能和降水等级性能较好,可作为可靠的降水数据源用于中国水文气象研究,同时也表明多源数据融合产品具有良好的应用前景。 相似文献
13.
为了研究云中微物理量与台风降水的关系,选取0908号台风"莫拉克"作为个例,利用中国自主研发的全球区域同化预报系统对台风引起的暴雨过程进行了数值模拟。该模式系统中包含有详细的云微物理过程。结合TRMM卫星资料、MODIS云顶温度资料、FY-2卫星云图以及常规地面观测等资料与模式结果进行对比分析。分析结果表明,此次强降水主要发生在福建大部分地区以及浙江东南部地区,模拟6小时累积降水最大值超过90m,模式对此次暴雨的雨带位置及其走向都有较好的模拟。台风中云微物理量的垂直分布基本可以分为3层,由冰晶与雪组成的冰相层,一般位于100～400hPa;由云水和雨水组成的液相层,一般位于600hPa之下,以及由霰与云水、雨水形成的混合层,主要分布在400～600hPa。霰在暖区的融化以及云水、雨水的碰并是降水的主要来源。 相似文献
14.
基于WRF模式的陕西两次区域性秋季暴雨的数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2005年陕西秋淋天气明显且偏晚,通过WRF模式对秋淋期间的两次区域性暴雨模拟结果显示,暴雨雨带走向、强降雨中心位置以及强降水出现的时间段等都与实况基本吻合,预报时效可达36-48小时;模式能成功地模拟出暴雨的主要影响系统和不同时段的风场演变变化.分析表明,利用该模式可以对不同类型暴雨进行机理分析和研究,能够作为未来客观预报陕西转折性天气和暴雨天气一种新的技术手段和工具. 相似文献
15.
成都市空气质量预报中WRF的本地化参数选取 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为更准确的研究气象因素对成都市空气质量的影响,需要进一步提高天气预报模式WRF的模拟效果。设定16种天气预报模式WRF中尺度数值模式的参数化方案与气象信息综合分析处理系统(MICAPs)的气象实测数据进行地表温度(T2m)和海平面气压(Psl)及高空温度的比对,通过统计学方法进行结果评估,选取适用于成都市本地化的天气预报模式WRF参数方案。结果表明:第15组参数化方案模拟结果与气象信息综合分析处理系统(MICAPs)气象实测数据的对比分析效果表现最佳,是为成都市空气质量预报中天气预报模式WRF的最优参数设置,第11组次之。 相似文献
16.
Numerical simulation of the genesis of typhoon Durian (2001) over the South China Sea: The effect of sea surface temperature 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Typhoon Durian (2001),which formed over the South China Sea (SCS),was simulated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The genesis of typhoon Durian which formed in the monsoon trough was reproduced by numerical simulations. The simulated results agree reasonably well with observations. Two numerical experiments in which the sea surface temperature (SST) was either decreased or increased were performed to investigate the impact of the SST on the genesis of the ty-phoon. When the SST was decreased by 5℃ uniformly for all grids in the model,the winds calculated became divergent in the lower troposphere and convergent in the upper troposphere,creating conditions in which the amount of total latent heat release (TLHR) was low and the tropical cyclone (TC) could not be formed. This simulation shows the importance of the convergence in the lower tropo-sphere and the divergence in the upper troposphere for the genesis of the initial vortex. When the SST was increased by 1℃ uni-formly for all grids,a stronger typhoon was generated in the results with an increase of about 10 m s-1 in the maximum surface wind speed. Only minor differences in intensity were noted during the first 54 h in the simulation with the warmer SST,but apparent dif-ferences in intensity occurred after 54 h when the vortex began to strengthen to typhoon strength. This experiment shows that warmer SST will speed the strengthening from tropical storm strength to typhoon strength and increase the maximum intensity reached,while only minor impact can be seen during the earlier stage of genesis before the TC reaches the tropical storm strength. The results sug-gest that the amount of TLHR may be the dominant factor in determining the formation and the intensification of the TC. 相似文献
17.
降水数据的准确性和时空分辨率成为水文过程模拟的关键。卫星遥感降水资料的日益丰富为资料缺乏区的水文模拟带来了新的突破。本研究拟在资料缺乏、下垫面复杂,观测难、建模难的柴达木盆地高寒内陆河流域—巴音河中上游,基于近5年的TMPA 3B42、GPM IMERG V5及GPM IMERG V6逐日降水数据和气象站点观测数据建立SWAT模型,采用流域出口径流数据及不同的参数化方案分别率定4个模型,比较和探究不同数据在巴音河流域的适用性。结果表明：① 在月、年尺度上,实测降水数据及TMPA 3B42 V07对应的SWAT模型径流模拟效果较好,前者模拟精度较后者仅高6%~12%,且二者对于流域水量平衡的刻画均较准确。说明TMPA 3B42数据对应的径流模拟结果误差相对较小,可直接用于高寒内陆河流域水文模拟;② GPMIMERG V5数据对应的那什系数NSE值为0.13（月）、-1.58（年）,误差百分数PBIAS值为41.2%（月、年）,均方根误差与标准误差比率RSR值为0.93（月）、1.61（年）,其径流模拟误差较大,模拟效果不可信,说明GPMIMERG V5数据集并不适用于巴音河流域水文模拟;③ GPMIMERG V6-F对应的月径流模拟结果明显优于GPMIMERG V5-F,前者模拟精度较后者提高4倍,但其模拟的年径流对应的NSE值为-0.12,RSR值为1.09。该研究可为资料缺乏的高寒内陆河流域生态水文过程模拟提供参考。 相似文献
18.
The Webb-Resio-Tracy (WRT) method for exact computation of the non-linear energy transfer rate was implemented in MASNUM-WAM, which is a third-generation wave model solving the discrete spectral balance equation. In this paper, we describe the transformation of the spectral space in the original WRT method. Four numerical procedures were developed in which the acceleration techniques in the original WRT method, such as geometric scaling, pre-calculating, and grid-searching, are all reorganized. A series of numerical experiments including two simulations based on real data were performed. The availability of such implementation in both serial and parallel versions of the wave model was proved, and a comparison of computation times showed that some of the developed procedures provided good efficacy. With exact computation of non-linear energy transfer, MASNUM-WAM now can be used to perform numerical experiments for research purposes, which augurs well for further developments of the model. 相似文献
19.
由于形成过程中各种影响因素在不同尺度上的运行和相互作用,降水的空间变异普遍是发生在多尺度上地理过程叠加后的结果。建立较好地反映该动力学过程的多尺度复杂空间模型对于区域降水变量估计和空间分析是很有必要的,尤其是面向稀疏监测区域。贝叶斯地统计模型具有多尺度结构化建模的能力,提供了一种可以融合观测值（含有误差的外在实现）、未知变量、先验信息和复杂数据模型（隐藏的真实过程）的统计推断框架。鉴于降水现象在尺度和各向异性上的叠加特征,本研究将基于贝叶斯和地统计的理论和方法探讨二维随机场中存在的套合各向异性分解估计的可行性,并在对每个独立组分贡献定量计算的基础上,进一步分析和挖掘套合各向异性模型在降水插值中的应用潜力。结果表明：通过贝叶斯方法,稀疏数据中叠置的多尺度性和多方向性通过地统计套合模型可以得到有效的分解;复杂套合模型估计具有向下兼容简单套合模型的能力;套合各向异性协方差结构的使用对于区域降水插值的精度提升具有明显作用。 相似文献
20.
利用NCEP再分析资料为背景场及常规的探空资料和地面资料,以2005年6月2日出现在黄海海域的大气波导为例,运用中尺度数值模式MM5,设计了2种初始场不同的数值模拟试验:1)NCEP资料;2)NCEP资料和常规探空资料。研究结果表明:格点同化能够改善大气波导的MM5数值模拟结果,提高MM5的大气波导参数模拟精度;在大气波导分布上,格点同化对陆地大气波导影响较大,对于海上的模拟区域分布几乎没有影响。 相似文献