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1.
引力波是爱因斯坦和其他物理学家提出的关于广义相对论的四大预言之一。除了PSR1 91 3 + 1 6引力辐射阻尼的观测提供了引力波存在的间接证据外 ,科学家至今仍没有在实验室中确证引力波的存在。由于人类目前的技术水平还不可能在实验室中产生强度可供探测的引力波 ,而宇宙中存在大量大质量、高速运动的天体 ,有可能产生较强的引力波 ,天体引力波源自然成为现阶段科学家研究引力波的首选。本文介绍广义相对论框架下预言的引力波性质 ,引力波探测的理论依据 ,共振型棒式天线和激光干涉仪两大类探测器的基本原理 ,引力波探测实验的现状和面临的困难 ,科学家采取的对策 ,以及爆发型和连续型两类天体引力波源。最后介绍了正在计划中的几个引力波探测空间实验 相似文献
2.
C. C. Leiby Jr. 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1972,17(2):368-377
The Maxwell equations for gravitational fields previously assumed by Sciama are derived from elementary considerations. The
Lagrangian for a gravitating mass in a non-inertial coordinate system yields equations of motion leading to force definitions
for a gravitational field intensity and a gravitational induction field. The non-inertial velocity of the coordinate system
plays the role of a vector potential contributing to the generalized momenta of bodies moving in the system. A Lagrangian
density constructed from the force-defined fields then lead to the source definitions of gravitational fields. It is found
that positive field energy densities require repulsive gravitational forces, whereas attractive forces imply the violation
of the conservation of energy. This paradox is resolved by representing gravitational quantities as pure-imaginary entities.
Thus characterized, the equations which define gravitational fields become identical to Maxwell's equations but are pure-imaginary.
This suggests a combined representation for gravitational and electromagnetic fields which, in covariant form, indicates both
the well known equivalence of mass and energy and a possible equivalence of charge and energy. From orthogonality considerations,
it is conjectured that this latter energy is gravitational, and that, whereas gravitational fields interact with electromagnetic
energy, electromagnetic fields interact with gravitational energy.
Parts of this work were completed at Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Bedford, Mass., U.S.A. 相似文献
3.
本文研究了引力透镜和富星系团在宇宙中作为一种分布,对红外背景畸变的统计效应。其中包括富系团的热电子对红外背景畸变的Sunyaev-Zel’dovich效应,以及引力透镜对红外背景畸变的引力效应。本文给出了z=4范围内的红外背景的总畸变,其结果是:Sunyaev-Zel’-dovich效应为:(△T_r)/T_r～10~(-2)—10~(-3),纯引力效应为(△T_r)/T_r～10~(-3)—10~(-4)。 相似文献
4.
引力透镜效应是探测星系团物质分布的有效方法之一.目前,利用引力透镜数据重构星系团质量分布的主流方法可以分为两大类,即参数法和非参数法.在实际研究工作中,受限于质量模型假设和计算分辨率等方面的影响,现有的重构算法仍有诸多亟需解决的问题.基于Shapelets基函数的引力透镜质量重构方法通过基函数来实现引力透镜质量重构,使用Shapelets基函数分解引力透镜势,以引力透镜中多重像的位置和背景星系椭率畸变为限制条件来迭代求解基函数系数从而得到透镜体的质量分布.通过拟合一个模拟的NFW (Navarro,Frenk and White)透镜系统测试了新方法的可行性,结果表明新方法可以在整体上重构出透镜体的质量分布,并拟合出接近真实的源位置,能够为星系团质量测量提供一套灵活且高效的重构算法. 相似文献
5.
引力波理论和实验的新进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
引力波的存在是爱因斯坦在广义相对论理论中提出的一个重要预言．由于目前技术水平的限制,无法在实验室产生足以被探测到的引力波,因此宇宙中大量的大质量剧烈活动的天体成为科学家研究引力波的首选,从而诞生了引力波天文学．引力波探测将开启研究宇宙的新窗口,是继电磁辐射、宇宙线和中微子探测后探索宇宙奥秘的又一重要手段,对天文学研究有着极为重要的意义.新一代应用了高灵敏度的迈克耳逊干涉仪装置的长基线引力波探测仪正在建造中．该综述从引力波理论出发,阐述了目前研究较多的可探测引力波源,给出了目前观测上的最新进展,并展望了今后的发展前景． 相似文献
6.
Milan Burša 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1993,62(2):149-159
The orbital gravitational potential energies of the planets and of the satellites have been estimated and compared to the gravitational potential energies of the bodies themselves and to the gravitational potential energy of the Sun. From the point of view of the gravitational potential energy distribution two quite different groups of the planets can be distinguished clearly. However, the gravitational potential energy of the systems is mainly concentrated within the central bodies, only about 10–5 in orbiting bodies. 相似文献
7.
The gravitational radiation of n = 1 polytropes undergoing quasiradial pulsations is examined. The intensity of the gravitational
radiation and the gravitational wave amplitudes are calculated for polytropic models of white dwarfs and neutron stars when
the energy of rotation of the object serves as the source of the radiated energy. Calculations of h0 show that objects with a polytropic equation of state can describe the expected gravitational radiation from white dwarfs
and neutron stars. The gravitational radiation of polytropic models of galactic nuclei and quasars is also examined. These
objects can create a high enough background of gravitational radiation at frequencies of 10-8–10-11 Hz for gravitational wave detectors operating in this frequency range.
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Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 603–612 (November 2005). 相似文献
8.
Shengping Gong Junfeng Li Hexi BaoYin 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2009,105(1-3):159-177
Several methods of asteroid deflection have been proposed in literature and the gravitational tractor is a new method using gravitational coupling for near-Earth object orbit modification. One weak point of gravitational tractor is that the deflection capability is limited by the mass and propellant of the spacecraft. To enhance the deflection capability, formation flying solar sail gravitational tractor is proposed and its deflection capability is compared with that of a single solar sail gravitational tractor. The results show that the orbital deflection can be greatly increased by increasing the number of the sails. The formation flying solar sail gravitational tractor requires several sails to evolve on a small displaced orbit above the asteroid. Therefore, a proper control should be applied to guarantee that the gravitational tractor is stable and free of collisions. Two control strategies are investigated in this paper: a loose formation flying realized by a simple controller with only thrust modulation and a tight formation realized by the sliding-mode controller and equilibrium shaping method. The merits of the loose and tight formations are the simplicity and robustness of their controllers, respectively. 相似文献
9.
引力波和引力波望远镜的发展 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
简要回顾了广义相对论中相关的引力波理论，讨论了对引力波进行探测的重要意义和几种可能的途径；系统介绍了近50年来国际上对引力波进行探测的主要活动，以及当前几个具有代表性的引力波望远镜工程的进展。 相似文献
10.
The gravitational rotation of slowly rotating neutron stars with rough surfaces is examined. The source of the gravitational
waves is assumed to be the energy transferred to the crust of the star during irregular changes in its angular rotation velocity.
It is shown that individual pulsars whose angular velocity regularly undergoes glitches will radiate a periodic gravitational
signal that can be distinguished from noise by the latest generation of detectors. Simultaneous recording of a gravitational
signal and of a glitch in the angular velocity of a pulsar will ensure reliable detection of gravitational radiation.
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Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 221–229 (May 2006). 相似文献
11.
12.
The effect of the dense atmosphere of Titan on the tidal variations of the external gravitational potential of degree two is quantified. The atmospheric tides perturb the external gravitational potential of Titan in two ways. First, the atmosphere itself contributes directly to the external gravitational potential with a period of 15.945 days. Second, the variable loading of the atmosphere induces mass redistribution within Titan, which also changes the external gravitational potential. It is shown that the relative atmospheric contributions to the tides are most likely less than 2% and vanish almost completely for the most plausible models with a subsurface ocean. This suggest that atmospheric tidal perturbations will contribute only negligibly to Cassini measurements of Titan's gravitational field so that the tidal Love numbers derived from these observations can be directly interpreted in terms of the satellite's interior. 相似文献
13.
介绍了建立高阶引力理论（该理论用以修正爱因斯坦广义相对论）的物理背景,并讨论了暗物质问题。对几种主要高阶引力理论及其解作了评述,并尝试在不必假定暗物质存在的情况下,用高阶引力理论解决有关星系旋转曲线的困难。但令人遗憾的是,至今还没有一个理论取得完全的成功。指出了解决这一问题面临的困难,并建议寻找新的高阶引力理论。 相似文献
14.
引力透镜的基本原理及最新研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
介绍了引力透镜的基本原理，并针对不同情况，结合目前的观测结果对强透镜、弱透镜和微透镜分别作了系统的说明；特别阐述了近年来正在兴起的宇宙剪切的观测和理论研究，总结了引力透镜在宇宙学研究中的重要意义。 相似文献
15.
The mechanism of gravitational baryogenesis, based on the CPT-violating gravitational interaction between the derivative of the Ricci scalar curvature. We study the gravitational baryogenesis in the Bianchi type I universe. We find out the effect of anisotropy of the universe on the baryon asymmetry for the different models of cosmology. 相似文献
16.
引力常数变化对地球自转长期变化的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李林森 《中国科学院上海天文台年刊》2002,(1)
探讨和估计了各种引力常数变化理论对地球角速度和日长变化的影响。各种引力常数变化理论包括了引力常数G随时间、空间以及速度变化等几个方面的影响。另外也估计了对地球自转角速度和日长变化产生的效应。其中有些研究对探讨地球自转变化也有启发意义。 相似文献
17.
The energetics involved in the formation of neutron stars in close binaries as a result of supernova explosions are considered. The gravitational binding energy of the neutron star must find proper outlets. The mass ejection and cosmic ray particles can carry away only a small fraction (up to a few per cent) of this energy. Most of the binding energy goes into rotational kinetic energy, gravitational radiation and neutrino emissions. A scenario is considered in which most of the gravitational binding energy goes into rotational kinetic energy and is, ultimately, radiated away as gravitational waves. 相似文献
18.
《New Astronomy》2014
The effects of eccentricity on the Hamiltonian dynamics of post-Newtonian spinning compact binaries and gravitational radiation from eccentric orbits are discussed. The simulation results of scans for chaos show that the eccentricity has a great effect on the dynamics without considering dissipation due to gravitational radiation. Moreover, both the dynamics behavior and the orbital eccentricity jointly modulate the gravitational waveforms, and the spin–spin coupling effect play an important role during the gravitational radiation of inspiral and coalescence. Moreover, the imprint of characteristic of the original system can be deduced from the time-domain and frequency-domain waveforms. 相似文献
19.
A. Müller 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2006,327(10):1024-1027
We study and quantify gravitational redshift by means of relativistic ray tracing simulations of emission lines. The emitter model is based on thin, Keplerian rotating rings in the equatorial plane of a rotating black hole. Emission lines are characterised by a generalized fully relativistic Doppler factor or redshift associated with the line core. Two modes of gravitational redshift, shift and distortion, become stronger with the emitting region closer to the Kerr black hole. Shifts of the line cores reveal an effect at levels of 0.0015 to 60% at gravitational radii ranging from 105 to 2. The corresponding Doppler factors range from 0.999985 to 0.4048. Line shape distortion by strong gravity, i.e. very skewed and asymmetric lines occur at radii smaller than roughly ten gravitational radii. Gravitational redshift decreases with distance to the black hole but remains finite due to the asymptotical flatness of black hole space–time. The onset of gravitational redshift can be tested observationally with sufficient spectral resolution. Assuming a resolving power of ∼100000, yielding a resolution of ≈0.1 Å for optical and near‐infrared broad emission lines, the gravitational redshift can be probed out to approximately 75000 gravitational radii. In general, gravitational redshift is an indicator of black hole mass and spin as well as for the inclination angle of the emitter, e.g. an accretion disk. We suggest to do multi‐wavelength observations because all redshifted features should point towards the same central mass. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献