Chemical and Os isotopic study of Cretaceous potassic rocks from Southern Brazil     

R. W. Carlson  S. Esperança  D. P. Svisero 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,125(4):393-405

During the late Mesozoic, an unusually broad range of alkalic magma compositions was erupted along the southern border of the São Francisco craton of Brazil. This magmatic activity includes carbonatite, kimberlite, lamprophyre, lamproite, syenite and the largest known example of extrusive kamafugite, the Mata da Corda formation. To determine the nature of the sources of this magmatism, and their geochemical history, an Os isotope study along with major and trace element and Sr, Nd and Pb isotope analyses of kimberlitic, lamproitic and kamafugitic rocks from the Alto Paranaíba province of Brazil was undertaken. This complements recent geochemical and isotopic studies of these magmas. The Os isotope data for Alto Paranaíba samples point to a peridotitic lithospheric mantle source for the kimberlites and lamproites that was variably depleted in Re, presumably by melt removal at some time between the late Archean and mid-Proterozoic. These lithospheric peridotites experienced LIL-element enrichment by fluid/melt metasomatism at roughly 1 Ga, most likely during mobile belt formation along the western border of the São Francisco craton. Kamafugitic samples have very radiogenic Os, suggestive of mafic (e.g. pyroxenite, websterite, eclogite) source materials that again appear to have been stabilized in the lithospheric mantle of Brazil in the mid to late Proterozoic. The Os isotope evidence for lithospheric sources for the Alto Paranaíba activity, coupled with Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic characteristics that overlap those of the Walvis Ridge hot-spot trace indicate that the EM1 component in South Atlantic ocean island basalts most likely represents the influence of delaminated Brazilian lithospheric mantle mixed into mantle circulation beneath the South Atlantic and is not related to the plume(s) commonly associated with this ocean island magmatism.  相似文献   

Silver isotope variations in chondrites: Volatile depletion and the initial Pd abundance of the solar system     

M. Schönbächler  R.W. Carlson  T.D. Mock 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(21):5330-5341

The extinct radionuclide ¹⁰⁷Pd decays to ¹⁰⁷Ag (half-life of 6.5 Ma) and is an early solar system chronometer with outstanding potential to study volatile depletion in the early solar system. Here, a comprehensive Ag isotope study of carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites is presented. Carbonaceous chondrites show limited variations (ε¹⁰⁷Ag = −2.1 to +0.8) in Ag isotopic composition that correlate with the Pd/Ag ratios. Assuming a strictly radiogenic origin of these variations, a new initial ¹⁰⁷Pd/¹⁰⁸Pd of 5.9 (±2.2) × 10⁻⁵ for the solar system can be deduced. Comparing the Pd-Ag and Mn-Cr data for carbonaceous chondrites suggests that Mn-Cr and Pd-Ag fractionation took place close to the time of calcium-aluminium-rich inclusion (CAI) and chondrule formation ∼4568 Ma ago. Using the new value for the initial ¹⁰⁷Pd abundance, the revised ages for the iron-rich meteorites Gibeon (IVA, 8.5 +3.2/−4.6 Ma), Grant (IIIAB, 13.0 +3.5/−4.9 Ma) and Canyon Diablo (IA, 19.5 +24.1/−10.4 Ma) are consistent with cooling rates and the closure temperature of the Pd-Ag system. In contrast to carbonaceous chondrites, ordinary chondrites show large stable isotope fractionation of order of 1 permil for ¹⁰⁷Ag/¹⁰⁹Ag. This indicates that different mechanisms of volatile depletion were active in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites. Nebular processes and accretion, as experienced by carbonaceous chondrites, did not led to significant Ag isotope fractionation, while the significant Ag isotope variations in ordinary chondrites are most likely inflicted by open system parent body metamorphism.  相似文献   

Geophysical data integration,stochastic simulation and significance analysis of groundwater responses using ANOVA in the Chicot Aquifer system,Louisiana, USA   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Asheka Rahman  Frank T-C. Tsai  Christopher D. White  Douglas A. Carlson  Clinton S. Willson 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(4):749-764

Data integration is challenging where there are different levels of support between primary and secondary data that need to be correlated in various ways. A geostatistical method is described, which integrates the hydraulic conductivity (K) measurements and electrical resistivity data to better estimate the K distribution in the Upper Chicot Aquifer of southwestern Louisiana, USA. The K measurements were obtained from pumping tests and represent the primary (hard) data. Borehole electrical resistivity data from electrical logs were regarded as the secondary (soft) data, and were used to infer K values through Archie’s law and the Kozeny-Carman equation. A pseudo cross-semivariogram was developed to cope with the resistivity data non-collocation. Uncertainties in the auto-semivariograms and pseudo cross-semivariogram were quantified. The groundwater flow model responses by the regionalized and coregionalized models of K were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicate that non-collocated secondary data may improve estimates of K and affect groundwater flow responses of practical interest, including specific capacity and drawdown.

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Résumé  L’intégration de données entre en jeu lorsque plusieurs niveaux intermédiaires d’assistance sont nécessaires pour corréler données primaires et secondaires de diverses manières. Le présent article décrit une méthode géostatistique qui intègre les mesures de conductivité hydraulique (K) et les données de résistivité électrique, afin d’estimer plus efficacement la distribution de K dans l’Aquifère Supérieur de Chicot, au sud-ouest de la Louisiane (Etats-Unis). Les mesures de K sont issues des pompages d’essai et représentent les données primaires (“dures”). Les données des diagraphies de résistivité électrique ont été considérées comme des données secondaires (“molles”), à partir desquelles les valeurs de K ont été déduites, par la loi d’Archie et l’équation de Kozeny-Carman. Un pseudo semi-variogramme croisé a été développé afin de pallier à l’absence de colocalisation des données de résistivité. Les incertitudes sur les semi-variogrammes automatiques et sur les pseudo semi-variogrammes croisés ont été quantifiées. Les réponses du modèle d’écoulement des eaux souterraines aux modèles régionalisés et co-régionalisés de K ont été comparés, par les analyses de variance (ANOVA). Les résultats montrent que les données secondaires non-colocalisées peuvent améliorer les estimations de K, et affecter efficacement les réponses des écoulements souterrains, y compris les débits spécifiques et les rabattements.

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Resumen  La integración de datos es un gran desafío cuando existen diferentes niveles de apoyo entre datos primarios y secundarios que es necesario correlacionar de varias maneras. Se describe un método geoestadístico el cual integra mediciones de conductividad hidráulica (K) y datos de resistividad eléctrica para tener una mejor estimación de la distribución de K en el Acuífero Chicot Superior del suroeste de Luisiana, Estados Unidos de América. Las mediciones de K se obtuvieron de pruebas de bombeo y representan los datos primarios (duros). Los datos de sondeos de resistividad eléctrica se consideraron como datos secundarios (suaves) y se usaron para inferir valores de K a través de la ley de Archie y la ecuación de Carman-Kozeny. Se desarrolló un pseudo semivariograma cruzado para enfrentar la falta de colocación de datos de resistividad. Se cuantificaron las incertidumbres en los auto-semivariogramas y en los semivariogramas cruzados. Las respuestas del modelo de flujo de agua subterránea por los modelos coregionalizados y regionalizados de K se compararon usando el análisis de varianza (ANOVA). Los resultados indican que los datos secundarios no colocados pueden mejorar los estimados de K y afectar las respuestas de flujo de agua subterránea de interés práctico, incluyendo capacidad específica y descenso.

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Correlation factors for impurity diffusion on the sublattice of dodecahedral sites in garnet     

William D. Carlson  Clark R. Wilson 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2016,43(5):363-369

The method of Koiwa and Ishioka (Philos Mag A 47:927–938, 1983) is used, with slight modification, to evaluate the correlation factor for vacancy-mediated diffusion of impurity atoms on the sublattice of dodecahedral sites in garnet, as a function of the relevant vacancy-jump frequencies. The required values of the lattice Green’s function were obtained from multiple Monte Carlo simulations in lattices of progressively larger size, extrapolated to an infinite lattice using a model that linearizes the dependence of the functional value on lattice size. As Online Resources, codes are provided that permit evaluation of the correlation factor for any chosen set of vacancy-jump frequencies, for implementation in either Mathematica ^® or Matlab ^®.  相似文献   

On the Statistics of Wind Gusts     

F. Boettcher  CH. Renner  H.-P. Waldl  J. Peinke 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,108(1):163-173

Wind measurementsnear the North Seaborder of Northern Germany andvelocity measurements under localisotropic conditions of a turbulent wakebehind a cylinder are compared. It is shownthat wind gusts, measured by means ofvelocity increments, do show similar statisticsto the laboratory data if they are conditionedon an averaged wind speed value.Clear differences between the laboratory dataand the atmospheric measurements arefound for the waiting time statistics betweensuccessive gusts above acertain threshold.  相似文献   

The origin of garnet and clinopyroxene in “depleted” Kaapvaal peridotites     

Nina S. C. Simon  Gordon J. Irvine  Gareth R. Davies  D. Graham Pearson  Richard W. Carlson 《Lithos》2003,71(2-4):289-322

A detailed petrographic, major and trace element and isotope (Re–Os) study is presented on 18 xenoliths from Northern Lesotho kimberlites. The samples represent typical coarse, low-temperature garnet and spinel peridotites and span a P–T range from 60 to 150 km depth. With the exception of one sample (that belongs to the ilmenite–rutile–phlogopite–sulphide suite (IRPS) suite first described by [B. Harte, P.A. Winterburn, J.J. Gurney, Metasomatic and enrichment phenomena in garnet peridotite facies mantle xenoliths from the Matsoku kimberlite pipe, Lesotho. In: Menzies, M. (Ed.), Mantle metsasomatism. Academic Press, London 1987, 145–220.]), all samples considered here have high Mg# and show strong depletion in CaO and Al₂O₃. They have bulk rock Re depletion ages (T_RD) >2.5 Ga and are therefore interpreted as residua from large volume melting in the Archaean. A characteristic of Kaapvaal xenoliths, however, is their high SiO₂ concentrations, and hence, modal orthopyroxene contents that are inconsistent with a simple residual origin of these samples. Moreover, trace element signatures show strong overall incompatible element enrichment and REE disequilibrium between garnet and clinopyroxene. Textural and subtle major element disequilibria were also observed. We therefore conclude that garnet and clinopyroxene are not co-genetic and suggest that (most) clinopyroxene in the Archaean Kaapvaal peridotite xenoliths is of metasomatic origin and crystallized relatively recently, possibly from a melt precursory to the kimberlite.

Possible explanations for the origin of garnet are exsolution from a high-temperature, Al- and Ca-rich orthopyroxene (indicating primary melt extraction at shallow levels) or a majorite phase (primary melting at >6 GPa). Mass balance calculations, however, show that not all garnet observed in the samples today is of a simple exsolution origin. The extreme LREE enrichment (sigmoidal REE pattern in all garnet cores) is also inconsistent with exsolution from a residual orthopyroxene. Therefore, extensive metasomatism and probably re-crystallization of the lithosphere after melt-depletion and garnet exsolution is required to obtain the present textural and compositional features of the xenoliths. The metasomatic agent that modified or perhaps even precipitated garnet was a highly fractionated melt or fluid that might have been derived from the asthenosphere or from recycled oceanic crust. Since, to date, partitioning of trace elements between orthopyroxene and garnet/clinopyroxene is poorly constrained, it was impossible to assess if orthopyroxene is in chemical equilibrium with garnet or clinopyroxene. Therefore, further trace element and isotopic studies are required to constrain the timing of garnet introduction/modification and its possible link with the SiO₂ enrichment of the Kaapvaal lithosphere.  相似文献   

Suppressive effects of benzo[a]pyrene upon fish immune function: evolutionarily conserved cellular mechanisms of immunotoxicity   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Carlson EA  Li Y  Zelikoff JT 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):731-734

Knowledge gained through the use of alternative animal models has significantly enhanced our understanding of life at all levels of biological organization. The discipline of toxicology is under considerable pressure to develop such models due to increasing public concern regarding the experimental use of mammals. Studies in this laboratory have focused on the utility of a small laboratory fish model, the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), to investigate immunotoxicological effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). BaP is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant and known mammalian immunotoxicant. This laboratory has demonstrated that in vivo exposure of medaka to BaP (2-200 microg/g BW) significantly depresses both innate and humoral immunity. Further studies have indicated that BaP activates its own biotransformation pathway within medaka immune cells following both in vivo and in vitro exposure. In addition, reduction of BaP metabolism with alpha-naphthoflavone results in the reversal of BaP-induced suppression of antibody production in vitro. Inhibition of CYPlA-mediated metabolism within medaka immune cells also alleviates the immunotoxicity induced by benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol, but not benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE). This suggests that BPDE may be an ultimate immunotoxicant. Results from this study in medaka are in agreement with previously conducted rodent studies that indicated a role for immunotoxic BaP metabolites in BaP-induced suppression of humoral immunity.  相似文献   

The Model-Free Analysis of Growth Curves     

John Carlson  Aldrich Ian F.  Lawler 《Marine Ecology》1996,17(1-3):491-500

Abstract.

• 1) An incremental (graphical in this presentation) method for the analysis of growth curves has revealed actual, as opposed to modelled, growth rates. Here, we present data derived from the scallop Pecten maximus (L.). These actual rates exhibit differences in annual environmental conditions and differences between local populations.
• 2) Both first and second derivatives (growth rate and acceleration ? deceleration in growth rate, respectively) can be obtained from plotted size ? age data: here, size is represented by the height of the flat left valve.
• 3) The analysis of age class data from different years allows one to estimate maximum theoretical rates in any given year.
• 4) The analysis of individual data naturally reveals more than the analysis of average data, reinforcing the average nature of population growth parameters.
• 5) The departure of average data from the maxima revealed by the analysis of growth rate and acceleration allows one to identify changes in environmental conditions in different years.
• 6) The Von Bertalanffy growth curve has been used as an example because it is well known and widely used; however, any desired growth curve can be fitted by the method discussed here.

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Impact of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the immune function of fish: age as a variable in determining adverse outcome   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Duffy JE  Carlson E  Li Y  Prophete C  Zelikoff JT 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(3-5):559-563

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a major contaminant of global extent in water resources and aquatic biota. Due to its high lipid solubility, PCBs fail to be degraded and, therefore, continue to bioaccumulate throughout the environment and food chain. To determine the impact of PCBs on the immune system of aged and juvenile Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), fish were injected with the coplanar PCB congener 126 and examined after 3 and 14 days. PCB 126 produced oxidative stress in both age groups of fish 14 days post-injection; however, juvenile medaka appeared more susceptible than aged fish. Humoral immunity, as determined by antibody forming cell (AFC) numbers, was significantly depressed for up to 14 days post-injection in both age groups. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of the fish immune response for predicting PCB-induced immunotoxicity and identify age as a variable in determining adverse outcome.  相似文献   

Large sand waves in Navarinsky Canyon head,Bering Sea     

H. A. Karl  P. R. Carlson 《Geo-Marine Letters》1982,2(3-4):157-162

Sand waves are present in the heads of large submarine canyons in the northwestern Bering Sea. They vary in height between 2 to 15 m and have wavelengths of 600 m. They are not only expressed on the seafloor, but are also well defined in the subsurface and resemble enormous climbing bed forms. We conjecture that the sand waves originated during lower stands of sea level in the Pleistocene. Although we cannot explain the mechanics of formation of the sand waves, internal-wave generated currents are among four types of current that could account for these large structures.  相似文献