Stratigraphic spatial variation on the inner shelf of a high-yield river,Waiapu River,New Zealand: Implications for fine-sediment dispersal and preservation     

Heidi M. Wadman  Jesse E. McNinch 《Continental Shelf Research》2008

The inner shelves of active, energetic continental margins are frequently defined as regions of sediment segregation and fine-sediment bypassing. The Waiapu River, North Island, New Zealand presents an opportunity to study fine-sediment segregation and strata formation in a spatially constrained, highly energetic, aggradational setting, with one of the highest sediment yields on earth. We present evidence that the inner shelf of the Waiapu River plays a significant role in both the fate of fine-grained (<63 μm) riverine sediments and the formation of continental margin stratigraphy. Results obtained from high-resolution interferometric bathymetry and high-frequency seismic mapping ground-truthed by cores show significant stratigraphic spatial variation preserved on the Waiapu inner shelf. This spatial variation is likely controlled by spatially-distinct sediment deposition and resuspension processes as well as antecedent geology. Two distinct depositional regions are interpreted as: (1) surface plume-dominated with partial resuspension, characterized by acoustically transparent seismic reflection profiles and muddy sands; and (2) event-layer dominated, characterized by thickly laminated sediments. A modern-day bathymetric low overlying an observed paleochannel may influence the fate of hyperpycnal flows transiting the shelf via bathymetric steering. Fining-upward sequences found over the entire shelf are interpreted to represent deforestation-induced sedimentation that has overwhelmed the ability of the energetic system to resuspend and segregate fine sediments. We conclude that the primary control on strata formation on the inner shelf of the Waiapu River is local sediment supply.  相似文献   

The Falkland Islands’ palaeoecological response to millennial‐scale climate perturbations during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition: Implications for future vegetation stability in the southern ocean islands     

Robert G. Scaife  Antony J. Long  Alistair J. Monteath  Paul D. M. Hughes  Michael J. Bentley  Philip Stone 《第四纪科学杂志》2019,34(8):609-620

Oceanic island flora is vulnerable to future climate warming, which is likely to promote changes in vegetation composition, and invasion of non‐native species. Sub‐Antarctic islands are predicted to experience rapid warming during the next century; therefore, establishing trajectories of change in vegetation communities is essential for developing conservation strategies to preserve biological diversity. We present a Late‐glacial‐early Holocene (16 500–6450 cal a bp ) palaeoecological record from Hooker's Point, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Atlantic. This period spans the Pleistocene‐Holocene transition, providing insight into biological responses to abrupt climate change. Pollen and plant macrofossil records appear insensitive to climatic cooling during the Late‐glacial, but undergo rapid turnover in response to regional warming. The absence of trees throughout the Late‐glacial‐early Holocene enables the recognition of far‐travelled pollen from southern South America. The first occurrence of Nothofagus (southern beech) may reflect changes in the strength and/or position of the Southern Westerly Wind Belt during the Late‐glacial period. Peat inception and accumulation at Hooker's Point is likely to be promoted by the recalcitrant litter of wind‐adapted flora. This recalcitrant litter helps to explain widespread peatland development in a comparatively dry environment, and suggests that wind‐adapted peatlands can remain carbon sinks even under low precipitation regimes. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Quaternary Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

Variability of stream extents controlled by flow regime and network hydraulic scaling     

Dana A. Lapides  Christine D. Leclerc  Hana Moidu  David N. Dralle  W. Jesse Hahm 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14079

Stream networks expand and contract through time, impacting chemical export, aquatic habitat, and water quality. Although recent advances improve prediction of the extent of the wetted channel network (L ) based on discharge at the catchment outlet (Q ), controls on the temporal variability of L remain poorly understood and unquantified. Here we develop a quantitative, conceptual framework to explore how flow regime and stream network hydraulic scaling factors co-determine the relative temporal variability in L (denoted here as the total wetted channel drainage density). Network hydraulic scaling determines how much L changes for a change in Q , while the flow regime describes how Q changes in time. We compiled datasets of co-located dynamic stream extent mapping and discharge to analyze all globally available empirical data using the presented framework. We found that although variability in L is universally damped relative to variability in Q (i.e., streamflow is relatively more variable in time than network extent), the relationship is elastic, meaning that for a given increase in the variability in Q , headwater catchments will experience greater-than-proportional increases in the variability of L . Thus, under anticipated climatic shifts towards more volatile precipitation, relative variability in headwater stream network extents can be expected to increase even more than the relative variability of discharge itself. Comparison between network extents inferred from the L -Q relationship and blue lines on USGS topographic maps shows widespread underestimation of the wetted channel network by the blue line network.  相似文献   

The XXVth International Geographical Congress     

H. Jesse Walker 《The Professional geographer》1985,37(1):93-97

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Linear dune accumulation chronologies from the southwest Kalahari, Namibia: challenges of reconstructing late Quaternary palaeoenvironments from aeolian landforms     

A.E.C. Stone  D.S.G. Thomas 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2008,27(17-18):1667-1681

The linear dunes of the southern Kalahari dunefield constitute one of the major palaeoenvironmental proxies in the region. The application of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating since the1990s and advancements in the depth of sampling using augering equipment over the past few years have permitted the reconstruction of linear dune accumulation chronostratigraphies for entire dune profiles from base to crest. These methods are applied to four dunes in the Mariental–Stampriet region of the southern Kalahari dunefield, sampled at predominantly 0.5 m intervals. Individual dunes record multiple phases of dune construction, but with only a few phases recorded consistently between two or more of the dunes. Results from the 48 OSL ages produced here extend the aeolian accumulation record for the southern Kalahari dunefield through the last three glacial–interglacial cycles with two ages from the early part of MIS6. A synthesis of all existing luminescence ages for the southern Kalahari reveals that the dunefield has been partially active throughout much of the past 120 ka. There are no clear clusters of ages within OSL age errors. This is in contrast to previous syntheses of ages for this region. In addition, these new data from Mariental–Stampriet dunes show that clusters in grouped dune OSL ages can be spuriously produced as a function of reducing the sampling frequency with depth within the dunes, from 0.5 to 1 mintervals. This has significant implications for previous conclusions regarding discrete phases of aeolian accumulation based on sampling at 1 m intervals and less vertically intensive sampling techniques. The total luminescence data set of 136 ages for the southern Kalahari implies that this dunefield has been close to the threshold of reactivation throughout much of the late Quaternary.  相似文献   

Platinum-group mineral occurrence associated with flow top amygdule sulfides in komatiitic basalt,Abitibi Greenstone Belt,Ontario     

Dr. W. E. Stone  J. H. Crocket  M. E. Fleet 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,56(1-2):1-24

Summary Platinum-group mineral (PGM)-bearing amygdule Fe-Ni(±Cu) sulfide has been discovered in samples of amygdaloidal basalt and underlying olivine spinifex-textured basalt from the flow top of Fred's Flow, Munro Township, Ontario. The amygdules are rounded to slightly elongate in shape, up to 10 mm in diameter, filled by chlorite + quartz ± carbonate ± sulfide, and rimmed by relict igneous chromite and clinopyroxene. The sulfide occurs as masses that line and are embedded in the margins of the amygdules. Detailed electron microprobe studies indicate that the sulfide masses are fairly constant (21±4 mol% NiS) in bulk composition and consist of pyrrhotite and pentlandite (Ni-rich) ± minor chalcopyrite rare PGM. The sulfide phases show lamellar intergrowth and are embayed against chlorite. The PGM observed are grains of merenskyite (PdTe₂), kotulskite (PdTe), and sperrylite (PtAs₂) that are up to 10 m in size, multi-faceted against sulfide, and embayed against chlorite. Whole-rock analyses of the amygdaloidal basalt host rock show strong enrichments in platinum-group elements (PGE + Au = 330 ppb), Ni, Cu, S, and Cr.The textures and spatial associations indicate a genetic relationship between the PGM-bearing sulfide masses and the amygdules. Density considerations, the very close spatial association with the amygdules (vesicles), and the marked enrichment in PGE and related metals and S in the amygdaloidal basalt host rock contradict formation of the sulfide masses as droplets of immiscible sulfide liquid separated from silicate melt. The alteration of the sulfide masses, their association with the vesiculation structures rather than with the pervasive hydrothermal alteration phase assemblage, and lack of evidence for enrichment of Cu and chalcopyrite relative to Ni and Fe-Ni sulfide are inconsistent with formation of the sulfide masses by hydrothermal alteration processes. Alternatively, the mineralogical, textural, spatial association, and whole-rock compositional features can be explained by an igneous degassing-metal diffusion model. It is suggested that prior to emplacement, sulfurous vapor separates from the lava to form vesicles, which float upward to the flow top. Diffusion of PGE and related metals from the lava toward the vesicles as they float upward and reaction of the metals with S within the vesicles forms Fe-Ni-Cu sulfide liquid on the vesicle walls. On quenching, vesicles are trapped in the flow top and the sulfide liquid within them solidifies and sulfide phases and PGM exsolve in the subsolidus.

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Platingruppenminerale mit Flowtop Sulfiden in komatiitischem Basalt, Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Ontario

Zusammenfassung Platingruppenmineral (PGM)-führende Sulfide sind in Blasenräumen von Basaltman delsteinen and darunterliegendem Basalt mit Spinifex-Olivin des Fred's Flow, Munro Township, Ontario beobachtet worden. Die Mandeln sind rundlich bis leicht länglich, haben bis zu 10 mm Durchmesser und Bind mit Chlorit + Quarz ± Sulfid ± Karbonat gefüllt und zeigen einen Rand von reliktischem, magmatischem Chromit und Klinopyroxen. Die Sulfide kommen als Massen, die die Ränder der Mandeln bedecken und in these eingebettet sind, vor. Detaillierte Mikrosondenuntersuchungen zeigen, daß die Gesamtzusammensetzung der Sulfide ziemlich konstant ist (21 ± 4 mol % NiS), und daß she aus Magnetkies und nickelreichen Pentlandit ± Chalcopyrit ± seltene PGM bestehen. Die Sulfidphasen zeigen lamellare Verwachsungen und Einbuchtungen gegen Chlorit. Folgende PGM wurden beobachtet: Merenskyit (PdTe2), Kotulskit (PdTe) and Sperrylit (PtAs2), die bis zu 10 gm groß sind, vielflächig gegen die Sulfide, und eingebuchtet gegen den Chlorit erscheinen. Gesamtgesteinsanalysen des basaltischen Muttergesteins zeigen starke Anreicherungen der Platingruppenelemente (PGE + Au = 330 ppb), Ni, Cu, S, und Cr.Die Texturen und räumlichen Assoziationen weisen auf eine genetische Beziehung zwischen den PGM-führenden Sulfidmassen und den Mandeln hin. Die Dichte, die sehr enge räumliche Assoziation mit den Mandeln, und die deutliche Anreicherung von PGE and verwandten Metallen, Bowie von Schwefel, in den basaltischen Muttergesteinen, sprechen gegen eine Bildung der Sulfidmassen als Tröpfchen einer entmischten Sulfidschmelze, die von der Silikatschmelze abgetrennt wurde. Die Umwandlung der Sulfide, ihre Assoziation mit den Mandeln und nicht mit der umfangreichen hydrothermalen Umwandlungsassoziation und fehlende Hinweise für eine Anreicherung von Cu und Kupferkies relativ zu Ni und Fe-Ni Sulfiden, lassen sich nicht mit einer Bildung der Sulfide durch hydrothermale Umwandlungsprozesse vereinbaren.Die mineralogische, texturelle und raumliche Assoziation und die Zusammensetzung der Muttergesteine kann viel eher durch das Modell magmatischer Entgasung mit Metalldiffusion erklärt worden. Wir regen an, daß vor der Platznahme schwefelreiche Dämpfe von der Lava abgetrennt worden sind und Blasen gebildet haben, welche aufwärts bis zum Top des Basaltergusses migrierten. Diffusion der PGE und verwandter Metalle aus der Lava zu den in Bewegung begriffenen Blasen und Reaktion der Metalle mit Schwefel innerhalb der Hohlräume, führte zur Entstehung einer Fe-Ni-Cu-Schwefel-Schmelze an den Wänden der Mandeln. Bei Abkühlung wurden die Hohlräume in dem oberen Teil des Flows fixiert, die Sulfidschmelze verfestigt sich und Sulfidphasen and PGM entmischen sich im Subsolidus.

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With 7 Figures  相似文献   

Orthopyroxene survival in deep carbonatite melts: implications for kimberlites     

Rebecca S. Stone  Robert W. Luth 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2016,171(7):63

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Use of submerged aquatic vegetation as habitat by young-of-the-year epibenthic fishes in shallow Maine nearshore waters     

M.A. Lazzari  B.Z. Stone 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2006,69(3-4):591

Epibenthic fishes were collected with daytime beam trawl tows (n = 1713) in three shallow (<10 m) habitats of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), Zostera marina (eelgrass), Laminaria longicruris (kelp), Phyllophora sp. (algae), and unvegetated sandy/mud areas. We divided the Maine coast into three broad zones based upon geological features and sampled over five consecutive years; during April–November 2000 in the mid coast, in 2001 and 2002 along the south coast and in 2003 and 2004 along the eastern Maine coast. We quantified habitat use by eight economically important fish species (Gadus morhua, Microgadus tomcod, Pollachius virens, Urophycis chuss, Urophycis tenuis, Osmerus mordax, Tautogolabrus adspersus, and Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and 10 other common epibenthic species (n = 18 571). We identified the physical and biological variables most important in discriminating between habitats with and without individual fish species. Logistic regression models based on nearshore habitat characteristics were developed to predict the distribution of these species along the three zones representing broad geological regions of the Maine coast. Logistic regression models correctly classified individual fish species 58.7–97.1% of the time based on the temporal and physical habitat variables (month, temperature, salinity, and depth) and the presence–absence of submerged aquatic vegetation (Zostera, Laminaria, or Phyllophora). Overall fish presence and economically important fish presence were correctly classified 61.1–79.8% and 66.0–73.6% of the time, respectively. The Maine shallow water fish community was composed primarily of young-of-the-year and juvenile fishes with all habitats functioning as facultative nursery areas. Presence of most fish species was positively associated with Zostera, Laminaria, and to a lesser extent, Phyllophora. This study provides direct evidence of shallow waters of the Gulf of Maine as critical facultative nursery habitat for juvenile G. morhua, M. tomcod, P. virens, U. tenuis, U. chuss, T. adspersus, O. mordax and P. americanus, and many ecologically important species.  相似文献   

Special Issue Introduction: Adding insult to injury: Climate change and the inequities of climate intervention     

Elizabeth Marino  Jesse Ribot 《Global Environmental Change》2012,22(2):323-328

Climate change will injure vulnerable communities. In response, coordinated global action has emerged to mitigate climate change, to gauge and map climate-related risks, and to plan for adaptation, which in turn has opened new avenues of funding, power, knowledge and opportunity. The identification of climate risks, analysis and diffusion of ‘impact’ scenarios, incorporation of carbon into economic regimes, and interventions to enhance adaptive capacity will necessarily be experienced differently by different groups. As climate-related crises produce winners and losers, so may discourses and plans made to avert such crises. In the process both the bio-physical events and the social responses shape and reshape social stratification and the distribution of risk. They produce new inequalities and needs for new kinds of responses to guard against injustice. From the emergence of desalination water projects and contested water access, to relocation planning in the Arctic and the South Pacific due to sea-level rise, to increasingly centralized forest management; mitigation and adaptation responses and interventions create their own critical outcomes. This essay and the articles in this special issue examine some new opportunities and risks associated with climate-change discourses and interventions. This special issue shows that vulnerable communities may be at risk of material injury following climate change or climate change intervention; and, be further insulted and injured by lack of representation and recognition, and by misrecognition as simplified, stereotyped victims in local, national and international climate conversations. Using a mixture of theoretical insight and case study research, this collection of articles explores the injuries of climate change as it applies to both direct physical stress scenarios and exposure to adaptation and mitigation policies and planning, as well as the discursive insults of being discounted, stereotyped, or ignored.  相似文献   

Midge-inferred temperature reconstructions and vegetation change over the last ~15,000?years from Trout Lake, northern Yukon Territory, eastern Beringia     

Fonya Irvine  Les C. Cwynar  Jesse C. Vermaire  Andrew B. H. Rees 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,48(1):133-146

Two cores from Trout Lake, northern Yukon, yielded quantitative estimates of summer air temperatures using fossil midge larvae. Warming began around 14,400?cal?yr BP, with inferred mean July air temperatures reaching values warmer than present by 12,800?cal?yr BP. A 1?°C cooling from 12,200 to 11,200?cal?yr BP closely corresponds with the Younger Dryas chronozone. A broad temperature maximum occurred between 10,800 and 9,800?cal?yr BP, with mean July air temperature about 2.2?°C warmer than present. This represents an early Holocene thermal maximum and coincides with increased organic content of the sediment. Both the shallow- and deep-water cores show similar temperature trends for their overlapping periods. The inferred rise in mean July air temperature at 14,200?cal?yr BP coincides with a shift in vegetation from an herb- to shrub-dominated landscape. In contrast, the increase in Alnus pollen at 6,400?cal?yr BP does not coincide with a change in temperature, but may be a response to a rise in precipitation.  相似文献