A comparison of the use of traditional and modern medicine in primary health centres in Tamil Nadu     

Dr. David R. Phillips  Dr. B. Hyma  Prof. A. Ramesh 《GeoJournal》1992,26(1):21-30

Since 1980, many of the state governments in India have introduced programmes to integrate traditional medical systems (TM) into official health care institutions and services at different administrative levels. One of these schemes is at Primary Health Centres (phcs) in various districts. However, little research has been undertaken to date on relative demand and utilization, or on the extent to which TM is seen or used as a complement, alternative or supplement to biomedical services, in the same phc setting. The consumer assumes an important role in an integrated approach, where illness behaviour is understood to be a decision-making process. From the structuralist aspect also, the needs and decisions (in a given situation) as perceived by the administration are not necessarily the same as subjectively felt needs, wants, or even expressed needs of individuals. It is hoped research into the degree of usage and levels of clinical utilization of the two coexisting services will be useful in planning norms and services, estimation of recurrent expenditures and allocation of resources for effective functioning of the phcs. This paper presents the findings of a questionnaire based on a quota sample of users of phcs. eighty patients in each of the Allopathy and Siddha medicine wings were interviewed in three phcs in Tamil Nadu, a total of 480 respondents. The main issues considered in this paper are:

1. Socio-economic characteristics of the users.
2. Treatment patterns: differential preferences for treatment methods for various disease conditions; multiple-usage — interchangeable or concurrently for the same ailment; degree of medical pluralism; spatial patterns of movement.
3. The reasons for participating in the present treatment.
4. Behaviour, satisfaction, attitudes, opinions, preferences, experiences.
5. Conclusions and implications of the study for research and service planning.

This study, although based on small and not necessarily representative samples, illustrates some of the potentials and shortcomings of an integrated approach at the institutional level.  相似文献   

Influences of local hydroclimatology and teleconnections on Florida's precipitation and temperature variability     

Priyank J. Sharma  Ramesh S. V. Teegavarapu 《水文研究》2021,35(9):e14347

Understanding the influences of local hydroclimatology and two large-scale oceanic-atmospheric oscillations (i.e., Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)) on seasonal precipitation (P) and temperature (T) relationships for a tropical region (i.e., Florida) is the focus of this study. The warm and cool phases of AMO and ENSO are initially identified using sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The associations of SSTs and regional minimum, maximum and average surface air temperatures (SATs) with precipitation are then evaluated. The seasonal variations in P-SATs and P-SSTs associations considering AMO and ENSO phases for sites in (1) two soil temperature regimes (i.e., thermic and hyperthermic); (2) urban and non-urban regions; and (3) regions with and without water bodies, are analysed using two monthly datasets. The analyses are carried out using trend tests, two association measures, nonparametric and parametric statistical hypothesis tests and kernel density estimates. Decreasing (increasing) trend in precipitation (SATs) is noted in the recent multi-decadal period (1985–2019) compared to the previous one (1950–1984) indicating a progression towards warmer and drier climatic conditions across Florida. Spatially and temporally non-uniform variations in the associations of precipitation with SATs and SSTs are noted. Strong positive (weak negative) P–T associations are noted during the wet (dry) season for both AMO phases and El Niño, while significant (positive) P–T associations are observed across southern Florida during La Niña in the dry season. The seasonal influences are predominant in governing the P–T relationship over the regions with and without water bodies; however, considerable variations between El Niño and La Niña are noted during the dry season. The climate variability influences on P–T correlations for hyperthermic and thermic soil zones are found to be insignificant (significant) during the wet (dry) season. Nonparametric clustering is performed to identify the spatial clusters exhibiting homogeneous P–T relationships considering seasonal and climate variability influences.  相似文献   

Evaluation of uncalibrated energy balance model (BAITSSS) for estimating evapotranspiration in a semiarid,advective climate     

Ramesh Dhungel  Robert Aiken  Paul D. Colaizzi  Xiaomao Lin  Dan O'Brien  R. Louis Baumhardt  David K. Brauer  Gary W. Marek 《水文研究》2019,33(15):2110-2130

The backward‐averaged iterative two‐source surface temperature and energy balance solution (BAITSSS) model was developed to calculate evapotranspiration (ET) at point to regional scales. The BAITSSS model is driven by micrometeorological data and vegetation indices and simulates the water and energy balance of the soil and canopy sources separately, using the Jarvis model to calculate canopy resistance. The BAITSSS model has undergone limited testing in Idaho, United States. We conducted a blind test of the BAITSSS model without prior calibration for ET against weighing lysimeter measurements, net radiation, and surface temperature of drought‐tolerant corn (Zea mays L. cv. PIO 1151) in a semiarid, advective climate (Bushland, Texas, United States) in 2016. Later in the season (20 days), BAITSSS consistently overestimated ET by up to 3 mm d^?1. For the entire growing season (127 days), simulated versus measured ET resulted in a 7% error in cumulative ET, RMSE = 0.13 mm h^?1, and 1.70 mm d^?1; r² = 0.66 (daily) and r² = 0.84 (hourly); MAE = 0.08 mm h^?1 and 1.24 mm d^?1; and MBE = 0.02 mm h^?1 and 0.58 mm d^?1. The results were comparable with thermally driven instantaneous ET models that required some calibration. Next, the initial soil water boundary condition was reduced, and model revisions were made to resistance terms related to incomplete cover and assumption of canopy senescence. The revisions reduced discrepancies between measured and modelled ET resulting in <1% error in cumulative ET, RMSE = 0.1 mm h^?1, and 1.09 mm d^?1; r² = 0.86 (daily) and r² = 0.90 (hourly); MAE = 0.06 mm h^?1 and 0.79 mm d^?1; and MBE = 0.0 mm h^?1 and 0.17 mm d^?1 and generally mitigated the previous overestimation. The advancement in ET modelling with BAITSSS assists to minimize uncertainties in crop ET modelling in a time series.  相似文献   

Landslide detection in the Himalayas using machine learning algorithms and U-Net     

Meena  Sansar Raj  Soares  Lucas Pedrosa  Grohmann  Carlos H.  van Westen  Cees  Bhuyan  Kushanav  Singh  Ramesh P.  Floris  Mario  Catani  Filippo 《Landslides》2022,19(5):1209-1229

Landslides - Event-based landslide inventories are essential sources to broaden our understanding of the causal relationship between triggering events and the occurring landslides. Moreover,...  相似文献   

Organic geochemical record of increased productivity in Lake Naukuchiyatal, Kumaun Himalayas, India     

Preetam Choudhary  Joyanto Routh  Govind J. Chakrapani 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(4):837-843

Organic geochemical proxies have been studied in a 45-cm-long core retrieved from Lake Naukuchiyatal in Kumaun Himalayas, India. Increase in TOC, N, hydrocarbons and pigments concentration from bottom to surface sediments of the core indicates increase in the lake productivity. Stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ ¹⁵ N), biomarkers (TAR, CPI and n-ΣC_15,17,19) and C/N atomic (between 9 and 12) suggest dominance of algal derived organic matter in these sediments. Decrease in organic δ¹³C values (between ?27 and ?31‰) in surface sediments indicate influence of sewage and land runoff in shifting organic δ¹³C values, whereas low (between ?0.23 and 2.2‰) δ¹⁵N values together with high pigment concentrations (zeaxanthin and echinenone) represent dominance of cyanobacteria in the lake.  相似文献   

Did the Indo‐Asian summer monsoon decrease during the Holocene following insolation?     

Manish Tiwari  Rengaswamy Ramesh  Ravi Bhushan  Madavalm S. Sheshshayee  Bammidipati L. K. Somayajulu  A. J. Timothy Jull  George S. Burr 《第四纪科学杂志》2010,25(7):1179-1188

A few studies from the western Arabian Sea indicate that the Indian summer (or southwest) monsoon (ISM), after attaining its maximum intensity at ca. 9 ka, declined during the Holocene, as did insolation. In contrast, earlier and later observations from both the eastern and the western Arabian Sea do not support this inference. Analysis of multiple proxies of productivity in a new sediment core from the western Arabian Sea fails to confirm the earlier, single‐proxy (e.g. abundance of Globigerina bulloides) based, inference of the Holocene weakening of ISM, following insolation. The reason for the observed decreasing trend in foraminiferal abundance – the basis for the earlier inference – could be the favouring of silicate rather than carbonate productivity by the increased ISM wind strength. Although ISM exhibits several multi‐millennial scale fluctuations, there is no evidence from several multi‐proxy data to conclude that it declined during the Holocene; this is consistent with the phase lag analysis of longer time series of monsoon proxies. Thus, on sub‐Milankovitch timescales, ISM did not follow insolation, highlighting the importance of internal feedbacks. A comparison with East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) records suggests that both ISM and EASM varied in unison, implying common forcing factors on such longer timescales. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

On the aftershock sequence of a 4.6 mb earthquake of the Garhwal Himalaya     

Irene Sarkar  Ramesh Chander  Dalia Chatterjee 《Journal of Earth System Science》1995,104(4):683-691

Locally recorded data for eighteen aftershocks of a magnitude(m_b) 4.6 earthquake occurring near Ukhimath in the Garhwal Himalaya were analysed. A master event technique was adopted to locate seventeen individual aftershock hypocentres relative to the hypocentre of the eighteenth aftershock chosen as the master event. The aftershock epicentres define an approximately 30 km² rupture zone commensurate with the magnitude of the earthquake. The distribution of epicentres within this zone and the limited amount of first motion data support the view that a group of parallel, sub-vertical, sinistral strike-slip faults oriented N46°, transverse to the regional NW-SE trend of the Garhwal Himalaya, was involved in this seismic episode. Since the estimated focal depth range for aftershocks of this sequence is 3–14 km, we infer that this transverse fault zone extends through the upper crustal layer to a depth of 14 km at least.  相似文献   

Systematic errors in the medium range prediction of the Asian summer monsoon circulation     

U. C. Mohanty  K. J. Ramesh 《Journal of Earth System Science》1995,104(1):49-77

The present study describes an analysis of Asian summer monsoon forecasts with an operational general circulation model (GCM) of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), U.K. An attempt is made to examine the influence of improved treatment of physical processes on the reduction of systematic errors. As some of the major changes in the parameterization of physical processes, such as modification to the infrared radiation scheme, deep cumulus convection scheme, introduction of the shallow convection scheme etc., were introduced during 1985–88, a thorough systematic error analysis of the ECMWF monsoon forecasts is carried out for a period prior to the incorporation of such changes i.e. summer monsoon season (June–August) of 1984, and for the corresponding period after relevant changes were implemented (summer monsoon season of 1988). Monsoon forecasts of the ECMWF demonstrate an increasing trend of forecast skill after the implementation of the major changes in parameterizations of radiation, convection and land-surface processes. Further, the upper level flow is found to be more predictable than that of the lower level and wind forecasts display a better skill than temperature. Apart from this, a notable increase in the magnitudes of persistence error statistics indicates that the monsoon circulation in the analysed fields became more intense with the introduction of changes in the operational forecasting system. Although, considerable reduction in systematic errors of the Asian summer monsoon forecasts is observed (up to day-5) with the introduction of major changes in the treatment of physical processes, the nature of errors remain unchanged (by day-10). The forecast errors of temperature and moisture in the middle troposphere are also reduced due to the changes in treatment of longwave radiation. Moreover, the introduction of shallow convection helped it further by enhancing the vertical transports of heat and moisture from the lower troposphere. Though, the hydrological cycle in the operational forecasts appears to have enhanced with the major modifications and improvements to the physical parameterization schemes, certain regional peculiarities have developed in the simulated rainfall distribution over the monsoon region. Hence, this study suggests further attempts to improve the formulations of physical processes for further reduction of systematic forecast errors.  相似文献   

Characteristics of certain surface meteorological parameters in relation to the interannual variability of Indian summer monsoon   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

U. C. Mohanty  K. J. Ramesh 《Journal of Earth System Science》1993,102(1):73-87

With an objective to understand the influence of surface marine meteorological parameters in relation to the extreme monsoon activity over the Indian sub-continent leading to flood/drought, a detailed analysis of the sea level pressure over the Southern Hemisphere and various surface meteorological parameters over the Indian seas is carried out. The present study using the long term data sets (Southern Hemispheric Sea Level Pressure Analysis; Comprehensive Ocean Atmospheric Data Set over the Indian Seas; Surface Station Climatology Data) clearly indicates that the sea surface temperature changes over the south eastern Pacific (El Ninõ/La Niña) have only a moderate impact (not exceeding 50% reliability) on the Indian summer monsoon activity. On the other hand, the sea level pressure anomaly (SOI) over Australia and the south Pacific has a reasonably high degree of significance (more than 70%) with the monsoon activity over India. However, these two parameters (SLP and SST) do not show any significant variability over the Indian seas in relation to the summer monsoon activity. Over the Indian seas, the parameters which are mainly associated with the convective activity such as cloud cover, relative humidity and the surface wind were found to have a strong association with the extreme monsoon activity (flood/drought) and thus the net oceanic heat loss over the Indian seas provides a strong positive feed-back for the monsoon activity over India.  相似文献   

Kinetics of silica sorption and clay dissolution reactions at 1 and 670 atm     

Ramesh Dayal 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1977,41(1):135-141

Rates of reactions between clay minerals and silica-spiked seawater and the effect of pressure on the direction, extent and rate of such reactions have been studied. Kinetic behavior of short-term, clay-silica reaction indicates that diffusion is the rate controlling process in both clay dissolution and clay reconstitution reactions. Rate constants of these reactions are of the order of 10^?13 moles/ sec^{$\text{1}\text{2}$}cm². No significant pressure effect on the rate of clay dissolution was observed. Estimates of diffusion coefficient of silicic acid for clay dissolution and silica sorption reactions indicate that the true value lies within the range, 10^?13–10^?17cm²/sec, thus reflecting the semicrystalline or amorphous nature of the reaction product through which diffusion is occurring.  相似文献