Soil saturation index of salt marshes subjected to spring‐neap tides: a new variable for describing marsh soil aeration condition     

Pei Xin  Badin Gibbes  Ling Li  Zhiyao Song  David Lockington 《水文研究》2010,24(18):2564-2577

Organized spatial distribution of plants (plant zonation) in salt marshes has been linked to the soil aeration condition in the rhizosphere through simplistic tidal inundation parameters. Here, a soil saturation index (ratio of saturation period to tidal period at a soil depth) is introduced to describe the soil aeration condition. This new index captures the effects of not only the tidal inundation period and frequency but also the flow dynamics of groundwater in the marsh soil. One‐dimensional numerical models based on saturated flow with the Boussinesq approximations and a two‐dimensional variably saturated flow model were developed to explore the behaviour of this new soil aeration variable under the influence of spring‐neap tides. Simulations revealed two characteristic zones of soil aeration across the salt marsh: a relatively well aerated near‐creek zone and a poorly aerated interior zone. In the near‐creek zone, soils undergo periodic wetting and drying as the groundwater table fluctuates throughout the spring‐neap cycle. In the interior, the soil remains largely water saturated except for neap tide periods when limited drainage occurs. Although such a change of soil aeration condition has been observed in previous numerical simulations, the soil saturation index provides a clear delineation of the zones that are separated by an ‘inflexion point’ on the averaged index curve. The results show how the saturation index represents the effects of soil properties, tidal parameters and marsh platform elevation on marsh soil aeration. Simulations of these combined effects have not been possible with traditional tidal inundation parameters. The saturation index can be easily derived using relatively simple models based on five non‐dimensional variables. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Managing coastal area resources by stated choice experiments     

Xin Liu  Kai W. Wirtz 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010,86(3):512-517

In many coastal regions, oil spills can be considered as one of the most important and certainly the most noticeable forms of marine pollution. Efficient contingency management responding to oil spills on waters, which aims at minimizing pollution effects on coastal resources, turns out to be critically important. Such a decision making highly depends on the importance attributed to different coastal economic and ecological resources. Economic uses can, in principal, be addressed by standard measures such as value added. However, there is a missing of market in the real world for natural goods. Coastal resources such as waters and beach cannot be directly measured in money terms, which increases the risk of being neglected in a decision making process. This paper evaluates these natural goods of coastal environment in a hypothetical market by employing stated choice experiments. Oil spill management practice in German North Sea is used as an example. Results from a pilot survey show that during a combat process, beach and eider ducks are of key concerns for households. An environmental friendly combat option has to be a minor cost for households. Moreover, households with less children, higher monthly income and a membership of environmental organization are more likely to state that they are willing to pay for combat option to prevent coastal resources from an oil pollution. Despite that choice experiments require knowledge of designing questionnaire and statistical skills to deal with discrete choices and conducting a survey is time consumed, the results have important implications for oil spill contingency management. Overall, such a stated preference method can offer useful information for decision makers to consider coastal resources into a decision making process and can further contribute to finding a cost-effective oil preventive measure, also has a wide application potential in the field of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).  相似文献   

双基地激光测风雷达回波信号仿真研究          下载免费PDF全文

李绍辉  孙学金  邵连军  易欣  张传亮 《气象科学》2023,43(4):523-533

本文针对传统的体散射模型并未考虑大气不均匀性对信号传输的影响等问题,通过引入垂直非均匀的大气参数改进了模型,并利用其建立了体目标的双基地激光测风雷达方程,仿真了侧向散射回波信号,并与单基地雷达进行了对比分析。研究表明:水平方向上,双基地激光测风雷达的回波信号分布特征与单基地雷达差异较大,其回波信号等值线在近地面为卵形线,随着探测高度的增加,回波信号等值线逐渐变为以主、被动雷达为焦点的椭圆形,并最终趋近于圆形;垂直方向上,双基地激光测风雷达的回波信号随高度衰减剧烈,近地面的回波能量约为10^-10 J,4 km高度的回波能量约为10^-15J,在中低层大气(0~10 km),回波信号中气溶胶散射占比大,在高层大气(10 km以上),分子散射占比大。  相似文献   

环境植物样品中铜铅锌铁锰的测定     

马欣  丛玉梅  邵文君 《国土资源》1995,(1)

将环境植物样品在４００─５００℃灰化，用硝酸、氢氟酸和高氯酸分解，用盐酸（１＋１）提取，控制２％─３％的盐酸介质，用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定环境植物样品中的微量铜、铅、锌、铁、锰。该方法简单、快速、可靠。对环境植物标准样品的测定结果理想。  相似文献   

金属活动态提取法及其在黑龙江大兴安岭森林覆盖区的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

文雪琴 《地球科学与环境学报》2006,28(4):43-48

介绍了金属活动态的理论依据、成晕机制及提取方法,并应用金属活动态提取法在大兴安岭原始森林覆盖区对已知矿进行试验研究,发现在高寒森林覆盖区,利用金的水提取态异常强度低,异常不明显,而金的粘土结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态异常清晰地反映在矿体上方,异常强度居于中等。金的有机质结合态异常值虽然高,但容易受有机质在样品中颗粒大小等因素的影响而使异常出现多个峰值。总之,利用金属活动态提取法在高寒森林覆盖区进行找矿可以快速有效地确定异常,但要注意排除过多有机杂质在提取过程中的影响。  相似文献   

基于现有动态口令身份认证技术的分析与改进     

文小波  张洪刚 《成都信息工程学院学报》2006,21(6):857-861

身份认证对于保证信息只被合法授权用户获取和访问起着重要作用，因而建立强有力的身份认证机制成为信息安全的关键之一。以现有动态口令身份认证主流技术为参照，提出了一种动态口令同步认证方法，以实现动态口令安全性、有效性与同步程度、验证效率之间的最优化配置。  相似文献   

1993年7月湖北咸宁4.1级地震序列的活动特征     

杨福平  周昕  严尊国 《大地测量与地球动力学》2001,21(4):81-86

1993年 7月底至 8月中旬在咸宁发生的ML4 .1震群是一比较典型的有感震群 ,通过多种测震手段对该震群进行分析和处理 ,得到下列认识和结果 :1、该震群是一个非前兆震群。 2、此震群是一个主震型震群 ,地震主要发生在两个阶段 ,每个阶段均出现密集 -平静过程。 3、该震群可能与NE向潜山断裂的活动有关。 4、对咸宁震群的各种测震学参数计算表明 ,有一些参数在湖北省比较适用 (如b ,η ,U ,K ,ρ等 ) ,而有些则不适合 (如h ,F 等 )。  相似文献   

阿尔泰南缘地球物理场特征与矿床分布规律     

王隆平  温佩琳 《地球科学与环境学报》2001,23(3):46-49

通过对新疆阿尔泰南缘地球物理场特征-深部构造-已知大型矿床分布规律的系统研究,认为该地区不同属性的地质块体受3组基底构造控制,即EW向、NE向和NW向3组基底构造系,并认为该地区已知大型-超大型矿床同样受这3组深部构造系的控制.最后对阿尔泰地区进行了大型、超大型多金属矿床成矿预测.  相似文献   

莱芜市矿山排水对地质环境的影响分析     

常允新  王振涛  温永泉  张丽霞 《山东国土资源》2007,(Z1)

莱芜市煤炭和铁矿资源丰富,开采历史悠久,矿山排水量较大。煤矿矿坑水中SO42-、总硬度、矿化度、F-等组分较高,对地下水水化学场构成影响,矿区附近SO42-含量大于300 mg/L的孔隙水分布面积9.98 km2。铁矿排水具有高强度、大降深、强烈疏干的特征,导致矿山背斜东翼已形成水位降落漏斗,其中水位标高120 m的漏斗面积达27.5 km2,由于矿坑排水加之水源开采,1973年以来赵庄、孟家庄、西泉河地段共发生岩溶塌陷220处,塌陷总面积8 880 m2。  相似文献   

古环境研究中深海沉积物粒度测试的预处理方法   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11  

谢昕  郑洪波  陈国成  梅西 《沉积学报》2007,25(5):684-692

对深海沉积物样品进行粒度测试前,应根据研究目的,在预处理过程中有效去除碳酸盐和生物硅,同时完好保留陆源碎屑组分,才能使测试结果准确反映古气候和古环境变化。对采于南海的样品分别加入不同剂量浓度为10％的盐酸或浓度为25％的醋酸,以及不同剂量的NaOH或Na2CO3,同时利用有机元素分析仪、硅钼蓝比色法、环境扫描电子显微镜分析、观察不同方法的预处理效果,并结合粒度测试的结果认为,对于碳酸盐,盐酸和醋酸均可将其有效去除,但由于少量盐酸仍会对陆源矿物组分造成破坏,因此应使用酸性较弱的醋酸;对于生物硅,大剂量的Na2CO3仍难将其有效去除,而使用小剂量的NaOH即可去除干净,但需控制剂量以避免破坏矿物组分。针对南海沉积物中的各种生物组分含量,确定了醋酸和NaOH的使用剂量并建立了预处理流程。  相似文献