Landslide databases in the Geological Surveys of Europe     

Gerardo Herrera  Rosa María Mateos  Juan Carlos García-Davalillo  Gilles Grandjean  Eleftheria Poyiadji  Raluca Maftei  Tatiana-Constantina Filipciuc  Mateja Jemec Auflič  Jernej Jež  Laszlo Podolszki  Alessandro Trigila  Carla Iadanza  Hugo Raetzo  Arben Kociu  Maria Przyłucka  Marcin Kułak  Michael Sheehy  Xavier M. Pellicer  Charise McKeown  Graham Ryan  Veronika Kopačková  Michaela Frei  Dirk Kuhn  Reginald L. Hermanns  Niki Koulermou  Colby A. Smith  Mats Engdahl  Pere Buxó  Marta Gonzalez  Claire Dashwood  Helen Reeves  Francesca Cigna  Pavel Liščák  Peter Pauditš  Vidas Mikulėnas  Vedad Demir  Margus Raha  Lídia Quental  Cvjetko Sandić  Balazs Fusi  Odd Are Jensen 《Landslides》2018,15(2):359-379

Landslides are one of the most widespread geohazards in Europe, producing significant social and economic impacts. Rapid population growth in urban areas throughout many countries in Europe and extreme climatic scenarios can considerably increase landslide risk in the near future. Variability exists between European countries in both the statutory treatment of landslide risk and the use of official assessment guidelines. This suggests that a European Landslides Directive that provides a common legal framework for dealing with landslides is necessary. With this long-term goal in mind, this work analyzes the landslide databases from the Geological Surveys of Europe focusing on their interoperability and completeness. The same landslide classification could be used for the 849,543 landslide records from the Geological Surveys, from which 36% are slides, 10% are falls, 20% are flows, 11% are complex slides, and 24% either remain unclassified or correspond to another typology. Most of them are mapped with the same symbol at a scale of 1:25,000 or greater, providing the necessary information to elaborate European-scale susceptibility maps for each landslide type. A landslide density map was produced for the available records from the Geological Surveys (LANDEN map) showing, for the first time, 210,544 km² landslide-prone areas and 23,681 administrative areas where the Geological Surveys from Europe have recorded landslides. The comparison of this map with the European landslide susceptibility map (ELSUS 1000 v1) is successful for most of the territory (69.7%) showing certain variability between countries. This comparison also permitted the identification of 0.98 Mkm² (28.9%) of landslide-susceptible areas without records from the Geological Surveys, which have been used to evaluate the landslide database completeness. The estimated completeness of the landslide databases (LDBs) from the Geological Surveys is 17%, varying between 1 and 55%. This variability is due to the different landslide strategies adopted by each country. In some of them, landslide mapping is systematic; others only record damaging landslides, whereas in others, landslide maps are only available for certain regions or local areas. Moreover, in most of the countries, LDBs from the Geological Surveys co-exist with others owned by a variety of public institutions producing LDBs at variable scales and formats. Hence, a greater coordination effort should be made by all the institutions working in landslide mapping to increase data integration and harmonization.  相似文献   

Nano-Geology and Unconventional Oil and Gas   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

JU Yiwen  LU Shuangfang  SUN Yan  TAN Fengqi  WANG Guochang  HAN Ku  BAO Yuan  LI Qingguang 《《地质学报》英文版》2015,89(Z1):192-193

<正>Numerous Striking achievements have been made in micro and macro geology after the development for hundreds of years.Two trends branches of geology are divided into microcosmic nano-geology and macroeconomic astrono-geology with the enormous technology progress.The unique characteristics related to the nano-particles and nano-pores may be significant for  相似文献   

Starvation on changes in growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile red swamp crawfish, Procambarus clarkii   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

温小波  库夭梅  周开亚 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2007,25(1):97-105

The effect of starvation on physiological and biochemical indicators of body, muscle and hepatopancreas were investigated for juvenile red swamp crawfish (Procambarus clarkii), and the results showed the effect was obvious. In a 70-day starvation experiment, mean body weight, exuvial rate, ab- dominal muscle ratio and hepatosomatic index decreased significantly. The percentage of protein, fat, ash and moisture were also significantly affected. The protein content decreased sharply at Day 30 onward and the percentage of fat decreased rapidly from Day 50 and on. The percentages of ash and moisture started to increase significantly at Day 40 and 30 respectively. After the starvation experiment, the hepa- topancreatic total and neutral lipid content decreased slightly from 23.90% to 20.39% and 73.75% to 70.35%, while the hepatopancreatic polar lipid content increased from 23.81% to 27.32%. On the other hand, all the muscular total, neutral and polar lipid contents, and the muscular fatty acid compositions did not change significantly except for the hepatopancreatic fatty acid composition. The relative percentages of 14:0, 16:0, 16:1n-7 and 18:1n-9 were decreased by 55.17%, 11.11%, 8.5% and 6.70% from the initial values, and the relative percentages of 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 increased obvi- ously from 5.2%, 3.9%, 2.4%, 10.6%, and 13.7% to 7.1%, 5.0%, 2.8%, 11.5%, and 14.4% respectively. Preference of utilization of fatty acids from hepatopancreas during starvation was as follows: 14:0>16:0>16:1n-7>18:1n-9, and the conservation of highly unsaturated fatty acids was in the order of: 18:2n-6 >18:3n-3>20:4n-6>20:5n-3>22:6n-3.  相似文献   

Silicon X-ray line emission from solar flares and active regions     

John H. Parkinson  R. S. Wolff  H. L. Kestenbaum  W. H.-M. Ku  J. R. Lemen  K. S. Long  R. Novick  R. J. Suozzo  M. C. Weisskopf 《Solar physics》1978,60(1):123-136

New observations of solar flare and active region X-ray spectra obtained with the Columbia University instrument on OSO-8 are presented and discussed. The high sensitivity of the graphite crystal panel has allowed both line and continuum spectra to be observed with moderate spectral resolution. Observations with higher spectral resolution have been made with a panel of pentaerythritol crystals. Twenty-nine lines between 1.5 and 7.0 Å have been resolved and identified, including several dielectronic recombination satellite lines to Si xiv and Si xiii lines which have been observed for the first time. It has been found that thermal continuum models specified by single values of temperature and emission measure have fitted the data adequately, there being good agreement with the values of these parameters derived from line intensity ratios.  相似文献   

DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENTARY RATE IN ESTUARY AND COAST BY ^228 Th TECHNIQUE     

朱校斌 施伟康建海  秦晓光康兴伦  顾德隆张经 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2001,19(4):368-374

Analysis of ^232Th, ^230Th , and ^228Th in sediments showed that there was an excess of ^228Th over that supported by the parents ^282Th or ^228Ra in sediments in many regions. This excess ^228Th with a half-life of 1.91 years can be used for dating purpose over a time period of the order of a decade, so average sedimentary rates in the Yalujiang River Estuary, and in the Huanghe River Estuazy and its adjacent Laizhou Bay can be obtained from decreases in the excess ^228Th activity as a function of depth in sediment.  相似文献   

Absolute magnitudes of asteroids and a revision of asteroid albedo estimates from WISE thermal observations     

Petr Pravec  Alan W. Harris  Peter Kušnirák  Adrián Galád  Kamil Hornoch 《Icarus》2012,221(1):365-387

We obtained estimates of the Johnson V absolute magnitudes (H) and slope parameters (G) for 583 main-belt and near-Earth asteroids observed at Ond?ejov and Table Mountain Observatory from 1978 to 2011. Uncertainties of the absolute magnitudes in our sample are <0.21 mag, with a median value of 0.10 mag. We compared the H data with absolute magnitude values given in the MPCORB, Pisa AstDyS and JPL Horizons orbit catalogs. We found that while the catalog absolute magnitudes for large asteroids are relatively good on average, showing only little biases smaller than 0.1 mag, there is a systematic offset of the catalog values for smaller asteroids that becomes prominent in a range of H greater than ～10 and is particularly big above H ～ 12. The mean (H_catalog ? H) value is negative, i.e., the catalog H values are systematically too bright. This systematic negative offset of the catalog values reaches a maximum around H = 14 where the mean (H_catalog ? H) is ?0.4 to ?0.5. We found also smaller correlations of the offset of the catalog H values with taxonomic types and with lightcurve amplitude, up to ～0.1 mag or less. We discuss a few possible observational causes for the observed correlations, but the reason for the large bias of the catalog absolute magnitudes peaking around H = 14 is unknown; we suspect that the problem lies in the magnitude estimates reported by asteroid surveys. With our photometric H and G data, we revised the preliminary WISE albedo estimates made by Masiero et al. (Masired, J.R. et al. [2011]. Astrophys. J. 741, 68–89) and Mainzer et al. (Mainzer, A. et al. [2011b]. Astrophys. J. 743, 156–172) for asteroids in our sample. We found that the mean geometric albedo of Tholen/Bus/DeMeo C/G/B/F/P/D types with sizes of 25–300 km is p_V = 0.057 with the standard deviation (dispersion) of the sample of 0.013 and the mean albedo of S/A/L types with sizes 0.6–200 km is 0.197 with the standard deviation of the sample of 0.051. The standard errors of the mean albedos are 0.002 and 0.006, respectively; systematic observational or modeling errors can predominate over the quoted formal errors. There is apparent only a small, marginally significant difference of 0.031 ± 0.011 between the mean albedos of sub-samples of large and small (divided at diameter 25 km) S/A/L asteroids, with the smaller ones having a higher albedo. The difference will have to be confirmed and explained; we speculate that it may be either a real size dependence of surface properties of S type asteroids or a small size-dependent bias in the data (e.g., a bias towards higher albedos in the optically-selected sample of asteroids). A trend of the mean of the preliminary WISE albedo estimates increasing with asteroid size decreasing from D ～ 30 down to ～5 km (for S types) showed in Mainzer et al. (Mainzer, A. et al. [2011a]. Astrophys. J. 741, 90–114) appears to be mainly due to the systematic bias in the MPCORB absolute magnitudes that progressively increases with H in the corresponding range H = 10–14.  相似文献   

Spectroscopic and photometric study of the contact binary BO CVn     

S. Zola  R.H. Nelson  H.V. Şenavcı  T. Szymanski  A. Kuźmicz  M. Winiarski  D. Jableka 《New Astronomy》2012,17(8):673-678

We present the results of the study of the contact binary system BO CVn. We have obtained physical parameters of the components based on combined analysis of new, multi-color light curves and spectroscopic mass ratio. This is the first time the latter has been determined for this object. We derived the contact configuration for the system with a very high filling factor of about 88%. We were able to reproduce the observed light curve, namely the flat bottom of the secondary minimum, only if a third light has been added into the list of free parameters. The resulting third light contribution is significant, about 20–24%, while the absolute parameters of components are: M₁ = 1.16, M₂ = 0.39, R₁ = 1.62 and R₂ = 1.00 (in solar units).The O-C diagram shows an upward parabola which, under the conservative mass transfer assumption, would correspond to a mass transfer rate of dM/dt = 6.3 × 10^?8M_⊙/yr, matter being transferred from the less massive component to the more massive one. No cyclic, short-period variations have been found in the O-C diagram (but longer-term variations remain a possibility).  相似文献   

Effects of mining subsidence on masonry buildings in Zonguldak hard coal region in Turkey   总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1  

Eray Can  Şenol Kuşcu  Murat Emre Kartal 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,66(8):2503-2518

Gallerias are the underground constructed results of mining. As these space in underground layers collapse, horizontal and vertical ground movements occur and movement which may reach the earth’s surface are known as mining subsidence. The result of underground displacement may cause surface ground movement which can be detrimental to masonry buildings especially in hard coal regions. Thorough familiarity with general and regional characteristics of an affected area can assist reduction of the effects. Zonguldak and the nearby settlement area, with a population of 300,000, constitute the centre of a hard coal basin where extensive mining has a history extending through 160 years. Mining constitutes the main economic activity in this region, and consequently influences every aspect of life. This study’s intent is to identify the effects of mining subsidence on masonry buildings in the mining area of Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey and illustrate them with selected images of damaged masonry buildings. Also included are satellite and mining galleria images.  相似文献   

Earth Currents and Magnetic Field Variations in the Period Range 10–200 s     

F. W. Jones  C. C. Ku  L. P. Geldart 《Geophysical Journal International》1969,17(1):15-38

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Stable isotopic compositions of waters in the karst environments of China: Climatic implications     

Hong-Chun Li  Teh-Lung Ku  Dao-Xian Yuan  Nai-Jung Wan  Zhi-Bang Ma  Ping-Zhong Zhang  Miryam Bar-Matthews  Avner Ayalon  Zai-Hua Liu  Mei-Liang Zhang  Zhao-Yu Zhu  Ruo-Mei Wang 《Applied Geochemistry》2007

A total of 117 water samples, including cave water, ground water, spring water and river water, collected from the monsoonal area of China have been analyzed for their H- and O-isotope composition. Overall, a δ¹⁸O–δD correlation is observed of δD = −4.45 + 6.6δ¹⁸O (R² = 0.90) and a significant evaporation effect observed for the southern sites. Average δ¹⁸O and δD site values generally correspond to those of precipitation in nearby cities, with correlations of δD = 2.18 + 7.23δ¹⁸O (R² = 0.95) for the sample sites and δD = 11.05 + 7.95δ¹⁸O (R² = 0.95) for the cities. The effects of rainfall amount and temperature on precipitation δ¹⁸O were calculated using a simplified theoretical model derived from the Rayleigh distillation equation, which demonstrated that the sign of δ¹⁸O_pvs. T correlation is dependent on precipitation intensity. The mean δ¹⁸O value of cave waters exhibit decreasing trends with increasing latitude and reveal a spatial pattern of positive correlation with annual mean temperature and precipitation, mainly reflecting isotopic fractionations in the moisture source traveling from the ocean side to the inland continent. This spatial pattern implies that the δ¹⁸O values recorded in the proxy climate records derived from speleothems might be influenced by shifts in monsoon boundary during the past, especially between glacial and interglacial intervals.  相似文献