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91.
Research and development of the New Generation Sea Surface Temperature for Open Ccean (NGSST-O) product and its demonstration operation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Futoki Sakaida Hiroshi Kawamura Shin Takahashi Teruhisa Shimada Yoshimi Kawai Kohtaro Hosoda Lei Guan 《Journal of Oceanography》2009,65(6):859-870
Real-time generation and distribution of the New Generation Sea Surface Temperature for Open Ocean (NGSST-O) product began
in September 2003 as a demonstration operation of the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) High-Resolution Sea
Surface Temperature Pilot Project. Satellite sea surface temperature (SST) observations from infrared radiometers (AVHRR,
MODIS) and a microwave radiometer (AMSR-E) are objectively merged to generate the NGSST-O product, which is a quality-controlled,
cloud-free, high-spatial-resolution (0.05° gridded), wide-coverage (13–63° N, 116–166° E), daily SST digital map. The NGSST-O
demonstration operation system has been developed in cooperation with the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) and has produced six
years of continuous data without gaps. Comparison to in situ SSTs measured by drifting buoys indicates that the root mean-square error of NGSST-O has been kept at approximately 0.9°C. 相似文献
92.
To constrain seasonal changes in the long-range atmospheric transport of land-derived lipid biomarker compounds, we investigated the compound-specific stable isotopic composition of marine aerosol n-alkanes collected from 1990 to 1993 at a remote island, Chichi-Jima (27°04′N, 142°13′E), in the western North Pacific. Compound-specific isotope analysis revealed, in particular, strong seasonal changes in the δ13C values of the C29 and C31n-alkanes (biomarkers for higher plants). Lighter δ13C values were observed in winter (typically −32 to −34‰), with a transition to heavier values in summer (typically −28 to −31‰). Using a mixing equation and typical end members for C3 and C4 plants, we found that this is due to relative increases in the contributions from C4 plants in the summer season. Using backward air-mass trajectory analyses, it was shown that the Asian continent was the major source region for C3 plant material during winter/spring, whereas Indonesia/Australia and possibly the Americas were the major source regions for C4 material during the summer/autumn. Also observed was an enhanced atmospheric transport of n-alkanes from C4 plants in 1991 summer/autumn during a strong El Nino event, which was associated with forest and bushfires in Indonesia and Australia. In addition to providing information on contemporary processes, this study also provides a base for future paleoclimatological work in ocean sediments. 相似文献
93.
Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the displacement field recorded at 147 GPS stations in the Kanto-Tokai district, Japan, for the period from January 1999 to February 2003. Some prominent geophysical events occurred during this period. Using PCA, we attempted to decompose the displacement field into some representative spatial modes and their corresponding temporal modes to quantitatively extract the primary geophysical events that have caused rapid crustal deformation in this region. The displacement field was roughly decomposed into modes corresponding to the following three major events: (1) The Miyake-Kozu volcanic event, which occurred in the region south of Tokyo in 2000. It included large-scale dyke intrusion and intensive earthquake swarm between the Miyakejima and Kozushima islands. (2) The Tokai slow-slip event, which is considered to have begun just after the Miyake-Kozu volcanic event and is ongoing as of November 2005. It occurred on the boundary between the subducting Philippine Sea Plate and the overriding Eurasian (Amurian) Plate in the Tokai district. (3) The Boso slow-slip event, which lasted for approximately 10 days in October 2002. It occurred on the boundary between the subducting Pacific Plate and the overriding North American Plate near the Boso Peninsula. In the decomposition process, we combined the mode-rotation technique with ordinary PCA. This is because PCA causes contamination between modes, i.e., a mode obtained with PCA is contaminated by other modes. For example, the first principal mode corresponding to the Miyake-Kozu volcanic event, which is by far the largest in magnitude, was clearly seen in many other modes. In order to remove such contamination, we applied the mode-rotation technique, in which the principal axes derived from PCA are rotated so as to minimize the correlation coefficients between different temporal modes for a time period in which some prominent change occurs. Combining the mode-rotation technique with PCA exhibited a better performance in separating the displacement field. 相似文献
94.
Time-dependent wind-driven circulation in the subarctic north Pacific is investigated by using Topex/Poseidon (T/P) altimeter
data and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) wind data for about 6 years. The first empirical orthogonal
function (EOF) of the T/Pderived sea level anomaly (SLA) without the variation related to the steric height change (SLA1)
and the first EOF of the ECMWF-based wind stress curl fields represent basin-sized south-north oscillations and their time
series agree well with a correlation of 0.49. They appear to express the spin-up and spin-down of the subarctic gyre. The
third EOF of SLA (SLA3) and the second EOF of the wind stress curl are also related to the variation of the subarctic gyre.
Though the correlation of their time series is 0.27, drastic changes in early winter coincide well. The two EOF pairs can
be considered to mean that the SLA variation followed by the latitudinal migration of the Aleutian low is separated into two
standing oscillation patterns, that is, the sea level variation combined with SLA1 and SLA3 expresses seasonal variations
of the wind-driven circulation of the subarctic gyre. The interannual SLAs constructed by subtracting the SLA1 and SLA3 components
clearly show trans-pacific westward propagation even in the high-latitudes. The time series of SLA1 is in agreement with that
ofin situ SLAs measured with the tide gauge at Petropavlovsk (53-01N, 158-38E), which implies the possibility to monitor the subarctic
circulation using tide gauge data. 相似文献
95.
To investigate the feasibility and methodology of new generation sea surface temperature (SST) maps that combine various satellite
measurements, we have quantitatively evaluated SST availabilities of NOAA AVHRR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer), GMS S-VISSR (Geostationary Meteorological Satellite, Stretched-Visible Infrared
Spin Scan Radiometer) and TRMM MI (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, Microwave Imager: TMI), during the one-year period
from October 1999 to September 2000. The advantage of satellite microwave SST measurements is the ability to penetrate the
clouds that contaminate satellite infrared measurements. Daily SST availabilities were calculated in the overlapping coverage
from 20°N to 38°N and 120°E to 160°E. The annual-mean SST availabilities of AVHRR, S-VISSR and TMI are 48%, 56% and 78%, respectively.
There are large seasonal variations in the availabilities of infrared measurements. The latitude-time plots of one-degree
zonal mean SST availabilities of S-VISSR and TMI in the region from 38°S to 38°N and 80°E to 160°W show significant zonal
variations, which are influenced by the atmospheric circulation such as the Subtropical High and the Intertropical Convergence
Zone. The SST availabilities of S-VISSR and TMI in the five selected regions have large regional variations, ranging from
35% to 74% and 62% to 88% for S-VISSR and TMI, respectively. The present statistical analyses of SST availabilities in the
infrared and microwave measurements indicate that 1) a daily cloud-free high-spatial resolution may be achieved by merging
various SST measurements since their deficiencies compensate each other, and 2) nevertheless, it is necessary to take account
of the seasonal and regional variations of SST availabilities of different satellite sensors for the development of merging
technology.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
96.
The Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a five-channel radiometer
with wavelength from 0.6 to 12 μm. Daily 0.125° sea surface temperature (SST) data from VIRS were first produced at the National
Space Development Agency (NASDA) for comparison with SST from TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI). In order to obtain accurate high
spatial resolution SST for the merging of SST from infrared and microwave measurements, new SST retrieval coefficients of
the Multichannel SST (MCSST) algorithm were generated using the global matchups from VIRS brightness temperature (BT) and
Global Telecommunications System (GTS) SST. Cloud detection was improved and striping noise was eliminated. One-year global
VIRS level-1B data were reprocessed using the MCSST algorithm and the advanced cloud/noise treatments. The bias and standard
deviation between VIRS split-window SST and in situ SST are 0.10°C and 0.63°C, and for triple-window SST, are 0.06°C and 0.48°C.
The results indicate that the reprocessing algorithm is capable of retrieving high quality SST from VIRS data.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
97.
Il-Chan Kim Young Ja Kim Yong-Dal Yoon Shoji Kawamura Yong-Sung Lee Jae-Seong Lee 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):125
To use two small fish Rivulus marmoratus (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae) and the Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes (Belloniformes) as testing models in molecular ecotoxicology, we have cloned the cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene after screening of both genomic DNA libraries, and sequenced 11,863 and 7,243 bp including all the exons and introns with promoter regions, respectively. The Rivulus and the medaka CYP1A gene consisted of seven exons (including non-coding exons) with high homology to mammals. In the promoter region, Rivulus CYP1A gene has seven xenobiotic response elements (XREs) and two metal response elements (MREs), while the Japanese medaka CYP1A gene has six XREs and four MREs. Interestingly, medaka CYP1A gene has a number of MREs at the promoter, which may affect its response on metal exposure. We describe here the gene structure of both fish CYP1A genes. 相似文献
98.
Distributions of low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids in the North Pacific aerosol samples 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Marine aerosol samples collected from the North Pacific atmosphere were studied for molecular distributions of dicarboxylic acids by using a capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometery. A homologous series of dicarboxylic acids (C2–C10) was detected in the marine aerosol samples as dibutyl esters. All the samples showed that the smallest diacid (oxalic acid: C2) was the most abundant and comprised 41–67% of the total diacids. The second most abundant species was malonic acid (C3) or succinic acid (C4). The diacids with more carbon numbers were generally less abundant. Total diacid concentration range was 17–1040 ng m–3, which accounted for up to 1.6% of total aerosol mass. This indicates that low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids are important class of organic compounds in the marine atmosphere. The concentrations were generally higher in the western North Pacific and lower in the central North Pacific. The major portion of diacids is probably derived from the Asian Continent and East Asian countries by long-range atmospheric transport and partly fromin situ photochemical production in the marine atmosphere. 相似文献
99.
Relations between sea-surface temperature (T
s) and heat flux at the sea surface (F) have been investigated using data from ocean observation buoys located off Shikoku in the Sea of Japan and in the East China
Sea. Wavelet transformation decomposed F and T
s to wavelet coefficients (WLC) in the period-time domain. Assuming one-dimensional heat transfer by eddy diffusion in the
upper ocean, the phase difference (δθ) defined as the difference between the phase of the temporal change rate of T
s, and the phase of F ranges statistically from 0 to +π/4 when F changes T
s, and is around −π/2 when heat convergence in the sea (Av) forces T
s. The δθ values are distributed from 0 to +π/4 at one-day and one-year periods at all buoys. WLC amplitude (WLCA) of F at periods from 16 to 32 day periods, which may be caused by the atmospheric ridge-trough systems, maintains energy longer
than WLCA at periods from 2 to 16 days, which may be caused by monsoonal surges. At periods from 2 to 64 days, δθ values distribute
from 0 to +π/4 or around −π/2 at each event, reflecting the surroundings of each ocean, i.e., Kuroshio recirculation in the
off-Shikoku area, water-temperature front in the Sea of Japan, and water exchange in the continental shelf edge in the East
China Sea. We demonstrate that the wavelet analysis can characterize the correspondence between irregular signals of F and T
s in various time scales and locations.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
100.
Analysis is made of wind and wave data, which were obtained during the passage of Typhoon 8013 at an Ocean Data Buoy Station south of Honshu operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency, in order to investigate the wave dependence of sea-surface roughness parameter in the situation where wind waves are dominant with less significant swells. The data fit better the wave-dependent expression of the wind stress,z
0
p/u*=, than to Charnock's formula,gz
0/u*2=, wherez
0 is the roughness length,
p the angular frequency of the spectral peak of wind waves,u* the friction velocity of air,g the acceleration of gravity, and are non-dimensional constants. The results are very similar to those of our previous study using data from an oil producing platform in the Bass Strait, Australia, although the type of observation system and the synoptic situation of the winds and wind waves were totally different. 相似文献