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121.
Soil is heterogeneous and has different thermal and hydraulic properties, causing varied behavior in heat and moisture transport. Therefore, soil has an important effect on land–atmosphere interactions. In this study, an improved soil parameterization scheme that considers gravel and organic matter in the soil was introduced into CLM4.5 (Community Land Model). By using data from the Zoige and Madoi sites on the Tibetan Plateau, the ability of the model to simultaneously simulate the duration of freeze–thaw periods, soil temperature, soil moisture, and surface energy during freeze–thaw processes, was validated. The results indicated that: (1) the new parameterization performed better in simulating the duration of the frozen, thawing, unfrozen, and freezing periods; (2) with the new scheme, the soil thermal conductivity values were decreased; (3) the new parameterization improved soil temperature simulation and effectively decreased cold biases; (4) the new parameterization scheme effectively decreased the dry biases of soil liquid water content during the freezing, completely frozen, and thawing periods, but increased the wet biases during the completely thawed period; and (5) the net radiation, latent heat flux, and soil surface heat flux of the Zoige and Madoi sites were much improved by the new organic matter and thermal conductivity parameterization. 相似文献
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基于创新“二分法”的中国装备制造业创新网络研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
从创新“二分法”的研究视角出发,研究知识学习（STI）和经验学习（DUI）对中国装备制造业创新网络构建的影响。研究表明：① 从网络结构看,DUI是装备制造业创新结网的主要方式,产业伙伴比知识伙伴更重要。② 从空间尺度看,STI和DUI的区域合作均重于本地合作;国家层面是中国装备制造业创新合作的最佳空间尺度。③ 从环境需求看,优化本地创新资源并不能有效增强网络创新能力。研究指出,培育DUI创新绝对优势、重视区域创新协同合作、推动符合产业创新特点的环境建设与制度安排将有助于中国装备制造业创新能力提升。 相似文献
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通过对橄榄河温泉盖层和热储层地质体的岩性和构造特征分析,依据水化学数据,利用Piper三角图解法、同位素水文学方法和地球化学温标等方法,对橄榄河温泉地下热水的水化学类型、补给机制、热储特征和冷热水混合机制等关键问题进行了分析。结果表明地下热水源于大气降水补给,且地下热水在上升至地表的过程中与浅层冷水发生着混合,冷水混入比例约为62%~64%;温泉水化学类型为HCO3 -Na型,表明热水化学组分与围岩化学成分之间具有耦合关系;地下热水循环深度约2 070 m,橄榄河温泉的成因受控于柯街深大断裂,其控制着地下热水的储存、运移和混合程度。研究成果填补了橄榄河热泉的相关研究空白,为该温泉的开发利用提供了科学支撑。 相似文献
124.
森林生态系统是一个庞大的碳储备系统,在当前气候变暖条件下,温度变化会对森林生态系统的碳收支过程产生重要影响。该文选择长白山温带针阔混交林森林生态系统（CBS）作为研究对象,利用多年通量及小气候观测资料分析该生态系统碳收支过程对温度的响应特征,结果显示该温带森林碳交换的季节变化特征十分明显。生态系统总初级生产力GPP、生态系统呼吸Re和净生态系统碳交换NEE在2003—2008年的月平均变化显示,碳收支3个组分最大值均出现在夏季,GPP最大值出现在7月,Re最大值主要出现在8月,NEE负方向的最大值主要出现在6月或7月,表现为碳吸收。在日尺度和月尺度对温度的响应上,GPP和Re都是随温度（气温和5 cm土壤温度）呈显著的指数升高形式。在日尺度上和月尺度上, NEE对气温的响应皆是分段线性形式,先是随气温的上升而正向增大,表现为碳排放;当超过临界温度,随气温的继续上升而负值增大,表现为碳吸收。根据温度、GPP、Re以及NEE的季节的变化,每年达到最大的GPP、Re以及NEE的最适温度均不同,这表明了在气温变化的背景下,生态系统的最适温度也在随之改变,也表明了不考虑其它因素的影响,在气候变暖的背景下,长白山针阔混交林森林生态系统的GPP、Re随气温的升高增大,而NEE随气温的升高而减小。 相似文献
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ABSTRACTOver-exploitation of groundwater has caused severe land subsidence in Beijing during the past two decades. Since the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP), the biggest water diversion project in China, started to deliver water to Beijing in December 2014, the groundwater shortage has been greatly alleviated. This study aims to analyze the impact of SNWDP on the spatiotemporal evolution of land subsidence in Beijing. Change in surface displacement in Beijing after SNWDP was retrieved and the spatiotemporal patterns of the change were analyzed based on long time-series Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) (2004–2010), Radarsat-2 (2011–2014), and Sentinel-1 (2015–2017) satellite datasets using Permanent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) techniques. Land subsidence unevenness index (LSUI) was proposed to represent the spatial unevenness of surface displacement. PS-Time approach was then adapted to examine the time series evolution of LSUI. The results showed that the InSAR measurements agree well with leveling measurements with R2 over 0.96. Although the maximum annual displacement rate reached ?159.7 mm/year by 2017, over 57% of the area within 25 mm/year contour line showed decreasing or unchanged displacement rate after the south-north water delivered to Beijing. The settlement rate in Chaoyang-Dongbalizhuang (CD) subsidence center has decreased for 26 mm/year from 2011–2014 to 2015–2017. Only around 15% of the area experienced continued accelerating settlement rate through the three time periods, which was mainly located in the area with the compressible layer thickness over 190 m, while the magnitude of velocity increment considerably decreased after SNWDP. Land subsidence unevenness, represented by LSUI, developed more slowly after SNWDP than that during 2011–2014. However, LSUI at the edge of settlement funnel has kept developing and reached 1.7‰ in 2017. Decreasing groundwater level decline after SNWDP and the positive relationship (R2 > 0.74) between land subsidence and groundwater level clearly showed impacts of SNWDP on the alleviating land subsidence. Other reasons include geological background, increasing precipitation, and strict water management policies implemented during these years. 相似文献
126.
YanYan Yang LianYou Liu XiaoYan Li PeiJun Shi GuoMing Zhang YiYing Xiong YanLi Lyu LanLan Guo Bo Liang MengDi Zhao JiaDong Dai XiYang Zuo XuJiao Han 《Sedimentology》2019,66(2):590-603
Aeolian sand entrainment, saltation and deposition are important and closely related near surface processes. Determining how grains are sorted by wind requires a detailed understanding of how aerodynamic sand transport processes vary within the saltating layer with height above the bed. Grain‐size distribution of sand throughout the saltation layer and, in particular, how the associated flux of different grain size changes with variation in wind velocity, remain unclear. In the present study, a blowdown wind tunnel with a 50 cm thick boundary layer was used to investigate saltating sand grains by analyzing the weight percentage and transport flux of different grain‐size fractions and the mean grain size at different wind velocities. It was found that mean grain size decreases with height above the sand bed before undergoing a reversal. The height of the reversal point ranges from 4 to 40 cm, and increases with wind velocity following a non‐linear relationship. The content of the finer fractions (very fine and fine sand) initially increases above the sand bed and then decreases slightly with height, whereas that of the coarser fractions (medium and coarse sand) exhibits the opposite trend. The content of coarser grains and the mean grain size of sand in the saltation layer increase with wind velocity, indicating erosional selectivity with respect to grains in multi‐sized sand beds; but this size selectivity decreases with increasing wind velocity. The vertical mass flux structure of fine sand and very fine sand does not obey a general exponential decay pattern under strong wind conditions; and the coarser the sand grain, the greater the decrease rate of their transport mass with height. The results of these experiments suggest that the grain‐size distribution of a saltating sand cloud is governed by both wind velocity and height within the near‐surface boundary layer. 相似文献
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128.
北京市建筑设计产业空间分布与区位选择 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
超大城市的城市空间结构调整需求日益迫切,城市内细分产业的空间分布及区位选择的研究也变得更加重要。以北京市为例,从微观视角分析了超大城市内部企业空间分布规律,以期为城市优化建筑设计产业空间结构提供理论支撑。运用核密度估计方法、Ripley’s K（d）函数以及负二项模型,分析了建筑设计企业的空间分布及其区位选择的影响因素。结果表明：① 服务型建筑设计企业集中分布在北京市五环内的中心城区;工程型建筑设计企业选址郊区化明显。② 服务型建筑设计企业的集聚尺度较工程型更大,不同细分行业的工程型建筑设计企业集聚尺度存在差异。③ 建筑设计企业在选址时受到政策、服务设施、运营成本、信息通达度和产业基础的影响,不同类型企业选址时的侧重点不同。与大规模企业相比,中小规模企业受成本要素的影响更大。与服务型建筑设计企业相比,工程型建筑设计企业受到政策的影响大。④ 选址在中心城区的建筑设计企业对服务设施和信息通达度等要素更为敏感,城郊的企业则主要受到成本要素和交通基础设施的影响。 相似文献
129.
Lihui?Lyu Yunsheng?DongEmail author Tianshu?Zhang Cheng?Liu Wenqing?Liu Zhouqing?Xie Yan?Xiang Yi?Zhang Zhenyi?Chen Guangqiang?Fan Leibo?Zhang Yang?Liu Yuchen?Shi Xiaowen?Shu 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2018,32(1):60-68
We present mobile vehicle lidar observations in Tianjin, China during the spring, summer, and winter of 2016. Mobile observations were carried out along the city border road of Tianjin to obtain the vertical distribution characteristics of PM2.5. Hygroscopic growth was not considered since relative humidity was less than 60% during the observation experiments. PM2.5 profile was obtained with the linear regression equation between the particle extinction coefficient and PM2.5 mass concentration. In spring, the vertical distribution of PM2.5 exhibited a hierarchical structure. In addition to a layer of particles that gathered near the ground, a portion of particles floated at 0.6–2.5-km height. In summer and winter, the fine particles basically gathered below 1 km near the ground. In spring and summer, the concentration of fine particles in the south was higher than that in the north because of the influence of south wind. In winter, the distribution of fine particles was opposite to that measured during spring and summer. High concentrations of PM2.5 were observed in the rural areas of North Tianjin with a maximum of 350 μg m–3 on 13 December 2016. It is shown that industrial and ship emissions in spring and summer and coal combustion in winter were the major sources of fine particles that polluted Tianjin. The results provide insights into the mechanisms of haze formation and the effects of meteorological conditions during haze–fog pollution episodes in the Tianjin area. 相似文献
130.
Soil carbon stock and flux in plantation forest and grassland ecosystems in Loess Plateau,China 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Carbon sequestration occurs when cultivated soils are re-vegetated. In the hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China, black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) plantation forest and grassland were the two main vegetation types used to mitigate soil and water loss after cultivation abandonment. The purpose of this study was to compare the soil carbon stock and flux of these two types of vegetation which restored for 25 years. The experiment was conducted in Yangjuangou catchment in Yan′an City, Shaanxi Province, China. Two adjacent slopes were chosen for this study. Six sample sites were spaced every 35–45 m from summit to toe slope along the hill slope, and each sample site contained three sampling plots. Soil organic carbon and related physicochemical properties in the surface soil layer(0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) were measured based on soil sampling and laboratory analysis, and the soil carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions and environmental factors were measured in the same sample sites simultaneously. Results indicated that in general, a higher soil carbon stock was found in the black locust plantation forest than that in grassland throughout the hill slope. Meanwhile, significant differences in the soil carbon stock were observed between these two vegetation types in the upper slope at soil depth 0–10 cm and lower slope at soil depth 10–20 cm. The average daily values of the soil CO2 emissions were 1.27 μmol/(m2·s) and 1.39 μmol/(m2·s) for forest and grassland, respectively. The soil carbon flux in forest covered areas was higher in spring and less variation was detected between different seasons, while the highest carbon flux was found in grassland in summer, which was about three times higher than that in autumn and spring. From the carbon sequestration point of view, black locust plantation forest on hill slopes might be better than grassland because of a higher soil carbon stock and lower carbon flux. 相似文献