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101.
102.
We retrieved a lake sediment record from an oligosaline, meromictic lake in southwest Greenland. The record spans the last
8,200 cal. years and was radiocarbon dated and analysed for macroscopic remains of plants and animals. The record extends
the known history of several invertebrate species back in time, and provides minimum ages for their immigration to Greenland
after the last deglaciation. Shells of the ostracod Ilyocypris bradyi were found in sediments dated to the time interval c. 7,000–6,500 cal. years BP. Shells of this species were found previously in a nearby oligosaline lake, where its occurrence
was dated to about the same short time interval. The species is a thermophilous, non-arctic taxon that is absent from the
present day Greenland fauna, and we suggest that its former occurrence in west Greenland marks the peak of the Holocene thermal
maximum. This is in agreement with other records from Greenland. 相似文献
103.
John Davis Jakeman Ole M. Nielsen Kristy Van Putten Richard Mleczko David Burbidge Nick Horspool 《Ocean Dynamics》2010,60(5):1115-1138
This paper presents a framework and data for spatially distributed assessment of tsunami inundation models. Our associated
validation test is based upon the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which affords a uniquely large amount of observational data for
events of this kind. Specifically, we use eyewitness accounts to assess onshore flow depths and speeds as well as a detailed
inundation survey of Patong City, Thailand to compare modelled and observed inundation. Model predictions matched well the
detailed inundation survey as well as altimetry data from the JASON satellite, eyewitness accounts of wave front arrival times
and onshore flow speeds. Important buildings and other structures were incorporated into the underlying elevation model and
are shown to have a large influence on inundation extent. 相似文献
104.
Spatial patterns of frequent floods in Switzerland 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This study investigates the spatial dependence of high and extreme streamflows in Switzerland across different scales. First, using 56 runoff time series from Swiss rivers, we determined the average length of high-streamflow events for different levels of extremeness. Second, a dependence measure that expressed the probability that streamflow peaks would meet or exceed streamflow peaks at a conditioning site was used to describe and map the spatial extent of joint streamflow-peak occurrences across Switzerland. Third, we analysed the spatial patterns of jointly occurring high streamflows using cluster analysis to identify groups that react similarly in terms of flood frequency at different sites. The results indicate that, on a coarse scale, high and extreme streamflows are asymptotically independent in the main Swiss basins. Additionally, mesoscale tributaries in the main basins show distinct flood regions across river systems. 相似文献
105.
Peter Rasmussen George Pantopoulos Jørn B. Jensen Jesper Olsen Hans Røy Ole Bennike 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2020,49(1):108-128
Holocene sedimentation patterns and environmental development in Aarhus Bay, Denmark, were reconstructed based on proxy analyses of two sediment cores (M1 and M5). Together, the two cores offer an opportunity to examine the history of the area during the past c. 10 000 years. The investigation consisted of acoustic mapping and multi-proxy analyses of the sediment cores including macrofossils, sediment physical properties, sediment accumulation rates, grain size, and X-ray fluorescence elemental counts. Radiocarbon dating of the two sediment successions revealed that they cover the periods c. 10 000–3700 cal. a BP (M1) and c. 4400 cal. a BP to the present (M5). The data from the M1 site indicate the presence of a near-shore lake environment between c. 10 000 and 9000 cal. a BP. The first intrusion of marine water into the area is dated to c. 9000 cal. a BP. In the following c. 1300 years, brackish-water conditions prevailed in the area characterized by a mixture of taxa from marine, limnic and terrestrial habitats, reflecting a shallow estuarine environment. Around 7700 cal. a BP full marine conditions were established, accompanied by a marked increase in sedimentation rates. The changes to full marine conditions and higher sedimentation rates are probably due to a significant sea-level rise leading to flooding of former land areas and intensified erosion. A subsequent distinct decrease in sedimentation rates around 6350 cal. a BP is presumably linked to a previously documented sea-level drop about this time. Continuous sedimentation ceased around 3700 cal. a BP in the central part of the bay, most probably due to a major sea-level lowering involving widespread erosion. In the eastern and deeper part of the bay, sedimentation continued until today. Fully marine conditions prevailed there for at least the last 4400 years. 相似文献
106.
Michael Weber Federico Lugli Bodo Hattendorf Denis Scholz Regina Mertz‐Kraus Damien Guinoiseau Klaus Peter Jochum 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(1):69-83
The in situ measurement of Sr isotopes in carbonates by MC‐ICP‐MS is limited by the availability of suitable microanalytical reference materials (RMs), which match the samples of interest. Whereas several well‐characterised carbonate reference materials for Sr mass fractions > 1000 µg g?1 are available, there is a lack of well‐characterised carbonate microanalytical RMs with lower Sr mass fractions. Here, we present a new synthetic carbonate nanopowder RM with a Sr mass fraction of ca. 500 µg g?1 suitable for microanalytical Sr isotope research (‘NanoSr’). NanoSr was analysed by both solution‐based and in situ techniques. Element mass fractions were determined using EPMA (Ca mass fraction), as well as laser ablation and solution ICP‐MS in different laboratories. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio was determined by well‐established bulk methods for Sr isotope measurements and is 0.70756 ± 0.00003 (2s). The Sr isotope microhomogeneity of the material was determined by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS, which resulted in 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.70753 ± 0.00007 (2s) and 0.70757 ± 0.00006 (2s), respectively, in agreement with the solution data within uncertainties. Thus, this new reference material is well suited to monitor and correct microanalytical Sr isotope measurements of low‐Sr, low‐REE carbonate samples. NanoSr is available from the corresponding author. 相似文献
107.
L. Mertz 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1976,45(2):383-389
A family of simple algorithms is presented that lead to non-negative reconstructed images that are rigorously consistent with measurements from rotation collimators. The algorithms require complex data, and it is recommended that the real and imaginary components of such data be obtained from a pair of almost identical collimators. The resultant imagery is fleetingly compared to that of other data processing procedures. 相似文献
108.
109.
The outer coast of Finnmark in northern Norway is where the former Fennoscandian and Barents Sea ice sheets coalesced. This key area for isostatic modelling and deglaciation history of the ice sheets has abundant raised shorelines, but only a few existing radiocarbon dates constrain their chronology. Here we present three Holocene sea level curves based on radiocarbon dated deposits from isolation basins at the outermost coast of Finnmark; located at the islands Sørøya and Rolvsøya and at the Nordkinn peninsula. We analysed animal and plant remains in the basin deposits to identify the transitions between marine and lacustrine sediments. Terrestrial plant fragments from these transitions were then radiocarbon dated. Radiocarbon dated mollusk shells and marine macroalgae from the lowermost deposits in several basins suggest that the first land at the outer coast became ice free around 14,600 cal yr BP. We find that the gradients of the shorelines are much lower than elsewhere along the Norwegian coast because of substantial uplift of the Barents Sea. Also, the anomalously high elevation of the marine limit in the region can be attributed to uplift of the adjacent seafloor. After the Younger Dryas the coast emerged 1.6–1.0 cm per year until about 9500–9000 cal yr BP. Between 9000 and 7000 cal yr BP relative sea level rose 2–4 m and several of the studied lakes became submerged. At the outermost locality Rolvsøya, relative sea level was stable at the transgression highstand for more than 3000 years, between ca 8000 and 5000 cal yr BP. Deposits in five of the studied lakes were disturbed by the Storegga tsunami ca 8200–8100 cal yr BP. 相似文献
110.
J. Ole Kaven Stephen H. Hickman Nicholas C. Davatzes Ovunc Mutlu 《Computational Geosciences》2012,16(3):613-624
Frictional sliding on quasi-statically deforming faults and fractures can be modeled efficiently using a linear complementarity
formulation. We review the formulation in two dimensions and expand the formulation to three-dimensional problems including
problems of orthotropic friction. This formulation accurately reproduces analytical solutions to static Coulomb friction sliding
problems. The formulation accounts for opening displacements that can occur near regions of non-planarity even under large
confining pressures. Such problems are difficult to solve owing to the coupling of relative displacements and tractions; thus,
many geomechanical problems tend to neglect these effects. Simple test cases highlight the importance of including friction
and allowing for opening when solving quasi-static fault mechanics models. These results also underscore the importance of
considering the effects of non-planarity in modeling processes associated with crustal faulting. 相似文献