The Dramas of the Marine Extractive Reserve Managers in Brazil: Navigating through Multiple Institutions     

Deborah Santos Prado  Fábio de Castro  Cristiana Simão Seixas 《社会与自然资源》2020,33(5):651-668

Abstract

In this paper, we describe and analyze the co-management institutional framework at 21 Brazilian Marine Extractive Reserves (MERs) and present the dramas of its implementation from the local manager’s perspective. We categorized the governance instruments of MERs into (i) instruments for land/sea tenure and beneficiaries’ recognition, (ii) territorial use planning, (iii) institutional arenas for discussion and deliberation, as well as (iv) public policies. Although the legal arrangements of these protected areas address fundamental dimensions of governance, we present the challenges of its implementation based on the voice of local managers. The managers are the bridge between the central government and communities, dealing with the implementation of the institutional framework in a reality of multi-level and multi-scale drama: from local to national dilemmas, from organizational to structural ones. We explore these dramas and highlight the institutional dilemmas based on the paradoxes between legalism and social emancipation.  相似文献   

Hydrological response of a humid agroforestry catchment at different time scales          下载免费PDF全文

L. Palleiro  M. L. Rodríguez‐Blanco  M. M. Taboada‐Castro  M. T. Taboada‐Castro 《水文研究》2014,28(4):1677-1688

Using data collected at the Mero catchment during three hydrological years (2005/06–2007/08), an analysis of rainfall–runoff relationships was performed at annual, seasonal, monthly, and event scales. At annual scale, the catchment showed low runoff coefficients (23–35%), due to high water storage capacity soils as well as high runoff inter‐annual variability. Rainfall variability was the main responsible for the differences in the inter‐annual runoff. At seasonal and monthly scales, there was no simple relationship between rainfall and runoff. Seasonal dynamics of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration in conjunction with different rainfall distribution during the study years could be the key factors explaining the complex relationship between rainfall and runoff at monthly and seasonal scale. At the event scale, the results revealed that the hydrological response was highly dependent on initial conditions and, to a lesser extent, on rainfall amount. The shapes of the different hydrographs, regardless of the magnitude, presented similar characteristics: a moderate rise and a prolonged recession, suggesting that subsurface flow was the dominant process in direct runoff. Moreover, all rainfall–runoff events had a higher proportion of baseflow than of direct runoff. A cluster‐type analysis discriminated three types of events differentiated mainly by rainfall amount and antecedent rainfall conditions. The study highlights the role of the antecedent rainfall and the need for caution in extrapolating relationships between rainfall amount and hydrological response of the catchment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Relating nitrogen export patterns from a mixed land use catchment in NW Spain with rainfall and streamflow          下载免费PDF全文

M. L. Rodríguez‐Blanco  M. M. Taboada‐Castro  M. T. Taboada‐Castro  J. L. Oropeza‐Mota 《水文研究》2015,29(12):2720-2730

The temporal variability in nitrogen (N) transport in the Corbeira agroforestry catchment (NW Spain) was analysed from October 2004 to September 2008. Nitrate (NO₃–N) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) loads and concentrations were determined at various timescales (annual, seasonal and event). The results revealed a strong intra‐annual and inter‐annual variability in N transport influenced by weather patterns and consequently by the hydrological regime. Mean annual export of total N in the catchment was 5.5 kg ha^?1 year^?1, with NO₃–N being the dominant form. Runoff events comprised 10% of the study period but contributed 40 and 61% of the total NO₃–N and TKN loads, respectively. The NO₃–N and TKN concentrations were higher during runoff events than under baseflow conditions, pointing to diffuse sources of N. The mobilization of TKN during runoff events was attributed to surface runoff, while NO₃–N might be related to subsurface and groundwater flow. Runoff events were characterized by high variability in N loads and concentrations. Higher variability was observed in N loads than in N concentrations, indicating that event magnitude plays an important role in N transport in this catchment; event magnitude explained approximately 96% of the NO₃–N load. However, a combination of variables related to runoff event intensity (rainfall, discharge increase and kinetic energy) explained only 66% of the TKN load. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Weka‐STPM: a Software Architecture and Prototype for Semantic Trajectory Data Mining and Visualization     

Vania Bogorny  Hercules Avancini  Bruno Cesar de Paula  Cassiano Rocha Kuplich  Luis Otavio Alvares 《Transactions in GIS》2011,15(2):227-248

Enormous quantities of trajectory data are collected from many sources, such as GPS devices and mobile phones, as sequences of spatio‐temporal points. These data can be used in many application domains such as traffic management, urban planning, tourism, bird migration, and so on. Raw trajectory data, as generated by mobile devices have very little or no semantics, and in most applications a higher level of abstraction is needed to exploit these data for decision making. Although several different methods have been proposed so far for trajectory querying and mining, there are no software tools to help the end user with semantic trajectory data analysis. In this article we present a software architecture for semantic trajectory data mining as well as the first software prototype to enrich trajectory data with both semantic information and data mining. As a prototype we extend the Weka data mining toolkit with the module Weka‐STPM, which is interoperable with databases constructed under OGC specifications. We tested Weka‐STPM with real geographic databases, and trajectory data stored under the Postgresql/PostGIS DBMS.  相似文献   

Estimating quality factor from surface seismic data: A comparison of current approaches     

Bonnie Ives de Castro Nunes  Walter Eugênio de Medeiros  Aderson Farias do Nascimento  José Antonio de Morais Moreira 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2011,75(2):161-170

The performances of the spectral ratio (SR), frequency centroid shift (FCS), and frequency peak shift (FPS) methods to estimate the effective quality factor Q are compared. These methods do not demand true amplitude data and their implementations were done following an “as simple as possible” approach to highlight their intrinsic potentials and limitations. We use synthetic zero-offset seismic data generated with a simple layer-cake isotropic model. The methods can be ranked from simple to complex in terms of automation as: FPS, FCS and SR. This is a consequence of: (i) peak identification consists basically of a sorting procedure, (ii) centroid estimation involves basically the evaluation of two well-behaved integrals, and (iii) implementation of the SR method involves at least choosing a usable frequency bandwidth and fitting a gradient. The methods can be ranked from robust to sensitive in the presence of noise content in the sequence SR, FCS, and FPS. This is consequence of: (i) the gradient estimate associated to the SR method averages out the noise content in the entire usable frequency bandwidth, (ii) in the presence of moderate-to-high noise level, the centroid estimation is biassed towards overestimating Q due to noise contribution in the tail of the amplitude spectrum, and (iii) peak identification is unstable due to local noise fluctuation in the amplitude spectrum around the peak frequency. Regarding the stability of the estimates relative to the attenuation amount, SR and FCS methods show similar behaviours, whereas FPS method presents an inferior performance. This fact is an indirect consequence of the sensitivity of FPS method to the noise content because the higher is the attenuation the lower is the signal-to-noise ratio. Finally, regarding the robustness of the methods to the presence of dipping layers, only SR and FCS methods provide good estimates, at least to typical dips in non-faulted sedimentary layers, with the estimates obtained with SR method being more accurate that those obtained with FCS method. Except in relation to the automation complexity, which is less important than the performances of the methods, SR method was superior or showed similar performance to FCS method in all scenarios we tried.  相似文献   

Regional modeling of dry spells over the Iberian Peninsula for present climate and climate change conditions   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Enrique Sánchez  Marta Domínguez  Raquel Romera  Noelia López de la Franca  Miguel Angel Gaertner  Clemente Gallardo  Manuel Castro 《Climatic change》2011,107(3-4):625-634

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Probabilistic discrimination between large-scale environments of intensifying and decaying African Easterly Waves     

Paula A. Agudelo  Carlos D. Hoyos  Judith A. Curry  Peter J. Webster 《Climate Dynamics》2011,36(7-8):1379-1401

About 50?C60% of Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) including nearly 85% of intense hurricanes have their origins as African Easterly Waves (AEWs). However, predicting the likelihood of AEW intensification remains a difficult task. We have developed a Bayesian diagnostic methodology to understand genesis of North Atlantic TCs spawned by AEWs through the examination of the characteristics of the AEW itself together with the large-scale environment, resulting in a probabilistic discrimination between large-scale environments associated with intensifying and decaying AEWs. The methodology is based on a new objective and automatic AEW tracking scheme used for the period 1980 to 2001 based on spatio-temporally Fourier-filtered relative vorticity and meridional winds at different levels and outgoing long wave radiation. Using the AEW and Hurricane Best Track Files (HURDAT) data sets, probability density functions of environmental variables that discriminate between AEWs that decay, become TCs or become major hurricanes are determined. Results indicate that the initial amplitude of the AEWs is a major determinant for TC genesis, and that TC genesis risk increases when the wave enters an environment characterized by pre-existing large-scale convergence and moist convection. For the prediction of genesis, the most useful variables are column integrated heating, vertical velocity and specific humidity, and a combined form of divergence and vertical velocity and SST. It is also found that the state of the large-scale environment modulates the annual cycle and interannual variability of the AEW intensification efficiency.  相似文献   

Defining the dynamics of groundwater in Serra da Estrela Mountain area, central Portugal: an isotopic and hydrogeochemical approach     

Paula M. Carreira  Jos�� M. Marques  Jorge Espinha Marques  Helder I. Chamin��  Paulo E. Fonseca  Fernando Monteiro Santos  Rui M. Moura  Jos�� M. Carvalho 《Hydrogeology Journal》2011,19(1):117-131

In a multidisciplinary approach, geological, geomorphologic, structural, hydrogeochemical and isotopic surveys were conducted on the Serra da Estrela groundwater system (central Portugal) in order to establish/develop a conceptual circulation model of the Caldas de Manteigas thermomineral system. A detailed study of the isotopic and geochemical composition of surface waters (e.g. Zêzere River), shallow groundwaters (cold dilute springs), and thermomineral waters was carried out to characterize the distribution of isotopes in waters of this mountainous region, and to determine the origin and possible recharge locations of the thermomineral system. Special attention was dedicated to isotopic tracers and their role in the definition of the thermomineral waters??conceptual model, considering: (1) the δ¹⁸O fractionation gradient; (2) the mean isotopic composition of the thermomineral waters in the region; and (3) the estimation of snowmelt contribution as a source of groundwater recharge at Serra da Estrela. The recharge of the thermomineral aquifer takes place on the more permeable zones of the granitic massif, associated with the main tectonic structures, whereas the recharge of the shallow aquifers seems to take place mostly in the plateaus, although another part of the recharge may occur in the slopes of the Zêzere River valley.  相似文献   

A hybrid efficient method to downscale wave climate to coastal areas     

Paula Camus  Fernando J. MendezRaul Medina 《Coastal Engineering》2011

Long-term time series of sea state parameters are required in different coastal engineering applications. In order to obtain wave data at shallow water and due to the scarcity of instrumental data, ocean wave reanalysis databases ought to be downscaled to increase the spatial resolution and simulate the wave transformation process. In this paper, a hybrid downscaling methodology to transfer wave climate to coastal areas has been developed combining a numerical wave model (dynamical downscaling) with mathematical tools (statistical downscaling). A maximum dissimilarity selection algorithm (MDA) is applied in order to obtain a representative subset of sea states in deep water areas. The reduced number of selected cases spans the marine climate variability, guaranteeing that all possible sea states are represented and capturing even the extreme events. These sea states are propagated using a state-of-the-art wave propagation model. The time series of the propagated sea state parameters at a particular location are reconstructed using a non-linear interpolation technique based on radial basis functions (RBFs), providing excellent results in a high dimensional space with scattered data as occurs in the cases selected with MDA. The numerical validation of the results confirms the ability of the developed methodology to reconstruct sea state time series in shallow water at a particular location and to estimate different spatial wave climate parameters with a considerable reduction in the computational effort.  相似文献   

Unusual Emissions at Various Energies Prior to the Impulsive Phase of the Large Solar Flare and Coronal Mass Ejection of 4 November 2003     

Pierre Kaufmann  Gordon D. Holman  Yang Su  C. Guillermo Gimenez de?Castro  Emilia Correia  Luis O. T. Fernandes  Rodney V. de Souza  Adolfo Marun  Pablo Pereyra 《Solar physics》2012,279(2):465-475

The GOES X28 flare of 4 November 2003 was the largest ever recorded in its class. It produced the first evidence for two spectrally separated emission components, one at microwaves and the other in the THz range of frequencies. We analyzed the pre-flare phase of this large flare, twenty?minutes before the onset of the major impulsive burst. This period is characterized by unusual activity in X-rays, sub-THz frequencies, H??, and microwaves. The CME onset occurred before the onset of the large burst by about 6?min. It was preceded by pulsations of 3??C?5?s periods at sub-THz frequencies together with X-ray and microwave enhancements. The sub-THz pulsations faded out as impulsive bursts were detected at 100??C?300?keV and 7?GHz, close to the time of the first H?? brightening and the CME onset. The activities detected prior to and at the CME onset were located nearly 2?arcmin south of the following large flare, suggesting they were separate events. This unusual activity brings new clues to understanding the complex energy buildup mechanisms prior to the CME onset, occurring at a distinct location and well before the major flare that exploded afterwards.  相似文献