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The research indicates that there is a positive correlation between the negative CG flash rate and the area of radarecho with its reflectivity being equal to or greater than 30 dBz in the mesoscale convective system in Beijing area.A max-imum of the positive CG flash rate exists at both the initial and the dissipating stages.The CG flashes are usually locatednear but not within the high reflectivity center.The negative flashes are associated with.the positions of the updraft re-gion,and with the regions of wind convergence and wind shear.Generally,the negative CG flashes are concentrative andthe positive ones are dispersive.  相似文献   
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Controls on the carbon isotopic signatures of methanotroph biomarkers have been further explored using cultured organisms. Growth under conditions which select for the membrane-bound particulate form of the methane monooxygenase enzyme (pMMO) leads to a significantly higher isotopic fractionation than does growth based on the soluble isozyme in both RuMP and serine pathway methanotrophs; in an RuMP type the delta delta 13Cbiomass equaled -23.9% for pMMO and -12.6% for sMMO. The distribution of biomarker lipids does not appear to be significantly affected by the dominance of one or the other MMO type and their isotopic compositions generally track those of the parent biomass. The 13C fractionation behaviour of serine pathway methanotrophs is very complex, reflecting the assimilation of both methane and carbon dioxide and concomitant dissimilation of methane-derived carbon. A limitation in CH4 availability leads to the production of biomass which is 13C-enriched with respect to both carbon substrates and this occurs irrespective of MMO type. This startling result indicates that there must be an additional fractionation step downstream from the MMO reaction which leads to incorporation of 13C-enriched carbon at the expense of dissimilation of 13C-depleted CO2. In these organisms, polyisoprenoid lipids are 13C-enriched compared to polymethylenic lipid which is the reverse of that found in the RuMP types. Serine cycle hopanoids, for example, can vary anywhere from 12% depleted to 10% enriched with respect to the CH4 substrate depending on its concentration. Decrease in growth temperature caused an overall increase in isotopic fractionation. In the total biomass, this effect tended to be masked by physiological factors associated with the type of organism and variation in the bulk composition. The effect was, however, clearly evident when monitoring the 13C signature of total lipid and individual biomarkers. Our results demonstrate that extreme carbon isotopic depletion in field samples and fossil biomarker lipids can be indicative of methanotrophy but the converse is not always true. For example, the hopanoids of a serine cycle methanotroph may be isotopically enriched by more than 10% compared to the substrate methane when the latter is limiting. In other words, hopanoids from some methanotrophs such as M. trichosporium would be indistinguishable from those of cyanobacteria or heterotrophic bacteria on the basis of either chemical structure or carbon isotopic signature.  相似文献   
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"Drawing on analyses of commuting data from secondary sources as well as on selected results from a research project on long-distance commuting in Britain, this article investigates the extent to which, and why, households may choose to substitute longer distance commuting for migration. Reasons for long-distance weekly commuting, and associated advantages and disadvantages from individual, household and employer perspectives, are outlined. The evidence points to increasing complexity in home and working lives, with important implications for housing, transport and human resource management policies, as well as for family life."  相似文献   
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兰州山地初冬的一次近地面层观测试验   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
本文对1986年初冬在兰州河谷盆地的皋兰山顶、山腰和河谷进行的一次近地面层风速和温度梯度综合观测进行了分析,得到了山顶、山腰和河谷不同的小气候特征,发现由于山峰的加热效应,山顶在白天日照下会出现强绝热不稳定层结。10天平均温度的垂直递减率最大达到33.9℃/100m,山顶的温度递减率同周围环境的温度递减率和山顶的Richardson数之间存在一种函数关系。  相似文献   
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地闪与对流性天气系统中降水关系的分析   总被引:34,自引:0,他引:34  
利用1997年夏季在中国科学院兰州高原大气物理所平凉雷电与暴雹实验站设置的3站闪电定位系统所取得的地闪资料与雷达、降水及探空等资料进行了对比分析,发现地闪与对流性天气中的降水有较好的相关性,这种相关性用来对一般性对流天气中降水进行估测是可行的。通过非线性回归近似拟合得到平均雨强与对应时段内的地闪数回归方程为R=1.692lnF-0.273,相关系数r为0.8641。同时地闪频数与层结最大不稳定能量一样能够指示对流性天气的发生和发展。  相似文献   
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某些实验室滑动模型发现,滑动的临界量(或速度)在动力断裂开始之前需要越过一个成包体。这个包体在发外推到地震时被认为是很小的并且这种前兆滑动是检测不到的。Ohnaka(1992,1993)曾提出一个模型,在这个模型中由前震废划了一个成核形成动态破裂的准静态滑动生长区域,这个区域可以足够大(直径约10km)到可检测,这对地震短期预报是有用的。1992年兰德斯地震(M7.3)有明显的胶震序列,它离Pinfo  相似文献   
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