A simple, rheological model is presented for plate motions to explain episodic volcanism and tectonism. A lithospheric plate is modelled by a gliding block and the basal edge of the sinking plate is modelled by a stick-slip-like fault system. The friction force is assumed to have a maximum at a critical sliding velocity. When the sliding velocity at the basalt edge exceeds the critical velocity, the basal edge system becomes unstable and the plate accelerates. Conditions that the model system has a periodic solution are obtained and parameters of the system are evaluated from rheological properties of the mantle and configurations of the plate. Results suggest that a plate moves nearly steadily over a long period of time but it accelerates sharply during a very short period of time. The accelerating period is considered to correspond to the episodes of active volcanism and tectonism. 相似文献
The thermal phase transition of K2SO4 has been investigated by high temperature polarized light microscopy. K2SO4 undergoes a first-order transition at 587° C where the orthorhombic low temperature form (Pmcn) transforms into a hexagonal high temperature modification (P63/mmc). Prior to the beginning of the phase transition, K2SO4 shows an anomalous optical behavior. The crystal apparently becomes optically uniaxial twice at 338° and 425° C, respectively, and truly optically uniaxial at 587° C. The phase transition propagates through an intermediate temperature form, which is sandwiched between the low and the high temperature forms and moves in a definite direction, 〈130〉 (orthorhombic indices), in the vicinity of the phase transition. Passing through the phase transition point on cooling, dark belts crossing each other are observed which are a result of the transformation twins parallel to {110} and {130}. 相似文献
Pressure effects on the lattice parameters of β- and γ-Mg2SiO4 have been measured at room temperature and at pressures up to 100 kbar using a multi-anvil high-pressure X-ray diffraction apparatus. The volume changes (ΔV/V0) at 90 kbar are 5.4 · 10?2 and 4.2 · 10?2 for β- and γ-Mg2SiO4, respectively. Isothermal bulk moduli at zero pressure have been calculated from least-square fits of the data to straight lines. They turn out to be 1.66 ± 0.4 and 2.13 ± 0.1 Mbar for β- and γ-Mg2SiO4, respectively. The α → γ transition obeys Wang's linear Vφ?ρ relation but the α → β transition does not. 相似文献
High-pressure phase relations in ZnSiO3 and Zn2SiO4 were investigated at about 1000°C and in the pressure range of 100–500 kbar, using a double-staged split-sphere type of high-pressure apparatus.Clinopyroxene-type ZnSiO3 transforms directly into a polymorph with the ilmenite structure at 120 kbar. The hexagonal unit cell dimensions of the ZnSiO3 ilmenite are determined to be under ambient conditions.The following reactions are also recognized at about 1000°C: and: The stabilities of silicate ilmenites, especially the absence of ilmenite of transition metal silicate composition, is discussed. It is pointed out that data on phase relations in zinc silicates may be informative for the consideration on those in magnesium silicates under very high pressures. It is suggested that the silicate ilmenite may be a major constituent in the lower mantle. 相似文献
The 12 March 2001 landslide at a slate quarry in Okayama, Japan killed three workers. Composite studies based on field surveys
of the landslide slope, interviews with local residents and quarry workers, and inspections of hydrological and seismological
data have been used to clarify the causes of this slide and its movements. The results indicate that the landslide was enabled
firstly by the steepness of the slope, which had been undercut by river; secondly, the structure was that of a dip-slope that
was prone to deep-seated slides along bedding planes; thirdly, numerous joints and faults were present. Surprisingly, rainfall,
earthquakes, and explosions do not appear to have played any role in the triggering of this slide. The interviews demonstrated
that the frequency of precursory failures increased over a period of several hours before the 12 March 2001 landslide. Inspection
of the seismograph records and the eyewitness evidence both indicate that the main part of the landslide consisted of two
phases of slope failure within 23 s. After the slide, the frequency of the failures gradually decreased with time over a period
of several days. Three new terms are proposed for landslides: foreslide, mainslide, and afterslide, following the terms foreshock,
main shock, and aftershock used in seismology. 相似文献
The 1995 Northern Niigata Earthquake of magnitude (M) 5.5 occurred at the eastern margin of the Niigata seismic gap and might have been a precursor of a large destructive earthquake. The anomaly areas in temperature, electrical conductivity and Cl- concentration of groundwater were approximately coincident with the area of the seismic intensity 6 on the Japan Meteorological Agency scale, and convincingly demonstrated the presence of a buried active fault beneath the epicentral area, as was suggested by a linear distribution of seismic intensity 6. These anomalies of groundwater were created by the expulsion of geopressured hydrothermal water along an active fault. Anomalies in local groundwater and hotspring systems associated with the earthquake and the proximity of the earthquake to the Niitsu oil field led to an interpretation that the earthquake might have been triggered by activity within the geopressured hydrothermal system. The accumulation of geopressured hydrothermal water in combination with high rock temperature might reduce fracture strength of the rock, and trigger earthquake occurrence. 相似文献
Since the introduction into flood risk analysis, the partial duration series method has gained increasing acceptance as an
appealing alternative to the annual maximum series method. However, when the base flow is low, there is clustering in the
flood peak or flow volume point process. In this case, the general stochastic point process model is not suitable to risk
analysis. Therefore, two types of models for flood risk analysis are derived on the basis of clustering stochastic point process
theory in this paper. The most remarkable characteristic of these models is that the flood risk is considered directly within
the time domain. The acceptability of different models are also discussed with the combination of the flood peak counted process
in twenty years at Yichang station on the Yangtze river. The result shows that the two kinds of models are suitable ones for
flood risk analysis, which are more flexible compared with the traditional flood risk models derived on the basis of annual
maximum series method or the general stochastic point process theory.
Received: September 29, 1997 相似文献
This study is the first integrated geological and geophysical investigation of the Hidaka Collision Zone in southern Central Hokkaido, Japan, which shows complex collision tectonics with a westward vergence. The Hidaka Collision Zone consists of the Idon'nappu Belt (IB), the Poroshiri Ophiolite Belt (POB) and the Hidaka Metamorphic Belt (HMB) with the Hidaka Belt from west to east. The POB (metamorphosed ophiolites) is overthrust by the HMB (steeply eastward-dipping palaeo-arc crust) along the Hidaka Main Thrust (HMT), and in turn, thrusts over the Idon'nappu Belt (melanges) along the Hidaka Western Thrust (HWT). Seismic reflection and gravity surveys along a 20-km-long traverse across the southern Hidaka Mountains revealed hitherto unknown crustal structures of the collision zone such as listric thrusts, back thrusts, frontal thrust-and-fold structures, and duplex structures. The main findings are as follows. (1) The HMT, which dips steeply at the surface, is a listric fault dipping gently at a depth of 7 km beneath the eastern end of the HMB, and cutting across the lithological boundaries and schistosity of the Hidaka metamorphic rocks. (2) A second reflector is detected 1 km below the HMT reflector. The intervening part between these two reflectors is inferred to be the POB, which is only little exposed at the surface. This inference is supported by the high positive Bouguer anomalies along the Hidaka Mountains. (3) The shallow portion of the IB at the front of the collision zone has a number of NNE-dipping reflectors, indicative of imbricated fold-and-thrust structures. (4) Subhorizontal reflectors at a depth of 14 km are recognized intermittently at both sides of the seismic profile. These reflectors may correspond to the velocity boundary (5.9–6.6 km/s) previously obtained from seismic refraction profiling in the northern Hidaka Mountains. (5) These crustal structures as well as the back thrust found in the eastern end of the traverse represent characteristics of collisional tectonics resulting from the two collisional events since the Early Tertiary. 相似文献
