Seismic damage estimation for low- and mid-rise buildings in japan     

C. Scawthorn  H. Iemura  Y. Yamada 《地震工程与结构动力学》1981,9(2):93-115

While much effort has been spent on analysis of individual structures, building class seismic damage estimators, of value in disaster planning, code-writing, city planning, national hazards policy formulation, etc., have been little investigated. Based largely on data from Sendai City, Japan in the 12 June, 1978 Miyagiken-oki earthquake (M_L = 7.4), estimators of seismic damage for low- and mid-rise buildings in urban Japan have been determined. For low-rise buildings, based on damage to over 60,000 buildings, damage ratios for onset of damage and collapse and for cost of damage are found to correlate best with response spectra at 0.75 s. Using published test data and average building properties, a seismic damage model explains the low-rise building behaviour and permits examination of the effect of structural changes on the estimated damage. For mid-rise buildings, damage states (0: none, 4: total) are determined as a function of maximum storey displacement, based on published natural period determinations (pre- and post-earthquake) for 189 mid-rise buildings in Sendai. The effects of structural changes on expected damage can also be estimated. With these two building class damage estimators, a large part of future seismic damage to urban Japan can be estimated, as well as the effects of various mitigation measures.  相似文献   

初始方程数值模式的一个计算格式及其预报的个例实验     

中国科学院大气物理研究所中期预报组 《大气科学》1976,(2):39-51

本文对σ坐标的初始方程数值预报模式提出了一个比较简洁、稳定而灵活的计算格式,便于引进地形和加热等物理作用。 文中给出了这一格式的特点,并概述了半球模式的侧边条件的影响情况。从预报个例实验结果看,格式基本上是稳定的,而短期预报的效果也较好。  相似文献   

东海陆架盆地丽水凹陷丽水36-1构造上古新统物源分析   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文

杨玉卿  田洪  刘大能  徐国庆  刘颖宇 《古地理学报》2003,5(2):171-179

丽水36-1构造位于东海陆架盆地(台北坳陷)丽水西次凹的中东部，该凹陷属新生代断陷型盆地，呈北东向展布，上古新统灵峰组和明月峰组是主要目的层段。根据该构造已钻3口井进行系统沉积学和测井相研究，上古新统物源主要来自凹陷西部的闽浙隆起带和中部的灵峰凸起带，可能还有北部的雁荡凸起带。不同的物源区通过断层的活动和海平面的升降等控制着沉积体系的发育和展布。在凹陷下陷兴盛和海平面快速上升期，灵峰凸起带物源经过边缘大断层在其西侧形成扇三角洲，进一步向凹陷中心推进形成深水浊积扇和浅海沉积；闽浙隆起带物源可能沿着不同的入口在凹陷西斜坡形成扇三角洲，它们也可进一步向凹陷深处推进形成深水浊积扇体。根据油气聚集规律和物源分析，形成于凹陷深水区的浊积扇沉积和斜坡带的扇三角洲前缘沉积，具有良好的生储盖组合，是有利的勘探目标。  相似文献   

Estimation of water requirement per unit carbon fixed by Eucalyptus camaldulensis in semi-arid land of Western Australia     

T.Kojima  Y.Tanaka  S.Katoh  K.Tahara  N.Takahashi  K Yamada 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2002,45(Z1)

Afforestation in arid land is a promising method for carbon fixation, but the effective utili-zation of water is highly important and required. Thus, the evaluation of the amount of water perunit carbon fixed with the tree growth is required to minimize the amount of water supplied to theplants. In this research, a tree is regarded as a carbon fixation reactor with inflows of water andnutrients from roots, and CO2 as the carbon source from leaves with outflow of water vapor fromleaves and accumulation in the tree itself. In the process of photosynthesis and respiration nutri-tional elements are dissolved in water flow in trees. They do not flow out by these reactions, butare accumulated in trees. Thus, we have treated the behaviour of nutrients as a marker to evaluatethe water/carbon ratio. Assuming that nutrient concentration is constant in sap, and the differences in the ratios ofnutrient to carbon in living trees and dead (i.e. litter fall, etc.) are negiected, the ratio of the usedwater to fixed carbon is given as the ratio of nutrient to carbon in the tree body divided by the ratioof nutrient to water in sap. However, some nutrients are translocated and concentrated within thetree and some may be discarded through litter fall. Thus it is important to examine which nutrientelement is the most suitable as the tracer. In this paper, the results of the above method applied to Eucalyptus camaldulensis in semi-arid land of Western Australia are shown. The value of water requirement per unit carbon fixationdetermined from potassium balance is between 421 kg-H2O/kg-C for mature trees and 285kg-H2O/k9-C for young trees, while the values from calcium balance are much larger than these.The cause of the discrepancy between these values is discussed based on the measured elementconcentrations in sap and trees and the plant physiology. Finally, the actual average value throughthe life of a tree is suggested to fall between the two values.  相似文献   

Volcanic Sequences Related to Kuroko Mineralization in the Hokuroku District, Northeast Japan     

Ryoichi Yamada  Takeyoshi Yoshida 《Resource Geology》2004,54(4):399-412

Abstract. Kuroko deposits are a representative volcanic‐hosted massive sulfide deposit and the Hokuroku district is economically the most important Kuroko containing province in Japan. There are two cycles of the bimodal volcanic sequence in the Hokuroku district. The pre‐ore volcanism started with basaltic activity and was followed by intensive felsic hyaloclas‐tic activity under bathyal conditions. The post‐ore sequence also began with basaltic activity intercalated with mudstone and was followed by alternating beds of pumice tuff with several lava flows and mudstone. Kuroko deposits are situated in the final period of the pre‐ore felsic volcanic sequence of the first bimodal volcanic cycle. Based on a detailed investigation of existing age data, it was concluded that the felsic volcanic sequences in the pre‐and post‐Kuroko formation can be divided into a pre‐ore dacite group (16–13.5 Ma), a D2 dacite group (lower unit of the post‐ore volcanic sequence, 12.7±0.6～ ll Ma) and a Dl dacite group (upper unit of the post‐ore sequence including quartz‐porphyry and granitoid, 11sim;10 Ma) in ascending order. Field and microscopic observations show that the pre‐ore dacite is characterized by aphyric to plagioclase‐phyric lava and the post‐ore dacitic rocks are characterized by quartz‐plagioclase‐phyric aphanitic lava and dome. These three dacite groups are petrochemically discriminated by SiO₂‐Al₂O₃ and CaO‐TiO₂ diagrams, excluding altered specimens. The distribution of the normative compositions on the Q‐An‐Ab‐Or diagram suggests that the pre‐ore dacites trend on the 5 kb cotectic line (equilibrated to 10—15 km deep) and those of the post‐ore trend along the 1 kb line (a few km deep). The secular variation of the major elements indicates that the rhyolitic members genetically related to the Kuroko formation could be the most differentiated products in the pre‐ore felsic volcanism. The distribution of Nb against SiO₂ content in the pre‐ and post‐ore bimodal volcanic cycles indicates that these two volcanisms could have been generated by different magmatic origins. The difference would have been caused by the tectonic conversion from a back‐arc to an island‐arc setting.  相似文献   

中天山地块南北两缘的韧性剪切带   总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11       下载免费PDF全文

杨天南李锦轶  文中田冯晓飞 王瑜孙桂华  高立明 《地质学报》2004,78(3):310-318,i005,i006

本文详细描述了天山中段沿乌鲁木齐—库尔勒公路后峡—乌瓦门段的构造变形特点。综合室内外观察研究结果，在中天山地块南、北缘，及内部的乌拉斯台地区鉴别出三条规模较大的韧性剪切带：中天山北缘剪切带前人已有研究，出露宽达10km的右行斜冲剪切带，见大量糜棱岩、超糜棱岩；乌拉斯台剪切带中的糜棱岩宽超过200m，具有左行走滑运动特点；中天山地块南缘剪切带宽度达5km，内部发育大量闪长质糜棱岩、超糜棱岩，运动方式为左行斜冲。中天山块体南北两侧的脆性边界断层与糜棱岩带变形中心基本重合。这些剪切带具有相当大的走滑位移量，指示天山各地质单元间目前的空间关系可能是走滑拼接的结果。研究天山造山带内剪切带的展布、运动方式、总变形量，对于恢复各地质单元的初始位置、了解造山动力学过程具有重要意义。  相似文献   

The 10th-Generation International Geomagnetic Reference Field   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

International Association of Geomagnetism  Aeronomy  Division V  Working Group VMOD: Geomagnetic Field Modeling 《Geophysical Journal International》2005,161(3):561-565

  相似文献   

Ion Probe Study of Silicate Inclusions from Colomera (ⅡE) Iron Meteorite: the Rare Earth Element Perspective     

HSU Weibiao 《《地质学报》英文版》2004,78(5)

Coupled with a petrographical study, I carried out an ion probe study of rare earth element microdistributions in mineral phases of silicate inclusions from the Colomera ⅡE iron meteorite. Most mineral grains have homogeneous REEs, but show considerable inter-grain variations by a factor of 2 to 100. The whole rock REE abundances for Colomera, estimated by combining REE data with modal abundances, are relatively LREE-enriched with REEs of -10'CI, which suggest that Colomera silicates were highly differentiated and might represent a low degree partial melt (-10%) of a chondritic source. REE geochemistry of Colomera silicate inclusions points to an origin that involves differentiation, dynamic mixing, remelting, reduction, recrystallization, and subsequent rapid cooling near the surface of a planetary body.  相似文献   

Summer Water Balance Characteristics of Koryto Glacier, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia     

Takane Matsumoto  Renji Naruse  Keiko Konya  Satoru Yamaguchi  Tomomi Yamada  Yaroslav D. Muravyev 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2004,86(2):181-190

The daily water balance for the drainage basin of Koryto Glacier, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, was calculated during the period from August to September 2000. The result shows that 14×10⁶ m³ of meltwater and 2×10⁶ m³ of rainwater entered the basin, while 26×10⁶ m³ of water drained from the basin through proglacial streams. Thus, about ?9×10⁶ m³ of water storage reduction occurred in the basin. Vertical displacements of the glacier surface showed that the volume change due to contraction of subglacial cavities was nearly 20% of the total storage change. The remaining fraction of water storage during the period is thought to be stored in englacial and supraglacial locations. The estimate of water balance components in the early ablation season in 2000 indicates that meltwater was already stored within the glacier before the spring, even during the previous year, and that the stored water drained through the ablation season.  相似文献   

BED CONDITIONS OF NON-EQUILIBRIUM TRANSPORT OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

ZHOU  Prof Dr. -Ing. Sedimentation Division  Department of Hydraulic Engineering  Tsinghua University  Beijing J.  China. SPORK  Research Engineer Dip.-Ing. Institute of Hydraulic Engineering  Water Resources Developmot  Aachen V. University 《国际泥沙研究》1997,(3)

I.INTRODUCTIONSuspendedsedimenttransportissaidbeinanycaseaphenomenaofa3Dprocess.Becauseofthelimitationsincomputercapacity,mostoftheexistingmodelstreateditasatlvoorevenonedimensionalproblem.WiththerapidadvancesofcomputersinbothCPUandmemorycapacity,andbecauseoftheavailabilityof3Dmodelsforturbulentflowsimulationsinpracticalapplications,thefully3Dsimulationofsuspendedsedimentbecomesafeasibleandurgenttaskforhydraulicengineers.TheprocessofsuspendedsedimenttransportisdescribedbytheadVection-d…  相似文献