Paleolimnological investigations of anthropogenic environmental change in Lake Tanganyika: IV. Lacustrine paleoecology     

Manuel?R.?Palacios-FestEmail author  Simone?R.?Alin  Andrew?S.?Cohen  Brandon?Tanner  Heather?Heuser 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2005,34(1):51-71

Fossil invertebrates from cores collected in Lake Tanganyika provide a record of probable nearshore ecological response to recent watershed deforestation and sediment erosion in several East African watersheds. We compared paleoecological profiles (primarily from ostracodes) from watersheds spanning a range of sizes and present-day deforestation disturbance levels to understand the timing and magnitude of faunal changes, and their relationship in time to terrestrially-derived disturbance indicators. Profiles from the Lubulungu and Nyasanga/Kahama Rivers (Tanzania) provide a record of faunal variability in watersheds that are currently undisturbed with respect to deforestation. These records indicate continuous faunal turnover through time. However, this pattern of turnover is accompanied by relatively high levels of diversity throughout the record, with no wholesale extinction events. Ostracode taphonomic data and other fossil abundance data from the Lubulungu area provide strong evidence in support of at least two episodes of lower lake levels, associated with episodes of Late Holocene aridity. Records from deltas of disturbed watersheds at the Kabesi River (Tanzania) and those of Northern Burundi all show a combination of profound and abrupt faunal turnover, in some cases accompanied by local extinction and establishment of a few dominant taxa. At the Mwamgongo River delta, fed from a very small, disturbed watershed, species turnover was subtler. In disturbed watershed cores showing abrupt faunal changes the transitions mostly occurred in the late 19th to early 20th centuries, predating the major mid-20th century increase in sediment mass accumulation rates, with the latter only correlated with changing fossil abundance and flux. However, the earlier faunal community changes are contemporaneous with both palynological and geochemical changes in the core profiles indicative of changing land-use patterns. This suggests that lacustrine ecosystem response to deforestation was a two-stage process, with an earlier phase of response to changing quality of sediments or dissolved matter being discharged from the watershed, and a subsequent phase responding to increased quantity of sediment.  相似文献   

Hydrostatic data for cargo ships obtained with regression analysis     

P. Cassella  G. Russo Krauss 《Ocean Engineering》1983,10(3):145-155

Starting from the regression analysis, equations are provided to determine the hydrostatic data for single-screw ships, fixing the block coefficient C_B and the principal dimensions L₀, B₀and T₀, with values T = (0÷1.5)T₀. This paper continues and develops a former one, in which the hydrostatic data were obtained in nondimensional form by means of graphs for tive parent hulls of the “Series 60”, with volume ₀ = 10,000 m³ at designed draught T₀.Numerical examples show the usefulness of the equations, both with respect of the direct calculations starting from the half-breadth values, and with respect to other methods.  相似文献   

Acquisition and Inversion of Dispersive Seismic Waves in Shallow Marine Environments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gerald Klein  Thomas Bohlen  Friedrich Theilen  Simone Kugler  Thomas Forbriger 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2005,26(2-4):287-315

Two types of dispersive seismic waves have been acquired in different geological settings to investigate the potential to reveal the elastic parameters of the shallow marine subsurface. Scholte waves as well as acoustic guided waves are excited by a near-surface towed airgun, and recorded using two acquisition methods: (1) the towed-acquisition system using a hydrophone streamer towed close to the sea floor, and (2) the stationary-receiver method using Ocean-Bottom Seismometers and/or Hydrophones (OBS/OBH). Our diverse data sets reveal that the spatial sampling of the wavefield required to avoid aliasing may vary significantly for different geological settings. Scholte waves are characterised by a few distinct modes observed at low frequencies and low phase velocities. Their dispersion is mainly controlled by the depth profile of the shear-wave velocity. Acoustic guided waves show profound amplitude variations of numerous higher modes over a broad frequency range. These are sensitive to shear-wave velocity, but more sensitive to compressional-wave velocity than Scholte waves are. To avoid the identification of distinct modes we infer 1-D models of elastic parameters of the subsurface from the inversion of the full wavefield spectra of acoustic guided waves. In the Siberian Laptev Sea we infer the presence of a soft sediment layer (8–10 m) with a well resolved strong S-velocity gradient (150–450 m/s). In the Baltic Sea a low P-velocity layer with a strong vertical gradient (1250–1440 m/s) corresponding to a post-glacial gassy mud layer could be resolved, which agrees well with the sediment stratigraphy derived from a gravity core.  相似文献   

The impact of commercial and recreational harvesting for Paracentrotus lividus on shallow rocky reef sea urchin communities in North-western Sardinia, Italy     

Antonio Pais  Lorenzo A. Chessa  Simone Serra  Alberto Ruiu  Gianni Meloni  Yuri Donno 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2007,73(3-4):589-597

The fishery for the edible sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus is of great importance to many European regions, although in some of them this species has shown a wide scale decline in recent years. This paper reports on direct (on P. lividus) and indirect (on the co-occurring but not fished echinoid, Arbacia lixula) effects of sea urchin harvesting in shallow rocky reefs in North-western Sardinia (Italy, central-western Mediterranean Sea), where this activity is intensively practised. Density, size (test diameter), and biomass of both species were assessed in autumn 2004 at two locations impacted by P. lividus fishery, and at two controls within an adjacent Marine Protected Area. Density of P. lividus and A. lixula was significantly greater at the controls than at the exploited locations. The average test diameter of P. lividus was also significantly larger at the controls, where large-sized specimens (i.e. >5 cm) were notably more abundant. The average size of A. lixula did not significantly differ between the impacted locations and the controls. The average biomass of P. lividus was significantly greater at the controls than at the exploited locations, whereas no differences were detected for A. lixula. These results reveal the existence of a heavy fishing impact on P. lividus in North-western Sardinia and the need for regulation of its harvesting to prevent severe direct effects on its populations. Since no indirect effects on A. lixula have been detected, it could be hypothesized that this species did not benefit from P. lividus fishery due to an only moderate competition for habitat and resources between these two echinoids. Implications for management of edible sea urchin fishery are also discussed.  相似文献   

The Adriatic sea hydrography and circulation in spring and autumn (1985–1987)     

A. Artegiani  M. Gacic  A. Michelato  V. Kovacevic  A. Russo  E. Paschini  P. Scarazzato  A. Smircic 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》1993,40(6)

The Adriatic basin-wide circulation and its temporal variability are reviewed on the basis of results from the analysis of hydrographic data collected during four POEM cruises. Major well known features in the circulation are revealed in the data set which covers the period from October 1985 to April 1987. A prominent signal associated with the seasonal variability is identified in the water outflowing along the Italian coast. Differences between autumn and spring in the vein of cold and fresh water flowing along the Italian shelf manifest mainly in the temperature field. During the stratified season the fresh water spreads over the entire surface layer of the southern Adriatic. On the other hand, during spring, when the sea is vertically homogeneous, the fresh water remains confined to the surface longshore boundary layer over the entire length of the Italian coast. Layers below the seasonal thermocline at the eastern portion of the sea display very weak seasonal signals. A strong signal associated with the inter-annual variations also has been documented from the analysed data set; it mainly appears in the salinity field. It is shown that in spring 1986, the salinity averaged over the entire water column north of the Palagruza Sill is lower by 0.3 psu than in spring 1987. A similar, but less prominent difference is noted in the southern Adriatic. An attempt is made to associate these differences with variations in climatic conditions over the area, the river runoff and the Mediterranean water inflow.  相似文献   

Intense drought and flooding events in the Rio Negro and relation with the tropical Pacific and Atlantic variability modes     

Andreoli  Rita Valéria  da Silva  Simone Nazaré Rodriguez  de Souza  Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira  Kayano  Mary Toshie  Garcia  Sâmia Regina  Capistrano  Vinícius Buscioli  Armijos  Elisa 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,129(1-2):551-576

The relationship of the hydrological variability of the Rio Negro in Manaus and the dominant large-scale climate variability patterns for the 1902–2007 period is investigated using the quantile method and composite analyses. Variations of the Rio Negro Level (RNL) during its 3-month high (May to July—MJJ) and low (October to December—OND) phases are examined separately. The El Niño (La Niña) related maximum warming (cooling) in the central tropical Pacific during its mature and decaying stages modulates the atmospheric circulation in the tropics and displaces the Walker circulation cell eastward (westward), so that its sinking (rising) branch occurs over western Amazon and causes negative (positive) precipitation anomalies in this region. These anomalous climate conditions occur before the Rio Negro high phase (MJJ) and contribute to reduce (increase) the RNL and lead to a very low (very high) event in the river. On the other hand, the SST variability modes in the tropical Atlantic mainly during the transition from wet to dry season modulate the precipitation variations over western Amazon in OND. The very high events are more frequent after the 1960’s decade and the very low events, before the 1930’s decade. Therefore, the occurrence of these events contains a multidecadal scale variability. The results also indicate that the variations in the rainfall in western Amazon occur up to 9 months in advance and modulate the RNL in Manaus. The results presented here might be useful for monitoring purposes of the RNL.

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Influence of pore system characteristics on limestone vulnerability: a laboratory study     

G. Cultrone  L. G. Russo  C. Calabrò  M. Uroševič  A. Pezzino 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(6):1271-1281

Hyblean limestone of Oligo-Miocene age was widely used as a construction material in the architectural heritage of Eastern Sicily (Italy). Among them, the so-called Pietra Bianca di Melilli (Melilli limestone) and Calcare di Siracusa (Syracuse limestone) were prized for their attractive appearance, ease of quarrying, and workability. Syracuse limestone shows general weathering, whereas Melilli limestone is better preserved, and only differential erosion or superficial exfoliation can be detected in monuments. The cause of the different behavior of these two limestones was investigated from the petrographic and petrophysical points of view. The saturation coefficient is higher in Melilli limestone, and ultrasound measurements indicate that it is less compact than Syracuse limestone, so that Melilli limestone could deteriorate more easily than Syracuse limestone. However, pore interconnections and the size of very small pores play the main role in the durability of both materials. The “irregularity” of the Syracuse pore system and its greater number of micropores hinder water flow through the exterior, promote stress in pore structure, and favor the development of scaling, as confirmed by salt crystallization tests. In Melilli limestone, the low concentration of micropores and fast water evaporation allow solutions to reach the surface more easily, resulting in less damaging efflorescence.  相似文献   

Paleolimnological records reveal biotic homogenization driven by eutrophication in tropical reservoirs     

Simone Wengrat  Andre A. Padial  Erik Jeppesen  Thomas A. Davidson  Luciane Fontana  Sandra Costa-Böddeker  Denise C. Bicudo 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2018,60(2):299-309

Biodiversity changes in response to eutrophication, climate variability and species invasions. These pressures have been shown to reduce community heterogeneity at various scales; however, how productivity drives homogenization patterns in a community of primary producers, such as diatoms, has not been studied. Using a dataset with good temporal resolution, obtained from cores collected from seven tropical reservoirs, we evaluated patterns of spatial and temporal homogenization, i.e. the trends in temporal α-diversity and spatial β-diversity (change in community composition), of diatom assemblages over the past 60–100 years. The paleolimnological records allowed us to study biodiversity trends since the initial community (reservoir construction) in those systems with low anthropogenic impact and also those undergoing eutrophication. No clear trend of spatial β-diversity change over time was found when all reservoirs were analyzed together. However, when only eutrophic reservoirs were considered, a marked decrease in the spatial β-diversity occurred, suggesting that eutrophication leads to homogenization of the diatom assemblage. These findings were reinforced by the lack of change in β-diversity when the age of the reservoirs was standardized, indicating that the reservoirs’ ontogeny did not influence the spatial β-diversity trend and β-diversity did not increase even in the reservoirs with low anthropogenic impact. In addition, the results showed a decrease of α-diversity over time for almost all the eutrophic reservoirs, as well as a decrease in the total species pool for the reservoirs, although periphytic diatoms may be favored by the appearance and sometimes mass development of floating macrophytes in warm, shallow eutrophic reservoirs. This study supports the role of eutrophication as one of the main drivers of diatom assemblage homogenization in tropical reservoirs, with a significant loss of species over time.  相似文献   

Sensitivity of HF radar-derived surface current self-organizing maps to various processing procedures and mesoscale wind forcing     

Ivica Vilibić  Hrvoje Kalinić  Hrvoje Mihanović  Simone Cosoli  Martina Tudor  Nedjeljka žagar  Blaž Jesenko 《Computational Geosciences》2016,20(1):115-131

We performed a number of sensitivity experiments by applying a mapping technique, self-organizing maps (SOM) method, to the surface current data measured by high-frequency (HF) radars in the northern Adriatic and surface winds modelled by two state-of-the-art mesoscale meteorological models, the Aladin (Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement InterNational) and the Weather and Research Forecasting models. Surface current data used for the SOM training were collected during a period in which radar coverage was the highest: between February and November 2008. Different pre-processing techniques, such as removal of tides and low-pass filtering, were applied to the data in order to test the sensitivity of characteristic patterns and the connectivity between different SOM solutions. Topographic error did not exceed 15 %, indicating the applicability of the SOM method to the data. The largest difference has been obtained when comparing SOM patterns originating from unprocessed and low-pass filtered data. Introduction of modelled winds in joint SOM analyses stabilized the solutions, while sensitivity to wind forcing coming from the two different meteorological models was found to be small. Such a low sensitivity is considered to be favourable for creation of an operational ocean forecasting system based on neural networks, HF radar measurements and numerical weather prediction mesoscale models.  相似文献   

Evolution of an early Eocene pull‐apart basin in the Central Pontides (Northern Turkey): New insights into the origin of the North Anatolian Shear Zone          下载免费PDF全文

Giuseppe Ottria  Luca Pandolfi  Rita Catanzariti  Simone Da Prato  Alessandro Ellero  Chiara Frassi  Mehmet Cemal Göncüoğlu  Michele Marroni  Leonardo Ruffini  Kaan Sayit 《地学学报》2017,29(6):392-400

Although the North Anatolian Shear Zone is one of the main lithospheric‐scale strike‐slip deformation zone in the world, playing a prominent role in the complex geodynamic interaction among the Eurasian, Anatolian and Arabian plates, the onset time of its activity remains highly controversial. Here, we tackle this issue by utilizing nannofossil biostratigraphy on deposits from the Ta?cilar basin, a pull‐apart basin that we have identified inside the North Anatolian Shear Zone overprinting the Intra‐Pontide suture zone. The syn‐tectonic sedimentary succession of the Ta?cilar basin developed completely during the early Eocene (Ypresian; CNE4–CNE5 Zones). The strike‐slip faulting related to the initial onset of the North Anatolian Shear Zone can likely be constrained within the Ypresian, suggesting that the westward escape of the Anatolian plate along the North Anatolian Shear Zone started in the early Eocene.  相似文献