Analytical Solutions for Determination of Non-Steady- State and Steady-State Capture Zones     

Y. Jeffrey Yang  Richard D. Spencer  Todd M. Gates 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1995,15(1):101-106

This paper presents analytical solutions for determining non-steady-state capture zones produced by a single recovery well and steady-state capture zones produced by multiple recovery wells. Analysis of non-steady-slate capture zones is based on the lime-dependent location of caplure zone stagnation points and the geometric similarity between steady-slate and non-steady-state capture zones. The analytical solution of steady-state capture zones is obtained from spatial variations of discharge potential across the capture zone boundary. Both capture zone analyses are based on the assumptions of uniform flow field with a constant hydraulic conductivity, the Dupuit assumption of insignificant vertical flow, a negligible delayed yield, and a fully penetrating well with a constant pumping rate. For a ground water pump-and-trcat remediation program, the pumping rate and well location design variables can be adjusted to ensure containment of the ground water contaminant plume.  相似文献   

大别造山带碧溪岭橄榄岩中锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素研究     

郑建平  孙敏GriffinWL钟增球  汤华云张志海 《岩石学报》2007,23(2):343-350

在详细形态和内部结构研究基础上,对碧溪岭橄榄岩锆石进行了配套的U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素分析。碧溪岭橄榄岩锆石主体是变质成因的,但有少量岩浆锆石残留。这些锆石主体给出了220～210Ma的变质生长/重结晶作用年龄;一颗具较高Th/U比值的锆石给出646Ma的近协和年龄,限定了早期岩浆结晶作用的最小年龄。真正的侵位年龄可以由745Ma的上交点年龄来限定;210～222Ma则记录着深俯冲陆壳折返过程中的锆石生长。除少数颗粒的ε_(Hf)为负值外(-2.9),大部分锆石的ε_(Hf)是正的(高达 8.1)并具新元古代的亏损地幔模式年龄(0.6～1.0Ga,平均0.8Ga)。这些结果说明碧溪岭橄榄岩的初始物质是扬子大陆岩石圈内新元古代岩浆堆积作用产物。这样的岩浆堆积物来源于亏损的软流圈地幔,侵入于扬子的深部地壳之中(如底侵)并部分混染了古老地壳组分。它们随扬子向华北之下深俯冲碰撞和造山带折返过程中经历着复杂的变质改造作用。  相似文献   

巴丹吉林沙漠南部高大沙丘包气带水分空间分布特征研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

马金珠  周向阳  王云权  John B. Gates 《中国沙漠》2011,31(6):1365-1372

水是影响沙漠生态系统的主要因子,决定着多年生植物的种类和数量。受恶劣的自然条件和研究手段限制,目前对沙漠地区包气带水分时空动态变化的研究相对薄弱。以巴丹吉林沙漠南部湖泊密集区为研究对象,通过随机采样和同一坡向剖面采样,综合运用DCCA和地统计学分析方法,揭示0～10 m较深层包气带沙丘水分的空间变化规律和局部控制因子对包气带水分的影响。结果表明,0～10 m沙丘包气带水分变化曲线呈指数、对数和对数正态分布3种类型,分别受地下水或下伏黏土层的毛管作用、湖心距和综合地形因子控制;影响沙漠包气带水分空间变化的主要局部控制因子与小流域的研究结果差异显著。地形、植被等局部控制因子影响对数分布型包气带水分的深度为表层1 m,而影响对数正态分布型的深度为3～4 m;沙丘水分随相对湖面高程空间变化差异显著,而空间相关距离则不显著。  相似文献   

Strengthening crushed coarse aggregates using bio-grouting     

Aamir Mahawish  Abdelmalek Bouazza  Will P. Gates 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2019,14(1):59-70

This paper focuses on using urea hydrolysis as a bio-grouting process to increase the strength of crushed aggregates commonly used in stone columns. Various reagent phases (2, 4, 6 and 12 phases) consisted of alternately percolating solutions containing bacterial suspension and cementation solution through the soil column. In addition, a multi-soil lift strategy with options of up to four soil lifts was undertaken to test the applicability of bio-grout to cement crushed aggregate columns. While the average amount of calcium carbonate precipitation was roughly unchanged in both techniques, the distribution within the crushed aggregate columns was heterogeneous. However, the distribution of the precipitated calcium carbonate is almost uniform in crushed aggregates treated by a two-soil lift strategy and a four-phase treatment strategy. It is also deducted that both techniques can be combined to gain a uniform calcium carbonate and strength along a long sand/stone column. Furthermore, a one-soil lift resulted in higher strength than using multi-soil lifts, and a maximum strength of approximately 2.3 MPa was achieved using 4-reagent phase treatment strategy. Scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive spectroscopy analysis validate that calcium carbonate was deposited as white crystals on the surface of the crushed aggregate particles.  相似文献   

Groundwater recharge mechanism in an integrated tableland of the Loess Plateau,northern China: insights from environmental tracers     

Tianming Huang  Zhonghe Pang  Jilai Liu  Jinzhu Ma  John Gates 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(7):2049-2065

Assessing groundwater recharge characteristics (recharge rate, history, mechanisms (piston and preferential flow)) and groundwater age in arid and semi-arid environments remains a difficult but important research frontier. Such assessments are particularly important when the unsaturated zone (UZ) is thick and the recharge rate is limited. This study combined evaluations of the thick UZ with those of the saturated zone and used multiple tracers, such as Cl, NO₃, Br, ²H, ¹⁸O, ¹³C, ³H and ¹⁴C, to study groundwater recharge characteristics in an integrated loess tableland in the Loess Plateau, China, where precipitation infiltration is the only recharge source for shallow groundwater. The results indicate that diffuse recharge beneath crops, as the main land use of the study area, is 55–71 mm yr^?1 based on the chloride mass balance of soil profiles. The length of time required for annual precipitation to reach the water table is 160–400 yrs. The groundwater is all pre-modern water and paleowater, with corrected ¹⁴C age ranging from 136 to 23,412 yrs. Most of the water that eventually becomes recharge originally infiltrated in July–September. The Cl and NO₃ contents in the upper UZ are considerably higher than those in the deep UZ and shallow groundwater because of recent human activities. The shallow groundwater has not been in hydraulic equilibrium with present near-surface boundary conditions. The homogeneous material of the UZ and relatively old groundwater age imply that piston flow is the dominant recharge mechanism for the shallow groundwater in the tableland.  相似文献   

Relationships between riparian evapotranspiration and groundwater depth along a semiarid irrigated river valley     

Matthew R. Lurtz  Ryan R. Morrison  Timothy K. Gates  Gabriel B. Senay  Aditi S. Bhaskar  David G. Ketchum 《水文研究》2020,34(8):1714-1727

Evapotranspiration (ET) from riparian vegetation can be difficult to estimate due to relatively abundant water supply, spatial vegetation heterogeneity, and interactions with anthropogenic influences such as shallower groundwater tables, increased salinity, and nonpoint source pollution induced by irrigation. In semiarid south-eastern Colorado, reliable ET estimates are scarce for the riparian corridor that borders the Arkansas River. This work investigates relationships between the riparian ecosystem along the Arkansas River and an underlying alluvial aquifer using ET estimates from remotely sensed data and modelled water table depths. Results from a calibrated, finite-difference groundwater model are used to estimate weekly water table fluctuations in the riparian ecosystem from 1999 to 2009, and estimates of ET are calculated using the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model with over 200 Landsat scenes covering over 30 km² of riparian ecosystem along a 70-km stretch of the river. Comparison of calculated monthly SSEBop ET to estimated alfalfa reference ET from local micrometeorological station data indicated statistically significant high linear correspondence (R² = .87). Daily calculated SSEBop ET showed statistically significant moderate linear correspondence with data from a local weighing lysimeter (R² = .59). Simulated monthly SSEBop ET values were larger in drier years compared with wetter years, and ET variability was also larger in drier years. Peak ET most commonly occurred during the month of June for all 11 years of analysis. Relationships between ET and water table depth showed that peak monthly ET was highest when groundwater depths were less than about 3 m, and ET values were significantly lower for groundwater depths greater than 3 m. Negative sample Spearman correlation highlighted riparian corridor locations where ET increased as a result of decreased groundwater depths across years with different hydroclimatic conditions. This study shows how a combination of remotely sensed riparian ET estimates and a regional groundwater model can improve our understanding of linkages between riparian consumptive use and near-river groundwater conditions influenced by irrigation return flow and different climatic drivers.  相似文献   

Biostratigraphic and biogeographic implications of a hadrosaurid (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Almond Formation of Wyoming,USA     

T.A. Gates  A.A. Farke 《Cretaceous Research》2009,30(5):1157-1163

The results of Barnum Brown's 1937 expedition to the Almond Formation of Wyoming consisted of two unidentified ceratopsian skulls and a partial hadrosaurid specimen (AMNH 3651). The hadrosaurid is here attributed to the Maastrichtian genus Saurolophus, verifying previous biostratigraphic correlations of this formation using ammonite zones. Fossiliferous lower Maastrichtian formations occurring latitudinally between those of Alberta, Canada, and southwestern Texas, USA, such as the Almond Formation, are essential for testing the effects and duration of apparent hadrosaurid faunal segregation earlier in the Campanian, and indirectly aiding in the placement of faunal boundaries that are currently unknown for the late Campanian. The discovery of Saurolophus in Wyoming, a close relative of the Campanian genus Prosaurolophus, affirms that the segregation of hadrosaurid faunas established in the late Campanian (～75 Ma) continued for at least 3 million years. Combining occurrences of Saurolophus from Mongolia and the Moreno Formation of California with those of Alberta, Canada, this genus appears to have had one of the largest geographic ranges of any equivalent clade of hadrosaurid dinosaur, although species level distributions are still uncertain.  相似文献   

Surface currents and equatorial thermocline in a coupled upper ocean-atmosphere GCM     

Kenneth R Sperber  Sultan Hameed  W Gates Lawrence 《Climate Dynamics》1992,7(3):121-131

The Oregon State University coupled upper ocean-atmosphere GCM is evaluated in terms of the simulated winds, ocean currents and thermocline depth variations. Although the zonal wind velocities in the model are underestimated by a factor of about three and the zonal current velocities are underestimated by a factor of about five, the model is seen to qualitatively simulate the major features of the gyral scale currents, and the phases of the seasonal variation of the principal equatorial currents are in reasonable agreement with observations. The simulated tropical currents are dominated by Ekman transport and the eastern boundary currents do not penetrate far enough equatorward, while the western boundary currents do not penetrate far enough poleward. The subtropical trade wind belt and the mid-latitude westerlies are displaced equatorward of observations; hence, the mid-latitude eastward currents, principally the Kuroshio-North Pacific Drift and the Gulf Stream-North Atlantic Current are displaced equatorward. In spite of these shortcomings the surface current simulation of this two-layer upper ocean model is comparable with that of other ocean GCMs of coarse resolution. The coupled model successfully simulates the deepening of the thermocline westward across Pacific as a consequence of the prevailing Walker circulation. The region of most intense simulated surface forcing is located in the western Pacific due to a southwestward displacement of the northeast trade winds relative to observations; hence the equatorial Pacific is dominated by eastward propagation of thermocline depth variations. The excessively strong Ekman divergence and upwelling in the western Pacific cools the local warm pool, while incorrectly simulated westerlies in the eastern Pacific suppress upwelling and inhibit cooling from below. These features reduce the simulated trans-Pacific sea-surface temperature gradient, weakening the Walker circulation and the anomalies associated with the simulated Southern Oscillation. Offprint requests to: KR Sperber  相似文献   

Wellbore Skin Effect in Slug-Test Data Analysis for Low-Permeability Geologic Materials     

Y. Jeffrey Yang  Todd M. Gates 《Ground water》1997,35(6):931-937

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HIGHLIGHTS OF THE XIIIth INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY     

J. W. C. Gates    G. Petrie    J. E. Farrow    H. C. Woodrow    K. B. Atkinson    C. D. Burnside 《The Photogrammetric Record》1977,9(49):5-23

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